| Terms |
Definitions |
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18:1w9(v9-octadecenoate)
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Oleic Acid
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fibrates
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decr [VLDL]
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palmitic acid
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palma
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20:0
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Arachidic Acid
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18:0
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Stearic Acid
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14:0 tetradecanoate
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Myristic Acid
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18:0 octadecanoate
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Stearic Acid
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Arachidic Acid
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20 C
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3 double bonds
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tri
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amphipathic
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are phospholipids amphipathic, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic
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Nerconic Acid
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(24:1) at C-15
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covalent modifiers
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-Insulin favors
-Glucagon Inhibits
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20:5 Δ5,8,11,14,17 (n-3)
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid
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20:4 Δ5,8,11,14 (n-6)
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Arachidonic Acid
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malonyl CoA
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what inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase I which is the enzyme that regulates the transfer of long chain fatty acyl CoA into the mitochondria
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Lithium
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inhibits inositol phosphatase --> inhibition of...PIP2 --> DAG or IP3 Sx: slows down PLC messenger system
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Acetyl Coa favored/repressed
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-Insulin Favors
-Glucagon represses
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18:3 Δ9,12,15 (n-3)
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alpha Linolenic Acid
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trans has a higher
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melting point
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16:1w7(^9-hexadecenoate)
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Palmitoleic Acid
-one of the four unsaturated fatty acid families
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Linolenic
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polyunsaturated fatty acid of omega-3 series; found in vegetable oils; lowers cholesterol
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Palmitic
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most abundant saturated fatty acid; raises cholesterol
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30
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the complete oxidation of glucose yields how many amino acids
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emuslification
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what is accomplished by taking advantage of the detergent properties of bile salts and the mechanical mixing of intestinal contents due to peristalsis, to form emulsion droplets that are suspensions of lipid in water
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chylomicrons
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the re-formed lipids and lipids synthesized de novo in the intestinal mucosal cells are secreted into the lymph as large particles call what
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albumin
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what binds multiple fatty acid molecules in tunnel-like sites with the methyl end of the fatty acid buried deep within each tunnel and the carboxyl end located near the surface of the protein
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methylmalonyl CoA mutase
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methylmalonyl-CoA undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to form succinyl-CoA (that enters TCA cycle) by what enzyme that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor
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acyltransferase
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what enzyme converts the original 2-monoacylglycerol back to triacylglycerol using the available fatty acyl CoA derivatives. this enzyme is able to recognize fatty acyl CoAs of specific chaing lengths
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The Kennedy pathway occurs in...
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adipose cells.
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niacin
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inhibits lypolysis in adipose cells --> decr [VLDL and LDL]
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cholesterol-7-?-hydroxylase
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introduces OH @ C7 of cholesterol...inhibition --> no bile acids (+) cholesterol (-) cholic acid
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major rate controling enzyme
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acetyl coa carboxylase
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lingual lipase
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the digestion of triacylglycerol is initiated in the stomach by what
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9
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mammals lack the enzymes to introduce double bonds beyond what carbon in fatty acids
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carnitine
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fatty acids can cross the outer mitochondrial membrane but not the inner. what carrier is required to get the activated fatty acyl CoA transported into the inner mitochondrial membrane
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malonate
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during FA synthesis the acetate is transfered from acetyl CoA to the -SH group of ACP domain then the 2C fragment is transferred to a temporary holding site, -SH group of Cys residue of fatty acid synthase and the now vacant ACP accepts what 3C unit from malonyl CoA
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propionyl CoA
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The Beta-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with an uneven number of carbon atoms proceeds by the same reaction steps as that of fatty acids with
an even number of carbon atoms until the final three carbons called what is reached
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What is the cofactor for aminotransferases (aka transaminases)?
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pyridoxal phosphate
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a-Linolenic Acid
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(18:3) at C-9, 12, and 15
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Dysbetalipoproteinemia
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(Type III) Apo E deficiency --> high VLDL and IDL --> high cholesterol levels (from IDL) *rare
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phospholipase A2
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releases fatty acyl (unsaturated) from C2 of glycerol --> lysophospholipid + FA(usually unsaturated FA) *the FA @ C2 of PC is cleaved and replaced w/ palmitoyl CoA --> DPPC (lung surfactant)
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mitochondria and ER
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-main sites for chain elongation
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suffux ending for chain with double bonds
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-enoic
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major-rate controlling enzyme of fatty acid synthesis
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acetyl-coA carboxylase
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delta nomenclature
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designates the carbon atoms, numbered from the carboxyl end at which the double bonds begin
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lipid bilayer membranes
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what separates cells and subcellular structures into distinct compartments
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mixed micelles
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what do free FA, free cholesterol, 2-monoacylglycerol, and bile saltf form that are soluble in the aqueous environment of the intestinal lumen
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arachidonic acid
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what molecule leads to the production of prostaglandins and prostacyclins
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brush border
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the mixed micelles come in contact with what of the intestinal mucosal cells where they release lipid products that can enter the cells by diffusion
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ketone bodies
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The liver has the enzymatic capacity to divert acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid or pyruvate oxidation into WHAT that are small, soluble molecules exit the liver and are transported via the blood to peripheral tissues where they can be reconverted to acetyl CoA and then oxidized via the TCA cycle. They are used in extrahepatic
tissues in proportion to their concentration in the blood.
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ketoacidosis
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what is the term applied to the advanced stat of starvation and may be detected by the odor of acetone on the breath
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functional molecules
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by lipids acting as hormones, vitamins as cofactors, and eicosanoids this gives lipids a role as what
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gastric lipase
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what enzyme is produced that can hydrolyze triacylglycerol molecules containing fatty acids of short or medium chain length and is optimally active at neutral pH and therefore is little use in the adult stomach where the pH is low and is more useful in infants with a diet of breast milk abundant in short chain length TAGs
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What percentage of children have a BMI over 85th%?
What percentage of adults have BMI over 30?
What percentage of adults have BMI over 25?
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25%
22%
60%
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phospholipase C
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PIP2 --> DAG or IP3 *cleavage products act as 2nd messengers
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Fatty acyl coA
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-end product of fatty acid synthesis
-Ex: palmityl-CoA
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human system unable to introduce additional double bonds beyond the
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delta 9 site
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saturated
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what is a fatty acid that contains no double bonds called
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bile salts
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what are absorbed in the ileum by acitve transport and then they also enter the portal ciruclation
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HMG CoA synthase
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what enzyme catalyzes the reaction of acetoacetylCoA + acetylCoA ---->HMG CoA +CoA
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coenzyme A
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free FA are first converted to their activated form by condensation with a molecule of what
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Chylomicrons carry
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TAGs from the small intestine to the liver and other tissues
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acetyl CoA - ACP transacylase
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acetyl CoA --> acetyl ACP
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bile aid sequestrants (resins)
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blocks enterohepatic uptake of bile acids --> cholesterol excreted
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malonyl CoA - ACP transacylase
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malonyl CoA --> malonyl ACP
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unsaturated fat
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at least one double bond between two carbons is present, also contains a carboxyl group at one end (C bonded to an OH, double bonded to an O, and single bonded to a C)
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trans fatty acids may behave more like
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saturated fatty acids
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condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction
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elongation of the growing fatty acid occurs via the repetition of what 4 steps
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acyl CoA dehydrogenase
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what enzyme has 4 isozymes very long (20 and larger), long (16-20), medium (10-16), and short (8 and smaller)
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fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (thiokinase)
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what enzyme converts fatty acids to their activated CoA form with the use of CoA and ATP
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acetyl CoA carboxylase
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what enzyme is the committed step of fatty acid synthesis
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Orexin A signals to our bodies that...
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We are hungry.
Conserve energy.
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beta-keto-acyl-ACP synthase (Fatty acid synthase)
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acetyl ACP + malonyl ACP --> 3-keto-acyl-ACP (4 C's) + CO2
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pentose phosphate pathway and malic enzyme
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the NADPH for palmitate synthesis comes from where
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What are three main ketone bodies and where are they produced?
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1. acetoacetate
2. hyroxybuyrate
3. acetone
produced in the liver during prolonged fasting or starvation. Used to produce acetyl coA in the brain-->krebs cycle. Excess ketone bodies will decarboxylate into acetone.
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TAG conversion to free fatty acids requires...
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Intracellular cAMP regulated lipases (the active enzyme is phosphorylated first).
There must be a signal for the FA to be released!
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oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage
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what are the four steps that get repeated in Beta-oxidation
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Where does the synthesis of FAs occur? the oxidation of FAs?
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synthesis: in the cytosol
oxidation: mitochondria
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increased synthesis by high calorie, high carbohydrate diet
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what in the long term activates acetyl CoA carboxylase
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TAGs are made in the....
Lipids are made in....
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1. liver and adipose cells
2. all cells using the ER membrane
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acyl CoA synthetase
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FA + HSCoA + ATP --> fatty acyl CoA + AMP + Ppi
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What is the committed step in the synthesis of cholesterol?
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formation of mevalonic acid by HMG coA reductase. Requires two NADPH
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Hydrofluric
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HF
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H2SO4
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sulfuric
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nitric
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HNO3
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HClO3
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Chloric
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H3PO4
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Phosphoric
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Fluoride
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F-
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Permanganate
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(MnO4-)
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Barium
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Ba2+
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Sulfite
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(SO3^2-)
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Nitrous
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HNO2
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boric
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H3BO3
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HIO3
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Iodic Acid
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Carbonic Acid
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H2CO3
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HNO
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nitrous acid
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H2SO3
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sulfurous acid
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HNO3
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nirtic acid
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HNO2
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Nitrous acid
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HC2H3O2
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Acetic Acid
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hydrochloric acid
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HCl
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H2CO3
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Carbonic Acid
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HClO2
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chlorous acid
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Acetic acid
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HC2H3O2
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acetic
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CH3COOH or C2H4O2
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HClO4
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perchloric acid strong
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Neutral
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7 on the pH scale
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Strong Acid
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Examples: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid (exlposives)
Ionize completely
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acetylsalicylic acid
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HOOC-C6H4-OOCCH3, used in pain relievers, fever relief, and to reduce inflamation (aspirin)
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nucleic acid
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A macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers. Generally used by cells to store or transmit hereditary information. Includes ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Is the monomer in sugar polymers starch or glucose?
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glucose
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Electrolyte
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a substance that dissolves in water by creating a solution that conducts an electric current
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hydroxide ion
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A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH-)
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What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
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nucleotide (ntd)
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template strand
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(1) The strand of DNA that is transcribed by RNA polymerase to create RNA. (2) An original strand of RNA used to make a complementary strand of RNA.
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What is an isomer?
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same formula, diff structure and properties
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what are 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things?
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proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.
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