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Definitions |
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Atypical
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Mycobacteria
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Spirochetes
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Treponema pallidum
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strepto-
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in chains
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coccus characteristics
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shperical
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decomposers
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break down wastes
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bacillius characteristics
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midicine capsule,rod-shaped
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Traveler's diarrhea
Septicemia
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E.coli
*Montezuma's Revenge
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Bacteria-
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consists of Eubacteria only
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Gram (+) Rods
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Bacillus anthracis
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Gram (+) Cocci
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Staphylococcus agalactiae
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Gram (-) Rods
(others)
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Acinetobacter spp.
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Gram (-) Cocci
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Moraxella catarrhalis
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Gram (-) Rods
(Enterics)
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Salmonella spp.
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ANaerobes
Gram (+) Rods
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Clostridium botulinum
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II. Structure
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Prokaryotic:
*Smallest simlest organisms on earth.
*All uni-cellular (grow in large collonies).
A. Size:
- Larger than viruses=1-10mm or microns.
-Are visable under the light microscope
B. Shapes (3 Types):
1. Rod Shaped, Bacillus: Half can move
2. Circular Shaped, Coccus: None can move
3. Spiral Shaped, Spirillum: All can move
C. Morphogly (arrangement): Due to incompleate cell division.
*Two stuck together, Diplo-shape.
*A chain stuck together, Strepto-shape.
*A cluste rof them, Staphylo-shape.
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obligate anaerobes
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oxygen is toxic
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Sphere shaped bacteria
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Cocci; coccus
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sprillium characteristics
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streched spring/worm looking
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Chlamydia
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Chlamydia trachomatis
G- coccus
* obligate intracellular parasite
* #1 cause of blindness
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Gram stain
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used for identification
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Virus disease treatment-
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none, (treat symptoms)
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fission
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asexual reproduction; simple cell splitting
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chemotrophic
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break down organic molecules(most bacteria)
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transduction
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viruses carry bacterial DNA around
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methanogens
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archaebacteria called "methane makers" thriving in swamps, sewage, stockyards, and the animal gut and other oxygen-free habitats
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Lyme Disease
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Rickettsia burgdorferi
* Vector=deer tick
* Bulls eye rash
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Golgi Apparatus
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Sorts and packages proteins.
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obliateaerobe
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MUST have oxygen to live
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treatment of diseases caused by bacteria-
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antibiotics
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genus-
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a classification group containing one or more species
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autotrophic
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organisms cpable of producing their own food
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Eubacteria
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(true bacteria)- causes infetion and makes food
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endospore
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resting and resistant structure formed by some bacteria that encloses a duplicate of the bacterial chromosome and a portion of the cytoplasm.
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In cyanobacteria, what are the pigments referred to that enhance light absorption and aid in nitrogen storage?
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phycobilins
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five stages of the lytic cycle
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adsorption
entry
replication
assembly
release
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How many bacteria kingdoms are there?
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two
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18.1 Finding order in DiversityFelis domesticus and Felis concolor belong to the same______but to a _______species.
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genus; different
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non-motile
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bacteria "floats"; does not move on its own
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prokaryotic fission
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cell division mechanism by which prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually
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spirilla means that the bacteria is:
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spiral shaped
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Photoheterotrophs-
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use sunlight to make energy, but must take in organic molecules for a supply of carbon
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IV. "Good" bacteria
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A. Symbiotic relationship (EX: With humans)
Ex: E.Coli in large intestine w/o plasmid, the ones that make vitamin k.
B. Decomposition (recycling of nutrients)
C. Photosynthesize -o2; base of many food chains.
D.Nitrogen Fixation: N2->N3, nitrates:usable form of nitrogen.
E. Food industry- Dairy products, soy sause, pickles.
F.Drug production: Ex: Antibiotics
G.Bioremidation(Sewageand environmental clean up)
H. Genetic Recombination
*use bacteria to manufacture human proteins.
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pure culture
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a culture that contains only one species of bacteria
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Koch's Postulates
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series of steps that prove the causitive agent of a specific disease is a specific microorganism
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How much bigger are typical eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotes?
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10X bigger
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how are viruses classified?
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DNA or RNA
shape
host they invade
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transformation
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DNA from dead cells can be picked up by live ones
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Chemotrophic autotrophs
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live in the harsh environment and get energy in organic molecules Ex. Sulfur, Iron, Nitrogen.
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What is the name of the segments of living cells in between dead cells in oscillatoria
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Hormogonia
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bacteria is important as decomposers in nitrogen fixation in the making of .....
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food
medicine
oil eating bacteria
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what are the four things necessary for bacteria to grow?
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-warmth
-moisture
-darkness
-food supply
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Virus diseases genetic engineering-
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use viruses to carry desired genes from one organism to another
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19-1 Bacteria ClassificationReleasing energy-1. obligate aerobes2. obligate anaerobes3. facultative anaerobes
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1. require a constant supply of oxygen2. must live in the absence of oxygen3. can survive with or without oxygen
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Name the characteristics that distinguish the prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic?
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prokaryotic do not contain membrane bound organelles, unicellular (form colonies) and are 1/10 the size of eukaryotes
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examples of diseases caused by bacteria-
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strep throat, ear infections, tooth decay, tetanus, staph infections, etc.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Makes Proteins that go out of the cell (anti bodies)
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where can you find chemoautotrophs
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darkness of the ocean, obtain energy from hydrogen sulfide gas that flows from hydrothermal vents on the ocean floow
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D. A typical bacterial cell.
*Half move using flagella
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*Some bacteria have a second cell membrane outside the cell wall. Identified using gramstaning. (Gram + purple) ( Gram - pink)
Gram - infections require a more agressive antibiotic treatment.
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How does the prokaryotic DNA differ from the eukaryotic DNA?
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Pro: single circleEuk: DNA in chromosomes
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In what aspect does the legume provide in the symbiotic relationship it has with the Rhizobium?
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It provides sugars needed for photosynthesis.
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18.1 Finding order in DiversityWhy Classify?
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1. To name organisms and group them in a logical manner.2. Helps when studying the diversity of life.
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diplo-
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two
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coccus
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round bacteria
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Virus disease prevention-
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vaccines
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spirochete
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rolls to move
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Anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis
*Endospore forming
*Bacteria kills you
*Skin leisions
Lungs=DEATH
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Tetanus
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Clostridium tetanae
*Rigid Paralysis
*Obligate anaerobe
*Endospore forming
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pathogen-
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a disease causing agent
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nutrient flow
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recycle and decompose
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bacillus
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term for rod-shaped bacteria
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Strept Throat
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Streptococcus Pyogens
G+ coccus
*Tonsilitis--Strept--Rheumatic Fever
*Rheumatoid arthritis
*heart valve damage
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Tooth Decay
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Streptococcus mutans
*Eats sucrose--leaves acid
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Gram-positive bacteria
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primarily chemoheterotrophs. Diverse group.
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Viruses are not__________of______and can not ____ ______________.
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composed;cells;live independently
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autoimmunes
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affect immune system, sometimes triggering it to attack itself
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Stanley
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identified TMV when electron microscope was invented
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pilli
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short filamentous protein that projects above the cell wall and help the bacteria adhere to surfaces and 1 another
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Food Poisioning
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Staphylococcus aureus
Cluster of round
*Staph
*Toxic shock
*MRSA
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Which extremeophiles produce a "hue"?
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halophiles
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Chemoheterotrophs
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Oxidize organic molecules for energy, obtain organic carbon.
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Virus-
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An extremely small parasitic particle that is on the borderline of living and nonliving
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cladogram-
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a diagram that shows relationships between organisms
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I.Classification
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Classified in binomial system; have scientific names. Ex: B.subilis, E.coli.
A. Kingdom archaebacteria- Inhabit most extreme environments
1. Methangens- Give off methane/ methane producing.
2. Halophiles- "Salt loving bacteria".
3. Thermoacidophiles- "Heat and acid loving bacteria."
B. Kingdom Eubacterials- Identified close to 10,000 species.
-Most are heterotrophic.
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Gram +
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bactreia with single-layered cell wall; stains purple
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endosphere
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conditions are unfavorable and a capsule forms around DNA and some of the cytoplasm
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Cynobacteria
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(blue- green bacteria)- found in freshwater/ saltwater and land- found at sites of natural disaster
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numerical taxonomy
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technique or practice traditionally used to classify prokaryotic cells by comparing traits of an unidentified cell with those of a known bacterial group with the greater total # of traits that the cell has in common with the known group, the closer the inferred relatedness
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Bacilli means that the bacteria is:
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rod-shaped
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pili
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short projections that allow bacteria to stick to objects
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Six Kingdoms of Bacteria
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Proteobacteria, Green bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Spirochetes, Chlamydia
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Chemoheterotrophs-
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must take in organic molecules for energy and a supply of carbon
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Beijerinck
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gave viruses their name: poison in Latin
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diseases(pathogen)
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can damage tissue directly or produce poisons
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staphylo
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arrangement of bacterial cells in a grape-like cluster
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capsule
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sticky mesh or slimy layer surrounding the cell wall of some bacteria
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Cocci, spirilla, and bacilli refer to the ________ of bacteria.
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Shape
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gram stain pink
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not easily susceptible to antibiotics
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18.2 Modern Evolutionary ClassificationOrganisms are grouped and named by studying-
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a. physical and behavioral similarities and differencesb. evoulutionary history (phylogeny), often shown in a cladogram (a diagram that shows relationships bettween organisms)c. biochemical comparisons (ex.-DNA and RNA)
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Host cell-
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infected cell, must be specific, virus must match host cell before it can infect it. Ex.-viruses that attack bacteria are bacteriophages
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prochlorobacteria
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contain both chlorophyll a and b; more like plants than other bacteria
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fermentation
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process used to break down food to release energy that does not use oxygen
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Chemotrophic heterotrophs
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take in organic molecules and break them down for use
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prokaryotic
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term for organisms or cells that lack a nucleus
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What is the name of the extremophile that loves extreme temperatures?
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thermophiles
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archae bacteria
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lacks peptidogyclan a carb found in teh cell walls of eubaceria and their mmbrane lipids are different. Live in harsh environments.
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Gram positive v. negative
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Negative has thin layer of peptidoglycans, outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. Postive just has peptidoglycans.
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Lysogenic
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has a stage in which a prophage enters the cell(viral DNA that enters cell and does not activate until triggered) ex: Epstein-Barr
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bacteria structure
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1. Cell wall / membrane2. flagellum ( whiplike structures for movement)3. Cytoplasm4. Genetic material
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What is the process of converting N2 into NH3 called?
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Nitrogen fixation
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lytic cycle
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always causes the death of the host cell
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18-3 Kingdoms and DomainsThe 6 Kingdom classification system of today-
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Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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19-1 BacteriaEubacteria
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1. have 1 or 2 cell membranes and a cell wall2. live almost everywhere
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What are the three domains of living organisms?
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Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
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where can you find photoautotrophs
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where light is plentiful near the surfaces of lakes streams and oceans
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Importance of bacteria
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1. Used in a variety of food and food production.2. clean up projects and waste removal3. form a symbiosis - bacteria in a human's stomach
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An ester bond is used in which type of domain(s)?
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eukarya and eubacteria
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In which domain of organisms would rifamycin work and why?
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the domain eubacteria because they use simple RNA polymerase and rifamycin blocks the synthesis of simple RNA polymerase
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