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Agribusiness
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Agribusiness-commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually though ownership by large corporations
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Hull
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the outer-covering of rice
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Subsistence agriculture
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Subsistence agriculture- agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family
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Desertification
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Desertification- degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
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Transhumance
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Transhumance- the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
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Vegetative planting
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Vegetative planting- reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
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Seed agriculture
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Seed agriculture- reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization
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Horticulture
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growth of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
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What continent benefitted the least from the Green Revolution?
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Africa
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Crop rotation
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Crop rotation- the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
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Chaff
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Chaff- husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing
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Pastoral nomadism
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Pastoral nomadism- a form of subsistence agriculture based on heading domesticated animals
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Paddy
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Paddy- Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a Sawah
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Intensive subsistence agriculture
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Intensive subsistence agriculture- a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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Plantation
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Plantation- a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
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Ridge tillage
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Ridge tillage- system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
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Green revolution
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Green revolution- rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
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Grain
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the seed from various grasses, like wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, and others
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Combine
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a machine that performs in one operation the tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning
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Due to overgrazing, what are semiarid lands subject to?
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desertification
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What type of agriculture exists in Southern Europe, North Africa, California, Central Chile and Southwestern South Africa?
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Mediterranean
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Winnow
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Winnow- to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
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Spring wheat
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Spring wheat- wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer
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Prime agricultural land
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Prime agricultural land- the most productive farmland
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Reaper
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machine that cuts grain standing in a field
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Grain Farming
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Midwest U.S. and Canada, Spring Wheat and Winter wheat, needs extensive technology
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Dairy Farming
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In Northwest US and Northwest Europe. Located near urban areas because of spoilage (Milk shed) - the farther from an urban area, the less milk a farm produces and focuses on other dairy products. Farms located farther from urban areas most likely to use dairy to make butter, cheese, or dried, evaporated, or condensed milk, sell milk to wholesalers, labor intensive, have to feed cows in winter, when they can't graze
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What was the rapid invention and diffusion of more productive agriculure practices in the 1960's and 70's called?
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Green Revolution
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In Europe, what method did farmers emply to maintain soil fertility?
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crop rotation
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Who came up with the ideas of cultivations beginnings and has had a heavy hand in human geographical agricultural theory?
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Carl Sauer
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Wet Rice
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practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
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Intensive Substance Agriculture
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must be intensively worked to produce to attain food from the land to survive on, in primarily Southwest Asia, in wet climate - rice, in dry climates - other crops
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What is the practice of growing crops of ridgetops called?
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ridge tillage
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Before the invention of agriculture, how did people provide for themselves?
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by hunting and gathering
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According to the Von Thumen model, how is the third ring used?
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crop rotation
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Slash and Burn Agriculture
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when farmers clear land for planning by slashing vegetation and burning the debris
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What are the four types of agricultural regions for LDCs?
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Shifting Cultivation, Pastoral Nomadism, Intensive Subsistence Agriculture,
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What two economic factors influence commercial farmers?
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Access to markets and overproduction
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What factors contribute to animal selection for pastoral nomads?
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local cultural and physical characteristics
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Name 3 crops commonly associated with Mediterranean agriculture.
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olives, grapes, fruits vegetables
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What three areas is intensive agriculture practiced the most?
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East, South and Southeast Asia
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What is the term of cultivation of 2 crops per year?
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double cropping
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For pastoral nomads, what determines the amount of the power and prestige?
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the size of their herd
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What are challenges for substance farmers?
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Population increases faster than food production can keep up, and they lack the money to purchase equipment from MDCs that would increase food production
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What 2 crops are grown the most in mixed crop and livestock agriculture regions?
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corn adn soybeans
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What type of farming produces the products demanded by consumers in MDC's?
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truck farming / commercial gardening
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Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
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France to Russia, US West of the appalachians, Wet Crop and rotation systems (to maintain fertility of fields), corn is the most used and most profitable, a lot of produce is fed to animals and not consumed by humans
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What are examples of farmers moving to sustainable agriculture? And why are they doing so?
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Organic farming, sensitive land management, and limited use of chemicals, done because of the growing popularity of protecting the environment
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Name 2 areas where hunter and gatherers still live.
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Arctic, interior of Africa and interior of Australia
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Agriculture, or farming, is a primary industry.
Farmers cultivate crops and rear animals to produce food and other products.
Is affected by many of the same issues as any other industry.
Large commercial farms - small subsistence farms.
All work to su
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Inputs - physical (sun, rain, land), Human (labour), Capital (money for livestock, feed, wages, equipment)
Processes - activities that turn inputs to outputs. E.g. planting and caring for crops)
Outputs - The products that the farmer sells, or uses. E.g wheat, meat, wool etc.
To make a profit, the costs of the input must be less then the money made from the output.
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What are the five differences between subsistence and commericial agriculture?
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The purpose of farming (either for profit or survival), the percentage of farmers it involves in the labor force, the use of machinery, Farm Size and the relationship of farming to other businesses
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In general why do commercial farmers suffer low incomes?
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They produce more food than is demanded by MDC's.
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What are some ways of increasing the food supply?
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Expanding the amount of land used (though it can be environmentally detrimental), higher productivity (via the use of new technology and the green revolution) and indentifying new found resources
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What are 2 hallmarks of slash and burn agriculture?
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shifting cultivation, fields only used a couple of years, fields are slashed and then burned
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