| Terms |
Definitions |
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homeo-
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same
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frons
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forehead
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cyto-
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cell
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leg
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crural
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books
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bibli
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-ptosis
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dropping, falling
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cuello (m.)
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neck
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orbital
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eye area
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medial
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toward the midline
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Subcutaneous
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beneath the skin
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Cremasteric fascia
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from IOM
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extracellular fluid
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fluid outside cells
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Carotid Canal
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Internal Carotid Artery
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Chemoreceptors are peripheral receptors that detect changes in ___, ___ in blood.
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-CO2
-H
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foliate
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lateral tongue during childhood
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Decussation
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crossing of nerve fibers
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Stratum spinosum
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Several layers of keratinocytes
Epidermal dendritic cells found here
"Alive"
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epiglottic entrapment
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aryepiglottic fold envelopes epiglottis
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hair papilla
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capshape cluster of cells
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glycogen
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skeletal muscle and liver cells
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Supraspinatus: Abduction
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What is the Capitulum?
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Simple Cuboidal
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Secretion, Absorption
Kidneys, small gland ducts, ovary surfaces
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sinusoids
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irregular blood-filled spaces, large fenestrations, large intercellular clefts, partial basement membrane (red bone marrow, liver, spleen-proteins, formed elements enter blood stream)
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crus
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the leg, from knee to ankle
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lateral
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Farther away from the midline (midsagittal plane).
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axis
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second cervical vertebra, presents an elongated, ridgelike spinous process as its most prominent characteristic
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thalamus
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relays sensory impulses bound for primary sensory areas of cortex
transmits motor impulses from cerebellum to motor areas of cortex
maintenance of consciousness
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Action Potential
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generated by excitable tissue
i.e. nerves + muscle cell
brief reversals of membrane potential
change in amplitude is by about 1000 mv
takes about 3 ms
is an all-none-event
voltage change travels along axon/sarcolemma/t-tubules
in a neuron the traveling voltage change is called a nerve impulse
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blood leaves the heart via the
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arteries
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Glia
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Modulate, support and insulate neurons with myelin sheaths. \"Nurse\" exchange waste and provide oxygen.
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7 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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BoneCartilageDense fibrousAdiposeLooseReticularHematopoietic (blood,bone marrow)
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Homeostatic imbalance
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internal conditions become less stable
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Hormone Classification
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Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones, Biogenic amines
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exergonic
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releases energy - fueled by ATP
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Patellar
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Pertaining to the anterior surface of the knee
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ANS can be subdivided into...
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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invasive carcinoma
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arises from glandular cells, most often in peripheral zone
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wallarian
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degeneration of the distal portion of a damaged neuronal process is called ________ degeneration.
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2 types of bone tissue
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Compact bone
Spongy bone
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Ligaments / Tendons
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-Bone to Bone-Bone to muscle
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Muscle Tone
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resting, no movement, maintains body position
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Gray Matter components
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Dorsal horn-sensory imputVentral horn -motor outputIntramedialateral horn- part where there is visceral output via the autonomic nervous systemcommisure- connects two sides
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Nasal vestibule
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-Contains hairs that filter incoming air
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large intestine
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colon-inferior to stomach and liver, reabsorbs water and electrolytes, compacts contents to feces, absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria, stores fecal material
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because they vcontain both motor and sensory fibers, spinal nerves are called ____ nerves
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mixed
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Risorius
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Draws corner of lip laterally ("closed mouth" smile)
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term for the point of the shoulder
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acromial
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peroneal
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pertaining to or situated near the fibula.
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interosseous membrane of the leg the membrane that connects the interosseous borders of the shafts of the tibia and fibula
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a syndesmosis
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superficial
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A term that suggests a location close to the surface of the body or a body part is...
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The cribriform plate is part of which bone?a)ethmoidb)temporalc)parietald)sphenoide)nasal
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ethmoid
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Posterior longitudinal ligament prevents ()-runs in vertebral canal and prevents flexion
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() longitudinal ligament prevent flexion
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carbonic anhydrase
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the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme __________
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nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosis
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gelatinous inner sphere of disc, enables spine to absorb stresses
outer sphere containing the nucleus pulposus, binds vertebrae together and also absorbs stresses
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Femoral sheath
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Funnel shaped fascial tube lining the vascular lacuna of the subinguinal space enclosing the femoral artery and vein.
**Does NOT enclose the femoral nerve
**Great saphenous vein pierces the femoral sheath to drain blood into the femoral vein
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secrete sebum, follow hair onto skin surface
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sebacious glands
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PARTS OF THE BLADDER
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detrusor muscle, rugae, trigone, internal sphincter, external sphincter
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apex: tipnasal septum: separates right and leftbridge: between eyes on noseala: wing like borders of nostrilsphiltrum: shallow vertical grove above lip
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ear surface anatomy
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are composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
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thin filaments
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nuclear pores
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penetrate through the fused region of the nuclear envelope
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CNS is made up of
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brain and spinal cord
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sinus
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one of the hollow cavities in the skull connecting with the nasal cavities
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proximal
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nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia.
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List the characteristics of cartilage and what makes it a unique fit for the function it performs?
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3 Types: Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage
characteristics: has a matrix with fluid
protein (collagen- rigidity, Elastin - recoil)
carbohydrates - proteoglycans - water retention
minerals - hydroxyapatite
Components allow for cartilage to support and nourish structures its associated with.
Cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves, except those of the perichondrium --> slow healing after injury.
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Sutural (Wormian) Bones
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bones formed within suture lines of the skull bonesPterion Ossicle
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CNVIII- name and exit from tongue
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Vestibulocochlear, internal acoustic meatus
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What is a salt?
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is ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and OH
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molarity is used to express
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the concentration of a solution
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4 muscles (8 total)-Illiopsoas-Sartorius-Quadriceps-Tensor Fascia Latae
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Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
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Atomic Number
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equal to the number of protons the atom contains
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groin
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the fold or hollow on either side of the front of the body where the thigh joins the abdomen
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simple squamous epithelium
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single layer of cells that resembles a tiled floor on the surface
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why are nucleic acids important
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they provide the blueprint of live
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what are the functions of the spleen
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filters, stores blood(platlets), destroys "worn out" RBC, after birth the spleen stops producing RBC
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
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- Small body
- Transverse foramina (hole)
- Bifid spinous process
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circulatory system inclues ___ and ___.
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cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
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How does blood control temperature?
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surface capillaries dilate when person gets hot, allowing more blood to flow to surface to radiate the heat off = flushed
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interosseous ligaments of the foot ligaments that reinforce intertarsal (gliding) synovial joints
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they connect adjacent tarsal bones; they are named for the two bones that they connect and whether they are located on the dorsal or plantar surface of those bones
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effects of exercise on bones (2)
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Exercise will increase bone strength and help retain bone mass.
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What are the branches of the external carotid artery in descending order?
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Superficial temporal (terminal branch), Maxillary (terminal branch) Posterior Auricular, Occipital, Facial, Lingual, Ascending Pharyngeal, Superior Thyroid
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The greeks and romans believed that air was
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an important visible (?) fluid.
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Muscles That Move the Tongue
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~~The tongue is comprised of intrinsic muscles that curl, squeeze and fold the tongue
~~The extrinsic tongue muscles attach to the tongue and cause the tongue to perform other movements such as protraction, retraction, depression and elevation
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Why is the vertebral column longer than the spinal cord?
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Because the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord
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The jejunum is mainly located on what side of the body?
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superior and upper left quadrant
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three types of Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors
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1.Free nerve endings – found in deep epidermis
2.Root hair complex – surrounds hair follicles in dermis
3.Tactile discs – located in the stratum basale of the epidermis
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repulsion of upper and lower cheek teeth risks
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transverse facial a/v, deep facial v, buccal v
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VOLUME INVERSE TO PRESSURE
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VOLUME INCREASE
V
PRESSURE DECREASE
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and what do they do? (Ch. 9 pg. 238)
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Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - moves the body by pulling on bones of the skeleton
Cardiac muscle - pushes blood through the arteries & veins
Smooth (involuntary) muscle - pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract, among funtions in other systems
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___ C water in equilibrium with air containing a pO2 of ____ mm Hg contains slightly more than ___ O2 per liter of water
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1. 37 C
2. 105 mm Hg
3. 3 ml
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Gloss
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tongue
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ALBA
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white
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ped-
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children
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hepato-
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liver
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iso
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equal
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angina
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heart pain
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Oligodendroglia
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p. 72
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rapidity restlessness
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agit
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medius
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in the midline
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Origin?
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Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of scapula
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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(consists of)
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Saggital
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Left and Right Halves
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diaphragm
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tendinous center
lumbar part
costal part
sternal part
cupula
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Nerve?
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Serratus anterior
Long thoracic nerve
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Unpaired cartilage
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Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
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CN8
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Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) Nerve- hearing and equilibrium
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Peroxisomes
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Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
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summation effect
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radiographic densities are additive
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sphenoid air sinuses
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posterior to ethmoid
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intrapulmonary pressure is always________ intrapleural pressure
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greater than
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______________________ is the hormone responsible for uterine contractions during labor.
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oxytocin
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supraspinatus
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abduct arm
supraspinous fossa of scapula
greater tubercle of humerus
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True
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negative feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables get out of balance? t/f
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ATP
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an adenine- containing RNA nucleotide to which two additional phosphate groups have been added.
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phospholipids
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Similar to triglycerides, but contain a charged phosphate group, are an important cell membrane component, and are amphipathic.
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In simpler terms, pelvic girdle =
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hip
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Inferior choncha?
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Inferior Meatus - nasolacrimal duct
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Neural tube formed, organogenesis, extremely susceptible to teratogens
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Weeks 3-8
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OSTEOARTHRITIS
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degenerative arthritis, or wear nad tear
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peristalsis
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contractions of the muscularis externa that propel material through the digestive tract
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Pedicle
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â literally foot, this usually refers to a constricted portion or stalk that bridges one part ofthe structure with another.
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teres major
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medial rotation, shoulder adduction, extension
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Insular lobe
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Enter your back text here.
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pubic symphysis
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A prominent bony landmark involving both os coxae is the...
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The ___ represent the inferior articular processes of S5 and curve inward
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sacral cornua
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the epithelial tissue through which material can readily diffuse, such as found in the alveoli of the lungs is
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simple squamous
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repolarization
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recovery of the resting potential due to opening of voltage gated potassium ion channels and closing of voltage gated sodium ion channels is called ________.
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the summation of the synaptic potentials from more than one presynaptic neuron is called
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spatial summation
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T/F: Levator ani attaches to obdurator fascia
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T
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The Morula begins to accumulate fluid and forms cavity and once that it appears it is called what
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Blastocyst
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How many permanent teeth do we have?
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32
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Axon
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Axons are often referred to as “nerve fibers” an axon is a process that conveys nerve impulses (action potentials) away from a trigger point.
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adventitia
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dense network of collagen fibers that covers the muscularis externa of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum, instead of a serosa layer
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The epidermal layer associated with cellular death and the initiation of keratinization is the ______________.
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stratum granulosum
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adipose tissue
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commonly called fat. fat cells predominate in this. insolates the body
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inferior plane
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everything below the trasverse line below the waist
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albumin
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any of a class of simple, sulfur-containing, water-soluble proteins that coagulate when heated, occurring in egg white, milk, blood, and other animal and vegetable tissues and secretions.
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ion
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an atom that loses or gains electrons
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patella
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Which bone is described as the only named and classified sesamoid bone in the human skeleton?
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On the pelvic and posterior surfaces of the sacrum between its vertebral components are typically four pairs of ___ for the exit of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves.
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sacral foramina
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What nerve innervates the skin of hte face and all the teeth?
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CN V
Trigeminal
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Muscles that Keep Eye Open
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Levator Palpebrae Superioris (striated)
Superior Tarsal (smooth)=helper m. w/ sympathetic innervation
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tubuloacinar gland
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gland with secretory cells in tubular and acinar portions
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Cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament
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Bilateral ligament (really just fascia) connecting the cervix of the uterus to the ischial spine - contains the uterine artery and vein
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In cleavage the 16 cell stage is called what?
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Morula
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cofactor
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non protein part neede for enzymes to function
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ileum
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3rd and final portion of the small intestine that functions primarily for absorption
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The tube that receives urine from several nephrons and drains into the minor calyces is called the
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collecting duct
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Purpose of boundary tissue
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maintain consistency of interstitial compartment (pH, temp, ions, 02, glucose)
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baby exits womb, walls close; within 1 hr, it ends with the ejection of the placenta; 500-600mL of blood lost
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placental
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stratified
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to form or place in strata or layers.
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Injury to Suprascapular nerve
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inability to initiate arm abduction... since this innervates supraspinatous muscle.
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Cranial nerve supplying trapezium and sternomastoid muscles
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Spinal accessory nerve (XI)
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peptide bond
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A covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids. Joined in a stepwise fashion with each covalent C to N bond joining one amino acid to the next.
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Stress Test
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A method of applying force to a structure to evaluate its integrity
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Subcutaneous layer is also called the _________. It is composed of _____and _____tissue and lies beneah the dermis
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hypodermis; connective; adipose
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What two glands does the duodenum receive secretions from?
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Liver:bile.Pancreas:bicabonate and proteolytic enzymes
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31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
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8 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal
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Inn: Axillary Nerve, C5-C6
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What are the multi-headed muscles? Multiple fibers?
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who has the MANDIBULAR FOSSA?
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the temporal bone!!!!!
it is underneath the zygomatic process
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metacarpus
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the part of a hand or forelimb, esp. of its bony structure, included between the wrist, or carpus, and the fingers, or phalanges.
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What is the Axilla?
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Pyramid shaped area formed by muscles and bone of shoulder and lateral surface of thoracic wall
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What is chalazion?
What is a stye?
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Blockage/inflammation of the tarsal gland
Blockage/inflammation of a sweat gland
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What's the T Cells(cell-mediated immunity)-
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detection of antigens inside cells antigen or fragment of antigen is displayed on cell's surface by MHC proteinT cell has surface receptor that recognizes a specific antigen activated T cells divide into several different types
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Process - related to the bone surface
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Any projection or bump
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___is the only special sense or general sensation
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Olfactory nerve (CN I)
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where is the obturator foramen found? on which bone?
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on the coxal bone
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iliolumbar ligament a ligament that connects the transverse process of the L5 vertebra to the iliac crest
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the iliolumbar ligament stabilizes the lumbosacral joint
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What are the muscles of frowning?
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depressor labii inferioris - depresses lower lip
depressor anguli oris - depresses angles of mouth
mentalis - elevates and wrinkles skin over chin; protrudes lowe lip
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Advantage of retroperitoneal location of the last 3 parts of the duodenum
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Common bile duct, major hepatic duct, and minor hepatic duct all enter 2nd part of duodenum
Since it is retroperitoneal, it has no mesentery, so volvulus (twisting of structure upon itself) cannot occur (retroperitoneal structures are fixed).
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Name the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve.
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Anterior, Posterior and Septal.
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What are surface membrane barriers of the immune system?
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epidermis, mucous, nasal hairs, gastric juices, lacriminal secretion
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Which muscle is obvious when foot is inverted and dorsiflexed? Which muscle when foot is everted and dorsiflexed?
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1.) tibialis anterior2.) fibularis tertius
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what is rugae and what are they lined with?
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microscopic folds,depression between folds called gastric pits. Lined with epithelial cells
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there are ___ pulmonary veins that bring back blood to the heart
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4 total (two from each lung)
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How are slow, intermediate, and fast fibers distributed in a muscle? (Ch. 9 pg. 250)
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Most muscles contain all 3 types, although all fibers of a motor unit are the same type. The percentages can be altered with physical conditioning
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what are the 3 layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord and brain
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meninges: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, b/n the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space
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Is it better to have a thick or thin cornea?
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Thick is more stabile IOP
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How do you make a one molar solution
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dissolve one mole of glucose in one liter of water, one mole of glucose, get one mole in amu and then convert it to grams, so get 180 amu, change it to 180 grams
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