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Definitions |
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Symbol
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arbitrary
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early city
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China
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picture
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Cross-shaped tomb
Aksum
Ethiopia
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AFINES
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- iNLAWS
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No
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Is ethnicity biological?
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Anencephaly
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-absence of brain
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Dryopithecus
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•20-35 kg
•Derived, ape-like body
•frugivore
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Future Oriented cultures include
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Americans
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What is polygamy?
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Plural marriage
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Fast Oxidative (IIa) SIZE
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Medium
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composite bands
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Autonomous (independent) political units considering of several extended families that live together for most of all of the year
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American Anthropology
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general anthropology; four fields.
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Kinship
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Socially recognized network of relationships through which indiciduals are realted to one another by ties of descent (real or imagined) and marriage.
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Kenyapithecus
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Many of Proconsuls featuresmolars resemble modern hominoidsmore terrestrialthick enameled teeth and robust jawsteeth are modern but limbs do not show brachiation characteristic of later apes
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stalks
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the main stems of plants
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Titan
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= protein that prevents overstretching; runs from Z line to M line
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Patrilineal Descent
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Relatives linked through males only
Females are part of their father's line but their children descent from the husbands
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glottochronology
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In linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor; based on analyzing core vocabularies.
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Paranthropus boisei
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• reduced canines
• "molarized" premolars
• sagittal crest, postorbital constriction
• sexual dimorphism (males 1.5-2x females)
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Spanish "chronicles"
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First hand accounts, ethnographic interviews, travel diaries
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Discreteness
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(True Language Behavior)Speech uses a small set of sound elements (phonemes) that form meaningful oppositions with each other
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traditions
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Customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things
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Bilocal is...
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May live with either parent
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elaborate burials
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-difference in scale from neolithic
-indicates distinction b/w social classes
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The entire formal structure of language
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Grammar
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Ditched fields
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Ancient Maya constructed ______ ______ in seasonally flooded swamplands to supplement swidden farming
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influence
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The ability to convince people they should act as you suggest
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Acheulian Tool kit
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Biface
Cut, scrap, pound, and dig
Target design of tool
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phonology
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study of the sound system of language
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cultural behavior
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things that are learned or observed
ex. how to order in a restaurant or bar
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human intervention
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integral to the processes of domestication
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Stratigraphic Dating
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focuses on layers and vertical positions objects from one place relative to objects from another- items are not tied to a specific date
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Matrilineage
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Individuals who share a line of matrilineal descent.
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Egalitarian Society
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no economic resources, power, or prestige; ex !Kang, Mbuti, Australian Aborigine, Inuit, Ache
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Catal Huyuk
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5600 BC200 housesfarming advanced - surplus producedvarious well-made craft items and jewelrynoted for its cattle shrines
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Ethnographic research can be very demanding, and often ethnologists experiencepsychological stress that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radically differentfrom their own. This reaction is called:
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culture shock
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Artificial selection
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selection for reproductive sucess in plants and animals that is directed by humns.
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relative chronolgy
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putting things into sequence, ALL archaeologist use this in essentially the same ways
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Deep gray ,matter
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(Basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, and claustrum)
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The Qin Dynasty
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Centralized control under a military commander
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unilineally extended families
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Family grouping formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex, either female or male, but not both
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morphemes
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The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phonemes, which can alter meaning but have no meaning by themselves.
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effects of domestication
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-skeletal changes in some animals
-age and sex imbalances in herd animals
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social problems for civilizations
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many early cities were fortified
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Oldowan tool tradition
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The first stone tool industry, beginning between 2.5 and 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Lower Paleolithic.
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Social organization
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The rules and structures that govern relations within a group of interacting people. Societies are divided into social units (groups) within which are recognized social positions (statuses), with appropriate behavior patterns prescribed for these positions (roles).
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The most common result of language contact is the borrowing of words, and this is most commonly effected by the mediation of :
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bilingual individuals
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Sumeria
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Uruk was first but not only city Dominated by huge temple, housing administrators, craft-specialistsClay tablet writing, later cuneiform - early record keepingSumerian civilization based on long distance trade, permitted by agricultural surplus
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ascribed status
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social status (ie race, gender) that people hare little or not choice about accupying
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possess a large brain and smaller teeth
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early homo
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Non-metric Traits: advantages
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not expensive or delicate equipment, easy and quick to perform, can be performed on fragment remains, sex does not need to be known
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T or F: Cross cultural studies of gender believe that gender dominance is a cultural construct.
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True
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Matrilocal residence
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a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence
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Dawes Act
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What act was for the purpose of defining "Indian" and requiring a 1/4 blood quantum to be recognized by the US? It also issued each Indian 160 acres of land.
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hunting and fishing
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typical role for men in foraging societies
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Unilineal cultural evolution
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The belief that human societies have evolved culturally along a single developmental trajectory. Typically, such schemes depict Western civilization as the most advanced evolutionary state; anthrolopology rejects this idea.
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Mayan civilization
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Classic Maya 200 BC - 900 ADOrigins evolved following Olmec collapseHighland trade spurred rise of competing urban centers - Tikal, Uxmal, Copan, PalenqueMaya achievements = hieroglyphs, 365-day calendar, art and architectures, craft specialization
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Lineages, clans, phratries, and moieties are...
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types of unilineal descent groups
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ethnography of stone tool usage
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-Australian Aborigines made stone tools until recently
-north american stone tools production flintknapping comes from the last survivor of CA Yashi tribe
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Indirect attachment
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: CT extends beyond muscle to form tendon OR aponeurosis (flat sheet)
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Worcester vs. Georgia
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The 1832 court decison that has been used since the 1970's in cases about Indian sovereignty. The case declared that laws do not extend to Indian country and that the Federal government has no right to dictate what happens on Indian lands.
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Direct control vs Indirect control
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When a government can impose restrictions/rations a product in order to limit it's consumption, rather than indirectly through taxing the rich and delimiting purchasing power.
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WALLACE 4 types of religioneci s
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COMMUNAL CULTS ARE ORGANIZED UNDERANCESTRAL CULTS AND TOTEMISM
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Case study: Piltdown Man
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-skull shape similar to modern humans, teeth were very apelike, which suggested that modern brain evolved beofre modern face shape
-mandible wasnt even fossilized, was the jaw of an orangutan!
-HOAX!
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New colossus
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The name of the poem on the Statue of Liberty written by emma lazurus
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Bronze Age and Iron Age
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latter two stages of Thomsen's Three Age system for relative dating of European prehistoryBronze Age - 4-2.5kBP characterized by bronze metallurgy, chiefdoms, long-distance trade, religious cults (stonehenge) and votive hoardsIron Age - 3-2kBP warrior chiefdoms subdued by Roman conquests
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Gobekli Tepe: where and when
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larger site compared to Nevali cori!
- mountainous location
-occupied from mesolithic to neolithic
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Mesopotamia and Neolithic Revolution
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Ali Kosh S.E. Iraw - slow but steady transition from hunting and gathering to farming, beginning 9.4 kBPsheep and goats enmer and barley9kBP = domesticates 10%8kBP = domesticates 50%
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Sites in SW Asia/Near East - Jericho
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Ranked society (SW/Asia - Europe) 8000 - 3000 yrs ago.
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In walls of hollow viscera, fibers are grouped in sheets
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--- often 2 sheets (longitudinal layer and circular layer)
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