| Terms |
Definitions |
|
Bilateral
|
...
|
|
Inspiration
|
...
|
|
genotype
|
genetic composition
|
|
social monogamy?
|
gibbons/siamangs
|
|
anthropogenic
|
caused by humans
|
|
curandero
|
healer, shuar shaman
|
|
genitor
|
A child's biological father
|
|
Strata
|
Distinct layers of rock
|
|
Bread babies
|
Peruvian bread delicacies
|
|
Dentition
|
Definition relatively unspecialized; especially molars, most primates have incisors, canines, premolars, molars
|
|
Nebuchadnezar's golden "image"
|
Dan. 3
|
|
Phylogeny
|
study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
|
|
ethnology
|
examines, interprets, analyzes and compares ethnographic data gathered in different societies to make generalizations about society and culture; works from particular to the general
|
|
Globalization
|
The worldwide spread of capitalism
|
|
Darwin
|
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
|
|
First Crusade
|
period of anti-Jewish sentiment
|
|
industrial revolution
|
socioeconomic transformation through industrialization
|
|
Prosimii
|
suborder that contains lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
|
|
Paleontologist
|
scientist who studies fossilized remains of plant and animal species
|
|
A. boisei
|
late, hyperrobust Australopithecus species, East Africa
|
|
cattle and camels
|
large stock herds
|
|
Hominoid
|
broad shoulder tailles group of primate that inclues all living and extinct apes and humans
|
|
Plesiadapiforms
|
found in N America, Asia, Africa
|
|
Fieldwork
|
The term anthropologists use for on-location research
|
|
Mutations are only important to evolution if they can be ___________________
|
Inherited
|
|
Homo Neandertalensis
|
350,000-28,000ya. Larger brain than Modern Man, short and powerful limbs, no language, buried dead, hunted large animals, used spears
|
|
hominids
|
African hominoid family that includes humans and their ancestors; some scientists, recognizing the close relationship of humans, chimps, bonobos, and gorillas, use the term hominid to refer to all African hominoids; they then divide the hominid family into two subfamilies: the Paninae (chimps, bonobos, and gorillas) and the Homininae (humans and their ancestors)
|
|
Society
|
organized group who
-generally share a common territory, language, and culture
-act together for collective survival
(Not all members of a society share exact same version of their culture)
|
|
Procreation
|
established in the family upon marriage.
|
|
Ethnographies
|
Detailed descriptive studies of human societies. Traditionally the study of non-Western society
|
|
Gods/Goddesses
|
Animate nature, make things happen, though generally are more remote from humans (physically and socially). May or may not have interest in human affairs
|
|
Agriculture
|
The use of plowing, domesticated animals, irrigation, and permanent land cultivation as a way of living.
|
|
The Middle Paleolithic
|
~200,000 — ~40,000 BP
|
|
Mousterian
|
The tool industry found among Neandertals in Europe and Southwest Asia, and their human contemporaries in northern Africa, during the Middle Paleolithic, generally dating from about 40,000 to 125,000 years ago.
|
|
Speciation
|
The process of forming new species
|
|
What is UNESCO?
|
united nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization
|
|
eugenics
|
1900s-1920s - essencially breed human beings (fit, genetically, superior) in order to achieve best humans. sterilize or kill off. (Hitler and Holocaust - targeted gypsies, mentally ill, gays)
|
|
His own image
|
God created man in..
|
|
Avunculocal
|
Couple moves in with the uncle
|
|
Applied Anthropology
|
Using anthropology to solve contemporary problems.
|
|
applied anthropologists
|
specialists who use information gathered from the other anthropological specialties to solve practical cross cultural problems
|
|
Autocracy
|
a form of government that is controlled by a leader who holds absolute power and denies popular participation in decision making.
|
|
modes of exchange
|
patterns or systems of distribution
|
|
Culture is integrated
|
Integrated.
All aspects of culture function as an integrated whole.
a change in one part of culture will affect other parts
|
|
Disruptive Selection
|
Has a discontinuous or diversifying pattern, favoring both extremes of a trait
Examples - Black, white and gray rabbits in black and white environment and bird beaks and food sources
|
|
status
|
a person's position, or standing, in society
|
|
population density
|
number of individuals per unit area
|
|
Language and enculturation?
|
Language is essential to enculturation.
|
|
complementary opposition
|
a political structure in which higher-order units form alliances that emerge only when lower-order units come into conflict
|
|
game
|
concept of Culture that says that culture includes a prize, rules, and tactics, and a person needs a goal, skills, and legitimate tactics
|
|
cosomogony
|
an ideological system that seeks to explain the origin of everything: people, nature, and the universe
|
|
Chief
|
Ascribed status, often drawn from an elite class and/or heredity
|
|
incest
|
refers to sexual relations with a relative
|
|
Debate between Richard Lee and Edwin Wilmsen
|
...
|
|
Marriage defined
|
A socially sanctioned sexual and economic union between two or more members of usually the opposite sex, that regulates intercourse and provides for reproduction.
|
|
Arroyo
|
can be natural fluvial landforms or constructed flood control channels. The term usually applies to a sloped or mountainous terrain in xeric and desert climates
|
|
Australopithecines and Pan have a _____
|
Sagittal crest
|
|
Surface modification
|
-straight line fractures
-little to no weathering
-little to no surface abrasion
-no carnivore masks
|
|
Worldview
|
The collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality
|
|
gene
|
a sequence of nucleotides that codes for the production of a protein (ex. polypeptide)
|
|
Nebuchadnezzar (neh-boo-kud-neh´-zer)
|
Late Babylonian king, ca. 605-562 B.C.
|
|
Endogamy
|
Practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group; rejecting others
|
|
diffusion
|
The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another.
|
|
tertiary scavenger
|
the third animals group(second to scavenge) to obtain meat from a kill made by a predator
|
|
Urban Anthropology
|
which has theoretical and applied dimensions is cross cultural and ethnographic study of global urbanization and life in cities
|
|
What period was the start of agriculture, cities, warmer climates, and more local resources?
|
Holocene
|
|
When an organism has physical traits and behaviors that allow it to survive in a particular environment
|
Adapted
|
|
hypodescent
|
automatically places the children of a union b/w members of different groups in the minority group; "one drop rule"
|
|
Limitations of Mead's Research
|
-hadn't learned the language
-spoke only with teenage girls, which is generally not an issue but she extended that narrow information give over the entire culture
-didn't spend enough time with them, thus possibly falling into their white lies
-went into field with somewhat of a closed research question, that of nature vs nurture
-did not live in village with Samoans
|
|
bridewealth
|
a customary gift before, at, or after marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin
|
|
Social Mobility
|
Upward or downward change in one's social class position in a stratified society
|
|
Kayasa
|
What is Cricket used for in the trobriand islands?
|
|
sororate
|
Custom by which a widower married the sister of his deceased wife.
|
|
Gender
|
what you identify yourself as male or female
|
|
San Lorenzo
|
the first Olmec ceremonial center that arose about 1200 B.C.E. a. Farming: dry gardens and fields on river levees
b. Religion: pyramids, public rituals and authoritarian display
c. Monumental architecture: pyramids
d. Art: monumental stone statues and carvings of rulers
e. Trade: obsidian and semiprecious stones
|
|
Creationism
|
The literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis
|
|
Sapir-Warf hypothesis
|
language is a shaping force that causes people to see the world in a certain way
|
|
Gene flow
|
the exchange of alleles between two populations
|
|
Benefits of agriculture
|
more available food, "wealth", status, power, better food types (fats, alcohol, purify H2o)
|
|
polygenic
|
refers to one phenotypic trait that is effected by two or more genes, also called complex traits
|
|
Ethnicity
|
This term, rooted in the Greek word ethnikos (nation) and related to ethnos (custom), is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group
|
|
yes, king, nobility, priests
|
Division of Power? - Aztec
|
|
generalized reciprocity
|
giving or taking without any immediate return or conscious thought of return
|
|
authority
|
person who is in a recognized position of power, might be through an elected means, through a process of struggle, variety of ways how someone achieves this authority.
|
|
Homo erectus
|
First to migrate out of Africa. Acheulian tools.
|
|
Diglossia
|
applies to high and low variants of the same language
|
|
locus
|
the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
|
|
Jablonski and Chaplin
|
-skin color
-protects against all uv hazards
-have an adequate supply of viatmin d
|
|
founder effect:
|
think pilgrims. the new population has a very different genotype, and probably phenotype as well, especially over time
|
|
What is infanticide?
|
Killing the offspring of another individual//it maximizes reproductive success,
|
|
types of diffusion
likelihood
|
some parts more likely to be diffused
|
|
ultimatum game
|
The extent to which people are willing to tolerate different distributions of the reward from "cooperative" ventures results in inequality that is, measurably, exponential across the strata of management within large corporations.
|
|
Different Types of Magic
|
1. Imitative magic- like produces like
2. contagious-whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it.
|
|
Radiometric Decay
|
measure of the rate at which certain radioactive isotopes disintegrate
|
|
Jericho, West Bank
|
in Palestine, huge 6 acre site, Natufians, stone walls and ditch, long distance trade in turquoise, obsidian, shells, and sheep/goat gazelles, population about 6500
|
|
homo sapiens
|
are a biological species also known as humans
|
|
Imitative Magic
|
Magic based on the principle that like produces like' sometimes called sympathetic magic
|
|
VI. Anagenesis vs. Cladogenesis
|
a. Anagenesis - the gradual transformation from one species to the next.
i. Phyletic Gradualism: How one species transformed into another
ii. Based on Microevolution (Proposed by Darwin)
iii. No species per se, everything in constant flux
|
|
overburden
|
refers to the tons of rock that are hauled out to get the coal in strip mining
|
|
Kibar
|
-It is the term we see in Meneley which refers to elite, notable families in Zabid
-The Kibar are known in all the regions and in the countryside
-"Between twenty and thirty families are considered kibar. Being a bayt kabir is more a process than a state, a fact which underlies the competitive nature of society. There is some dispute about which families deserve to be recognized as one of the kibar"
-"Many of the ordinary, respectable people aspire to kabir status"
|
|
emic perspectives
|
topic from point of view, who's seeing it...FOCUS ON: subjective experiences and impressions,hpw people interpret own world, religion felt collectivly and groups, how beliefs make people feel, how people experience it (how and why)
|
|
Antonio Gramsci- domination v. hegemony
|
- D: hard power-coercive rule
--unstable- people will resist to under coercive force
- H: soft power- persuading subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group that preserve the rulers position
- use ideology to persuade people that domination rule is legitimate to the group
- ex) Iron Chef
|
|
key cultural consultant
|
expert on a particular aspect of local life
|
|
Polgyny
|
marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy
|
|
When did suppression of multiple genders begin in many Native American societies?
|
when the white man came.
|
|
Transhumant pastoralism
|
found mostly in East Af men and boys move the animals regularly throughout year to diff areas as pastures become available at different altitudes or in diff climate zones while women and children and some other men remain at village
|
|
Illness and divinity
|
Illness was caused by evil spirits and cattle was used to sacrifice
|
|
What is it called for the body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population?
|
Modal personality
|
|
Richard Lee and the !kung
|
One of the earliest ethnographers to work with the hunter/gatherer groups in Southern Africa. He did time allocation studies. He discovered that the !Kung only spent 12-19 hours a week getting food. Vegetable foods were the majority of their diet.
|
|
Davis and Pia Maybury- Lewis
|
cultural survival- try to act as advocated for indeginous people around the world- brazilian forest, change with people coming in to take plants, trees, etc.
|
|
5 Characteristics of Platyrrhini
|
flat noses more to the sidelive in treesvegetarians3 families2 families have prehensile tails and are brachiators
|
|
Other ways to understand Culture Relativism
|
Another way of viewing culture is through ethnocentrism. Value can help you see why this trait is persisted. It is difficult to judge a culture by your own standards because there are certain things that are acceptable to them that aren't to us and vice versa
Example: Tribes in New Guinea; if one tribe kills someone in the enemy tribe, the relative of the person that died must go to the tribe that killed their relative cut off their head and eat their brains. BUT if they are unable to do that, they must cut off one of the joints of the youngest girl of the relative that died
|
|
What is necessary to really understand the extension of incest taboo?
|
a basic principle of family organization
|
|
solve the problems of greed, conflict, and child rearing
|
The kwakiutl believe they need to control hunger in their society in order to
|
|
Ojibwa: History of fur trade and its effects-
|
First contact with Europeans mid 17th century
· Fur trade: mink, bear, wolf, otter, beaver
· Intertribal conflict: battle for trading rights
· Dependence on European trade goods
|
