| Terms |
Definitions |
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opthal-
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eye
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Hex-
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six
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joule
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0.239 calories
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pro-
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foward; favoring
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neutrophil
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white blood cell
phagocyte
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-err
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wander; go astray
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ion
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charged atom or molecule
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internodes
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region inbetween 2 nodes
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steroids
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large lipid molecules; cholesterol found in all animal membranes - use to maintain membrane, growth and division; regulation of sexual funcion(setrogens/testoserone); tissue metabolism/mineral balance (corticosteroids/calcitriol); bile salts ( normal processing of dietary fats
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hydrophilic
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having an affinity to water
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empirical formula for all carbs
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CnH2O
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detoxification
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usually involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs, making them more soluble and easier to flush from the body.
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Pili
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Thin, filamentous proteins that project above the cell wall. Some help the cell adhere to surfaces and others can also help one cell pull another cell next to it as a prelude to conjugation.
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Cotransport
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The coupling of the downhilldiffusion of one substance to the uphilltransport of another against its own concentration gradient.
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quaternary structure
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separate polypeptide subunits interact to form a larger molecule
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population
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a group of interbreeding individuals who live in a certain geographic area, smallest unit that can evolve
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compound
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substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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Mycorrhizae:
a. increase plant growth
b. are symbionts
c. allow a plant to absorb more water
d. increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals
e. all of these
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all of these
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thylakoid
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one "disc" where light dependent photosynthesis occurs
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RuBP
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Ribulose biphosphate - A 5-carbon molecule involved in carbon fixation
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isotonic
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a tonicity; the solute concentration is the same in the environment as in the [cell]
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triploblastic
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possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic
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Uniformitarianism
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Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.
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Of most nervous systems, integrating center that r
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Brain
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Microtubule
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straight, hollow tube of proteins that gives rigidity, shape, and organization to a cell
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Who would have proposed that the boundaries between each stratum mark the occurrence of different
localized floods?
A) Lyell
B) Cuvier
C) Hutton
D) Darwin
E) Lamarck
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b
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benign
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abnormal cells remain at the original site
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operon
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a unit of genetic function, in bacteria and phages consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions
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objective lens
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the lens closest to the slide
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fatty acids
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organic compounds with carboxyl group on a backbone of C's.
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Circulatory System
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Heart, Blood vessels, blood. Functions in the internal distribution of materials.
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transformation
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the alteration of a bacterial cell's genotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
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Alu Elements
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short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the restriction endonuclease
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Mitosis
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technically division of nucleus of a cell; often used to refer to cell division in general
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Demographic Transition
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The movement from zero population growth as a result of a high birth rate and high death rate to zero population growth because of a low birth rate and low death rate
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cone
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gymnosperms such as pines and other conifers
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IgG
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majority of antibodies in blood stream and tissue fluids
bind pathogens, neutralize toxins, activate complements
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alcoholic fermentation
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anaerobic process in which only glycolysis takes place, pyruvate is converted to acetylaldehyde and then ethanol, producing 2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 CO2
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purines
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One of two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.
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pollination
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arrival of pollen grain on receptive stigma
causes pollen grain to germinate- resume metabolic activity
pollen tube is formed
-produced by 1 of the 2 cells in pollen grain
-other cell undergoes mitosis to form 2 sperm cells (gametes)
-put into pollen tube
mature male gameotophyte- pollen tube with male gametes
pollen tube goes down the carpel to the ovule with 2 sperm cells
-chemical signals guide it
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epidermis
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dermal tissue, usually in a single layer of cells.
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Torsion
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A drastic twisting of the body, including the verceral mass, as certain molluscan embryos develop.
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Natural Selection
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A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
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tracheae
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tiny air tubes that come in contact with all cells; openings are spiracles; used by insects
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Hypotonic
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when water enters the cell faster than it leaves and cell will swell and lyse like an overfilled water balloon
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proto-oncogenes
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genes that code for proteins that are responsible for normal cell growth
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haploid
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a cell with half the amount of chromosomes
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noncompetitive inhibitors
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a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively.
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Glycosidic
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a glycosidic bond is a type of functional group that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
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Describe: Freeze-Fracture
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a method of preparing cells for electron microscopy that splits a membrane along the middle of the bilayer
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Generalized Transduction
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The random transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another.
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active transport
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uses energy to move solutes against their gradients; requires the cell to expend metabolic energy; enables a cell to maintain its internal concentrations of small molecules that would otherwise diffuse across he membrane ; ATP supplies the energy for active transport
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Age Structure
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Of a population, the number of individuals in each age category.
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pinocytosis
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a cell creates a vesicle around a droplet of extracellular fluid
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cell fractionation
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the disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centifugation so their fuctions can be studied
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carbohydrates
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a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)
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Diploid Cell
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a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent
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Primary Producers
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An autotroph at the first trophic level of an ecosystem.
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Mode of natural selection by which intermediate ph
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stabilizing selection
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bicarbonate ions
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what makes up 70% of carbon dioxide transport?
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Root Hair
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A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
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sulfhydryl group
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-SH; thiols; two of these can react forming covalent bond which helps stabilize protein structure; crosslinking maintains hairs texture
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complement system
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a system of proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and that combine with antibodies to protect against antigens
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binary fission
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The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.
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Define: Matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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Interleukin 1& 2
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A cytokine secreted by a macrophage that is in the process of phagocytizing and presenting antigen; in combination with the antigen, activates the helper T cell to produce IL-2 and other cytokines
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Define: Glycosidic Linkage
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a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
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cell count
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measures the quantity of cells of a specific type
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Root Pressure
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The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.
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amino group: structure
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—NH2 : nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton
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sugar source
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A plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch. Mature leaves are the primary sugar sources of plants.
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point mutation
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A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
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What happens to the Kinetochore during prometaphase
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some spindle fibers (Kinetochore fibers) attach to the kinetochore and pull in the opposite direction
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Plant Cell in an Isotonic Solution
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Not ideal. The cell will become flaccid (limp).
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What is the function of the cell's nucleus?
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Contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it are the coded instructions fro making proteins and other important molecules.
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