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pericardium
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peritoneum
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microscope
substage light
condenser
mechanical stage knobs
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Mouse
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Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Placental
Deuterostome
Description: mammals
Symmetry: bilateral
Digestion: complete
Body Cavity: coelom
Reproduction: sexual: internal
Characteristics: Notochord
Tail
Dorsal nerve chord
Muscular pharynx w/ gill slits at entrance to
digestive system
Fur or hair*
Lungs
Four chambered heart
Endothermic- warm blooded
Nurse their young w/ mammary gland*
Most young born alive*
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Shark
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Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
Deuterostome
Description: cartilage fish
Symmetry: bilateral
Digestion: complete
Body Cavity: coelom
Reproduction: sexual
Characteristics: Notochord
Tail
Dorsal nerve chord
Muscular pharynx w/ gill slits at entrance to
digestive system
Two fins*
Two chambered heart
Placoid scales- teeth are triangluar and are
modified scales
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Sea Cucumber
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Phylum Echinodermata
Deuterostome
Description: "having spiny skin"
Symmetry: larvae- bilateral; adults- radial
Digestion: complete
Body Cavity: coelom
Reproduction: sexual
Special: move by "tube feet"- water vascular system
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tarsal
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pertaining to the ankle
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Jellyfish (Gonionemus)
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Schyphozoa
Description: medusa (mouth down)
Symmetry: radial
Tissue Layers: epidermis, mesoglea, endodermis
Digestion: incomplete
Special: nematocysts- "stinging cells"- used to capture food
nerve net- sensory cells
hydrostatic skeleton- uses water to provide support and movement
Reproduction: sexually an asexually (fission)
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Dogfish Pup
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Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
Deuterostome
Description: cartilage fish
Symmetry: bilateral
Digestion: complete
Body Cavity: coelom
Reproduction: sexual
Characteristics: Notochord
Tail
Dorsal nerve chord
Muscular pharynx w/ gill slits at entrance to
digestive system
Two fins*
Two chambered heart
Placoid scales- teeth are triangluar and are
modified scales
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Praying Mantis
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Uniramian
Protosome
Description: "having jointed appendages"
Symmetry: bilateral
Digestion: complete
Body Cavity: coelom
Reproduction: sexual
Special: exoskeleton made of chitin
molts
specialized appendages- 6
Division of labor: metamorphosis: Incomplete-egg, nymph, adult; Complete- egg, larva, pupa, adult
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gluteal
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pertaining to the buttucks
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urinary system
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eliminates nitrogenous wastes
regulates water electrolytes and acid base balance of the blood
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, AND URETHRA
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umbilical
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pertaining to the naval
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antebrachial
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pertaining to the forearm
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Extrachromosomal
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Plasmids are extrachromosomal; they exist separately from the chromosome.
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fibular(peroneal)
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pertaining to the leg outter
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hypotonic
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containins fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
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catalase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H202) into water (H20) and oxygen (02).
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Portuguese Man 'O War
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Schyphozoa
Description: medusa (mouth down)
Symmetry: radial
Tissue Layers: epidermis, mesoglea, endodermis
Digestion: incomplete
Special: nematocysts- "stinging cells"- used to capture food
nerve net- sensory cells
hydrostatic skeleton- uses water to provide support and movement
Reproduction: sexually an asexually (fission)
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nucleoli
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dark-stained regions of the nucleus that are active in RIBOSOME synthesis
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Temperature
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as this gets higher, chemical reactions generally speed up (to a certain point)
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cytokinesis
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final stage in telophase
two daughter cells are formed from the dividing cells
splitting of cytoplasm
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aster
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microtubles that extend from centroles to the plasma membrane of an animal cel. plant cells dont form these
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Molecular Biology
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Transform bacteria into and antibiotic resistant form by inserting a plasmid. 2. Use restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis. 3. Determine which bacteria have been transformed by plating the cultures on to untreated agar and agar containing antibiotic
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Photosynthesis Lab
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Question: Are light and chloroplasts required for the light reactions to occur?
Experimental Procedures:
Experimental Group: Turn on the spectrophotometer to let it warm up and set the wavelength to 605mm.
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.
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metaphase
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stage where chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell; centrosomes are at opposite ends of the plate
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simple diffusion
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the unassisted diffusion of solutes (dissolved substances) through a differentially permeable membrane
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isotonic
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cell contains equal contration as its surrounding
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cutaneous glands
eccrine sudoriferous glands
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sweat glands
distributed all over the body
clear perpiration water, salt, and urea
important part of body's heat regulation
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crenation
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cell shrinkage due to water moving out of a cell
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ascomycete
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a group of fungi commonly called the sac fungi. Meiosis in Sordaria, followed by mitosis, results in the formation of eight haploid ascospores contained within a sac called an ascus (plural, asci). Many asci are contained within a fruiting body called a perithecium. When the perithecium and the ascus ruptures, the ascospores are released. Each ascospore can develop into anew haploid fungus.
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plasmolysis
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shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell when water is diffused out
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temperature optimum
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the temperature at which an enzyme will denature if gone past
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vertebral
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pertaining to the area of the spinal column
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Enzyme Catalysis
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1. Observe the effect that acid and/or high heat has on enzyme function 2. Extract the enzyme catalase from liver or potato 3. Carry out a titriation using H2O2, KMnO4, and H2SO4 (To stop the reaction)
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potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
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a normally purple chemical. When in the presence of sulfureic acid and hydrogen peroxide, KmnSO4 undergoes the following reaction:
5H2O2+2KmnO4+H2SO4---> K2SO4+2MnSO4+8H2O+5O2
during this reaction, the purple potassium permanganate reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce clear K2SO4 and MnSO4. This reaction is used to titrate (measure the concentration of a solution) for the amount of hydrogen peroxide remaining after a given time period reaction with catalse. KMnO4 is added until the contents of the beaker remain purple. This means that there is no H2O2 left in the beaker. The more KMnO4 necessary to make the solution stay purple, the more substrate (hydrogen peroxide) that was present at the beginning of the titration.
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allosteric sites
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sites on an enzyme that substances can attach other than the active site
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cell membrane
where active and passive transport takes place
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thin sheets composed of phospholipids and proteins.
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Question to the Diffusion lab
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Will glucose and/or starch diffuse through a piece of semipermeable membrane?
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region of elongation
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area of a plant in which growth occurs
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Experimental Procedures of Determing the Water Potential of Potato Cells Lab
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Experimental Group: Pour 100 ml of five different sucrose solutions (.2 M, .4M, .6M, .8M, 1M) into five separate beakers. Take the mass of four potato cylinders, then place them into one of the beakers containg sucrose. Repeat this step for the other four beakers. Cover the beakers with plastic wrap and let them stand overnight. The next day, record the temperature of each solution, then remove the potato cores from the sucrose. Blot them dry and determine their mass. Calculate the percent change in mass.
Control Group: Follow the same procedure as above, except use 100 ml of distilled water in one beaker.
Variables: The independent variable is the concentration fo sucrose in the beakers, whereas the dependent variable is the mass of the potatoes.
Data: percent change in potato cylinder mass
graph of %change in potato cores vs. sucrose molarity, the point where line crosses the x-axis is the molar concentration of sucrose with a water potential that is equal to the potato tissue water potential.
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Conclusion to Test of Catalse Activity lab
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Boiling the catalse solution caused the catalase from these two sources to beome denatured. Boiling changed the shape of the active site by disrupting chemical bonds within the enzyme, and thus the enzyme could not longer fiit the substrate (so no oxygen was produced). To confirm that the bubbles produced were oxygen, one could gather the bubbles in a test tube, then insert a glowing splint of wood. If the bubbles are oxygen, the splint will glow brighter.
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root cap
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a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that PROTECTS the apical meristem
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Relative Lengths of Mitotic Stages in the Onion Root Tip lab
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Question: Is the length of each stage of mitosis in the onion root tip the same?
Sample Hypothesis: The length of prophase will be longer than the other stages of mitosis in the onion root tip.
Experimental Procedures:
Experimental Group: Obtain a slide containing an onion root tip. Examine the meristemati region of the onion root tip using the high power objective (40x). Record the number of cells that are in each stage of mitosis. Repeat this count in at least two more nonoverlapping fields of view.
no control group; observations
Data Analysis: the percentage of cells in each stage of mitosis is found by adding the number of cells found in a particular stage of mitosis in each three fields of view and dividing this number by the total number of cells doing mitosis in the three fields of view. The result is then multiplied by 100 to yield a percentage.
Conclusion: The majority of teh cells that were in prophase, thus prophase is the longest stage of mitosis. This is probably due to the fact that it takes a long time for the nuclear membrane to fragment, the chromatin to condense into chromosomes, and for the assembly of the spindle apparatus. The other stages occur much more quickly, as evidenced by the relatively few cells found in those stages.
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