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solution
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a homogeneous mixture
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binary compound
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a two-element compound
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uncertainty
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the characteristic that any measurement involves estimates and cannot to exactly reproduced
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matter
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the material of the universe
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calorimeter
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device used experimentally to determine the heat associated with a chemical reaction
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electron
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a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom
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base
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a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, a proton acceptor
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air pollution
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contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the gaseous products of transportation and production of electricity
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precision
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the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement
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binary covalent compounds
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compounds formed between two nonmetals; they do not contain ions
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average atomic mass
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average mass for an element
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element
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a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substance by chemical of physical means
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distillation
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a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components
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stoichiometric quantities
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quantities of reactants mixed in exactly in the correct amounts so that all are used up at the same time
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solubility
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the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature
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syngas
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synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained by coal gasification
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universal gas constant
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the combined proportionality constant in the ideal gas law; 0.08206 L • atm/K • mol or 8.3145 J/K • mol
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hypothesis
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one or more assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of nature.
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structural formula
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the representation of a molecule in which the relative positions of the atoms are shown and the bonds are indicated by lines
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chemical formula
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the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscript are used to show the relative number of atoms
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empirical formula
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the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
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chemical change
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the change of substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction
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model
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a set of assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior matter; usually involves assumptions about the behavior of individual atoms or molecules
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ball-and-stick model
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a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationship clearly
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chemical bond
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the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound
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molecular formula
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the exact formula of a molecule, giving the types of atoms and the number of each type
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indicator
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a chemical that changes color and is used to mark the end point of a titration
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greenhouse effect
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a warming effect exerted by the earth's atmosphere (particularly CO2 and H2O) due to thermal energy retained by absorption of infrared radiation
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van der Waals equation
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a mathematical expression for describing the behavior of real gases
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systematic error
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an error that always occurs in the same direction
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space-filling model
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a model of a molecule showing the relatives sizes of the atoms and their relative orientations
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states (of matter)
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the three different forms in which matter can exist; solid, liquid, and gas
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theoretical yield
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the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed
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spectator ions
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ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction
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system (thermodynamic)
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that part of the universe on which attention is to be focused
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law of conservation of mass
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mass is neither created nor destroyed
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mass percent
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the percent by mass of a component of a mixture or of a given element in a compound
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oxidation state
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a concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation--reduction reactions according to certain rules
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state function (property)
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a property that is independent of the pathway
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law of multiple proportions
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a law stating that when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers
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ideal gas law
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an equation of state for a gas, where the state of the gas is its condition at a given time; expressed by PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, n = moles of the gas, R = the universal gas constant, and T = absolute temperature; this equation expresses behavior approached by real gases at high T and low P
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