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Huguenots
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French Calvinists.
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John Huss
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agrres with Wyclif, starts German Hussites
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John Huss
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Hussites
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Bosch
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Dutch painter (1450-1516)
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protectorate
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oliver cromwell, military dictatorship
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anomly
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abnormality; deviation from the expected
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Darwin
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Darwin's discoveries, which made people appear to be more like animals and showed that humans were irrational creatures controlled by nature, also undermined faith in liberalism, a philosophy that was based on a belief in human rationality
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Giovanni Bocaccio
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Decameron, Federigo's Falcon, timelessness and university, 1300s, Humanism
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black death
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economic and social unheaval
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algeria
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called it metropolitan france. Close colonies. Across the Mediterranean. Massive efforts at terrorist activities to make a statement. French gov responded to ____ terrorism brutally. Call their president back, and he gives them their independence and they trust him because he has such good credentials and is such a good nationalist.
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Humanism
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the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason
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Practice of lending money for interest.
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Usury
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Cheka
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secret police, formed by Lenin. Created on Dec 20, 1917. It was the first of secret societies formed during the rule of the Soviet Union.
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Michelangelo
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A true Renaissance man, Michelangelo was a painter, poet, sculptor, engineer and architect. Some of his works include David (1504), the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), and the Pieta (1499). He was a contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci, his rival.
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plebiscite
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Another word for referendum, a plebiscite is an example of direct democracy: an issue on which everyone votes.
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Invasion of Russia
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Napolean's failed marriage negotiations (Marie-Louise) with Russia made an unstable co-alliance between them, which concluded at Treaty of Tilsit. Russia withdrew from Continental System and began war. Napolean wanted to end the threat and the battle at Moscow was very violent. The battle was considered a defeat for him and yet Russia didn't quite win either, as it lost twice the amount of deaths.
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1553
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Act in Restraint and Appeals-Thomas Crowell-king handle religious affairs not pope
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"My Secret Life"
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eleven-volume autobiographythat was written by an anonymous English adventurer that is about the life of a middle class man who spends his whole life pursuing his sexual fantasies
*shows how middle class life was dirty and sexual even though you wouldnt normally think so
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Anabaptists
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radical religious leaders saying that the world needs more love, or that infants shouldn't be baptized or that polygamy is alright. John of Leyden takes over Munster
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Anabaptists
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religious revolt
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Edward Jenner
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Edward Jenner (1749-1823), a talented country doctor, noted that in the English countryside there was a long-standing belief that dairy maids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. Cowpox produces sores on the cow's udder and on the hands of the milker. The sores resemble those of smallpox, but the disease is mild and not contagious. For eighteen years Jenner practiced a kind of Baconian science, carefully collecting data on protection against smallpox by cowpox. Finally, in 1796, he performed his first vaccination on a young boy using matter taken from a milkmaid with cowpox. After Austrian medical authorities replicated Jenner's results, the new method of treatment spread rapidly. Smallpox soon declined to the point of disappearance in Europe and then throughout the world. Jenner eventually received prizes totaling £30,000 from the British government for his great discovery. (p.678-679)
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Maximilian
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person who helped defeat Frederick V during the Thirty Year's War
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motives for imperialism
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-economic
1.$$
2. expansion of foreign trade
3. creation of new markets
4. raw materials
5. inexpensive cheap labor
6. competition for investments
-political
1. nations desire power to compete w/other nations
2. expanding influence around the globe
3. develop and use expert military effectively
4. increase prestige...ego
5. nationalism...pride
-religious
1. spread Christianity
2. protect missions and missionaries
3. spread morals and beliefs
4. educate foreigners on what is "right" (for you...)
-ideological
1. white is superior to primitive cultures
2. the "white man's burden"
3. survival of the fittest...of races
-exploratory
1. explore the unknown
2. learn
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Karl Lueger
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Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized
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Louis XVIII
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(1814-24) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties.
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Luddites
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These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines
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Mercantilism
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an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
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Lateran Accord
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In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support
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Jethro Tull
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iron plows, drilling seeds into ground
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Abstract-Expressionism
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An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.
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Friar Girolamo Savonarola
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(1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence.
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contagious diseases acts
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allowed authorities to check prostitutes for diseases; if confirmed with one, they were confined in lock hospitals to be given moral instruction but oppostion by middle-class reformers soon arose--Butler & "shrieking sisters" objected to laws that punished women but not men--repeal in 1886
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Indochina
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The French colony in Vietnam. French influence was greater in the south as they were able to westernize the culture. The much more populated north was resistant to French authority, and they rebelled while being led by Ho Chi Minh.
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Peter Stolypin
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Prime minister of Russia from 1906-1911; very involved in fighting radical groups & also took upon himself various agrarian reforms - which he thought (& were proven to be) essential for Russian economy.
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Rabelais
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He was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and humanist. He is regarded as an avant-garde writer of fantasy and satire
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John Maynard Keynes
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Young English economist who denounced Treaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise treaty and help German econ. He Wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace. Said Britain needed Germany, and if the German market went under, Britain econ would go under. His book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic towards Germany.
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The Great Powers
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Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, and France.
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Phillip II
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A devote Catholic who finds himself ruler over Spain and the Netherlands. He believes all his territory should be Catholic.
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Henri Bergson
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French philosopher who became one of the most important influences in France due to his lectures. Accepted rational, scientific thought as a practical instrument for providing useful knowledge but maintained that it was incapable of arriving at truth or ultimate reality.
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Good Queen Anne
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tension between royal authority & Parliament ; relationships with Churchills
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Congress of Vienna
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(1814) objective: settle the issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars & the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
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French Wars of Religion
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(1562-1598) Huguenots vs. Catholics results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV, caused by calvinism and catholicism. aggressive in trying to win converts to their religion, went over eachothers authority. Known as the HApsburg-Valois Wars. The war started with the ruler Charles V trying to change the religion, but he was too busy fighting his opponents.
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Working class leisure
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The working class still enjoyed drinking, although it was discouraged, they started to enjoy sports and music halls, although blood sports declined
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Catherine de Medici
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Henry III's Catholic mother. Planned the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
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Joseph Lister
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This man promoted the idea of sterilizing medical equipment before operating
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Counter Reformation
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the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
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States General
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The Netherlands was a republic. The provinces still had authority because they were embodied by the States General, dominated by Holland. It was an ongoing negotiation with the provinces.
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Ignatius Loyola
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Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
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By the time John Calvin died in __________ in 1564, the city had become a refuge for Protestants and a training ground for Protestant resistance to the Counter-Reformation.
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geneva
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Pope Paul III
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Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.
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Swabian peasants
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12 Articles (1525) revolt in Germany in 1525
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What year did the Council of Trent begin?
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1545
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Darwin's theory of biological evolution
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Darwin proposed that earth and the organisms living on it were incredibly old and that these organisms had evolved from a common origin. He suggested that every organism in every species had slight variations that made it more or less fit for its environment. Only those organisms with the most advantageous variations survived. (p.814-815)
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Romantic Artists and Musicians
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Joseph Turner, Eugene Delacroix, John Constable, Franz Lizst, Ludwig Beethoven
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Joan of arc
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A figurehead and rallying point for the French King and people. Was executed for being a heretic by the English
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James Joyce
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An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book
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Wycliffe
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This was one o the original men to challenge the church. His writings became "scriptures" for other reformers to follow.
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Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
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Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.
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Ems Telegram
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A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.
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House of Commons
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one of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office
willing to pay taxes as long as they have input in the govt
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John Sobieski 1683
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(r.1674-1696) The only sort of good Polish elected king. He rescued Vienna from the Turkish siege. But that was it.
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Middle class values
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The middle class frowned upon heavy drinking and the women were fond of fashion. Education was necessary and sexual purity was considered a virtue
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Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829)-
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Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time.
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David Lloyd George
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This British politician was crucial to the Treaty of Versailles, playing a moderate role between the extremely punitive George Clemenceau and the lenient Woodrow Wilson in deciding what to do with Germany. He was also responsible for the "People's Budget" of 1908 which imposed a tax on the very wealthy.
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Treaty of Nimwegen
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peace in 1678 between Louis XIV and William. Louis took Franche-Comte
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Medieval Society
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This is based on the Lord and Vassal relationship of the Feudal System. The literacy rate was around 1%. For the average person, a serf, times were tough. The Church was their only comfort, knowing someday it will be better. (In heaven)
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Labor-Liberal-Conservative Cooperation in Britain
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The three party system that makes sure that both the conservative and the labor party don't get too radical.
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Beer Hall Putsch
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An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea
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Confederation of the Rhine
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established by Napoleon in 1806 in Germany, where he made extensive political changes. Included most of the German princes.
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Pierre de Brazza
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A French delegate who was sent to central Africa when the French got word of Leopold's conquests there. He signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.
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Irish Home Rule
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There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland
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How did Maximilian I build up the Habsburg family fortune?
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Through strategic marriages.
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Yalta Conference
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On the Black Sea; the Big Three met in February 1945 in southern Russia; it was agreed that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation and would pay heavy reparations to the soviet Union in the form of agricultural and industrial goods; when the Big Three met in 1945 at Yalta in southern Russia they agreed that east European governments were to be freely elected but pro-soviet.
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Describe the process that brought William III of Orange to a near monarchy in the Dutch Netherlands.
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1673 wars with england, making stadholder hereditary
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Frederick William IV
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This king of Prussia was the king who gave into Prussia's constitution
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Steps to solve housing crisis for working class
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1. city governments authorized to build housing
2. small progress, but shows need for government
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Wants National Assembly to get him reelected; tells Nat. Assembly to restrict lower classes from voting, but exposes them to make them appear corrupt.
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Describe the power struggle that Napoleon 3rd had with the National Assembly?
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Ten Hours Act of 1847 (Britain)
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It limited the workday for women and young people in factories to ten hours. (p.776)
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin
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England forcing Manchu china to trade with them, but they were not taken over.
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What was the beginning of the 3rd wave of imperialism?
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