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Bear
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Russia
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Dour
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sullen; gloomy
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Dürer
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German realist painter/engraver
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Boyars
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Russia's nobility/aristocrats; were landowners that approved every Czar (before Ivan IV)
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1347
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Black Plague started in
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1878
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In Germany, Bismarck outlawed socialism in _______(year). Because German socialists were so organized, it wasn;t successful.
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences
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Danton
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Led the Mountains with Robespierre--also executed with him
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Christine de Pisan
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woman humanist wirter
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Christine de Pisan
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not a girly girl
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Glasnost
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Gorbachev used the term toexplainhis new policy of "openness" in allowing russians more freedom to dissent.
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Poland
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sejm-national diet that didn't allow Poland to gain eny centralization. Polish nobles got dominance by using Liberum Veto.
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Calvinism
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Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.
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Archduke Ferdinand
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young heir whose assassination triggered the war
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wet-nursing
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a widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century where women would suckle the children of middle- to upper-class women's children for money. (p. 667)
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Surrealism
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an artistic movement emphasizing the imagination and lack of conscious control
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Intendants
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Created by Napolean-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napolean not to have to worry about petty problems.
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Red Baron
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Deadly Technology: machine guns, cannons, gas Tanks, barbed wire, airplanes! Eddie Rickenbacker (US); zeppelin (blimp) On the Seas: blockades, U boats (cause US to enter)
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Vatican
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Independent sovereign state of the pope and the Catholic church, established in Rome In 1929
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Conciliarists
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people who believed that the authority in the Roman church rested in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone
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James Kay
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invented the flying shuttle, which increased productivity of the weavers
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hereditary provinces
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oldest of austria's direct possessions (upper and lower Austria)
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Don Quixote
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First novel written in vernacular. Written by cervantes.
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Citizen-soldiers
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fought without pay; supply their own weapons; eventually got small "spoils of victory"; valued loyalty, courage, and respect for authority
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socrates
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plato's mentor - knowledge should be free - (philosophy) all knowledge is alkready in humans, education brings it back to memory
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clement atlee
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(England) created the "Welfare State"; labour govt.
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
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Baby Boom
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The increase of births following WW2
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Meiji
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The period of Japanese History from 1867 - 1912 during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito and Experienced Modernization.
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Burschenschafts
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Groups of German students who had natiolist ideals; targetted by Metternich as a threat to his status quo
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Anabaptists
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A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
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cardinal Granvelle
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Antoine Perrenot. wanted to breakdown traditional autonomy of the 17 dtuch provinces and establish a centralized royal government, direct from madrid. opposed by Orange. 1561 began ecclesiastical reorganization. overthrown 1564.
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women
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who was offered more autonomy in christianity and more opportunities
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Amsterdam
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capital and port city in the Netherlands
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Dual Alliance
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A mutual defense treaty between Germany and Austria-Hungary to keep an eye on the Russians
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Enlightened Despotism
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A system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people. Supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, and scientific academies. examples: Joseph II, Frederick the Great, and Catherine the Great.
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Banking Families
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These were the major families in Europe that had the most power and control of the wealth in a state
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indulgence
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a certificate granted by the pope in return for payment. the certificate stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled
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Became 1st British governor general of Bengal (NE Asia). British gained economic and political dominance of much of the subcontinent and India was lauded as "the jewel" in the British Empire in the 19th Century.
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Robert Clive
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Sicily
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An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later
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Three Emperors' League
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Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia.
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Georges Sorel
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A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.
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12 Articles (1525)
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These were complaints against the government written by Swabian peasants, who revolted in Germany in 1525. They used some of what Luther had said to support their cause. These were rebutted by Martin Luther's Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants.
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What is mercantilism?
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economic theory where a country's wealth is measured by gold and silver (exporting greater than imports)
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Sex, drugs, and music
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Divorce and extramarital sex increases, pornography appeared. Marijuana and LSD became popular. New types of music. All post-war era.
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Schleiermacher
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religion was not system of ethics. it was an intuition or feeling of absolute dependence on an infinite reality. Churches were an indirect way to this infinite reality.
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spanish armada
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the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.
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Roman/Papal Inquisition
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est. 1542 by committee of councils, employed torture to find heretics, milder than Spanish inquisition, never exsisted outside of Italy
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autocracy
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a government in which the ruler has unlimited and uses it in arbitary manner. romanov dynasty in russia best example
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Medici Family
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Wealthy Italian family and patrons of the arts
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Laura Cereta
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Laura Cereta was a feminist author. She wrote some unusual stuff such as comedic dialogues based on famous works and pieces that would have been ideal for public performance. She also used her book to publish essays on women's rights and moving letters to her husband.
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Count Henri de Saint-Simon
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Early socialist thinker who believed that progress could only be gotten through social organization. He said that progress had to give way to doers because they produced wealth.
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People's Charter of 1838
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Core demand for universal male suffrage
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moveable type
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This was used for printing, and meant that individual letters and words could be moved around to create a page of type. It was an invention of the Renaissance (gold-smiths and paper-makers working together) and helped the spread of humanism over the Alps as it meant that printing was much easier, cheaper, and more efficient. It also led to the famous printing of vernacular Bibles in 1450 by Gutenberg.
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the Schlieffen Plan
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The plan that Germany would attack France quickly and then move towards Russia
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Organic chemistry
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The study of the compounds of carbon, related to the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. This led to the transforming of dirty, useless coal tar into beautiful synthetic dyes and other such new technologies and inventions, further strengthening the belief in science in this time period.
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Why war preparations were "unstoppable"
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War preparations were unstoppable because once you started to prepare, you knew that your enemies were doing the same, and you could not stop, because if you did, your enemies could attack you
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Sir Thomas More
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An English humanist and statesman who was executed by Henry VIII for refusing to acknowledge him as Supreme Head of the English Church.
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Social Darwinism
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The twisted social idea that used the theory of evolution and applied to people
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1st Estate
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Rich Clergy and Bishops, 1% of the peple
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Gustavus Adolphus
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joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen
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Ukrainian Famine
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The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain
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Munich Conference
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The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of territorial demands made by German dictator Adolf Hitler. The agreement, signed by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there.
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Joseph II
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This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom
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Scottish revolt of 1640
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People believed that the country of England was being led back to Roman Catholicism, In 1637, Laud attempted to impose two new elements on the church organization in Scotland; anew prayer book, modeled on the Anglican "Book of Common Prayer"; and bishops, which the Presbyterian Scots firmly rejected. The Scots there revolted. (551)
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Richard Wagner
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Built on the advances by Liszt and the New German School to realize the German desire for a truly national opera.
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19th Century Railroad
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new railroads were built in the 19th century causing a dramatic increase in the amount of steel, lumber, and labor needed. also gave people a significantly faster mode of transportation and also made it quicker to transport goods which increased international trade.
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Jean Monnet
Jean Monnet
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there will be no peace unless europe unites
french economist who advocated a common market in europe (1888-1979) one of the architects of the allied victory in wwii. convinced roosevelt to begin rearmament before the american entry into the war. organized france's postwar reconstruction as planning commissioner. monnet became the instigator of the european economic community and today's european union.
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British East India Company
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A mercantile Trade Company that ruled India
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National Workshops
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This was the group that gave work to the unemployed
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The Truman Doctrine was announced in response to what crisis?
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Civil War in Greece
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19. I was beheaded for plotting to overthrow Queen Elizabeth
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Mary Queen of Scots
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Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty
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stipulated that Germany was solely responsible for starting WWI, and thus the basis for requiring Germany to pay war reparations to the victors
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Great Britain 1832 Reform Bill
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Right to vote to upper middle class
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Queen Mary of Scotland
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She was a devout Catholic that wanted to murder her cousin, Elizabeth because she was Protestant. Elizabeth hears of her plot and locks her up. Mary communicates with Phillip II and Elizabeth hears of her communication and beheads her. The murder of the Mary leads to the Spanish Armada.
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Frederick Elector of Saxony
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This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms
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World Markets / European foreign investment
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Europe mainly invested most of its money back into Europe, and then into the US
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-Europe, 1914 & Versailles Settlement (p. 904)
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the map of new boundaries after the WWII, A dangerous power vacuum was created by the new usually small states established between Germany and Soviet union
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Austro-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes
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The Germans needed a way to make the Austrians on their side, and they had the superior army. The Germans won, and were able to make sure that Austria stayed out of German affairs
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Dom Pedro
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Brazil
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Huguenots
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French Calvinists
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1914
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Beginning of WW1
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kulak
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prosperous Russian peasant farmers
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Shogun
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Hereditary military governor in Japan
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Voltaire
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a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade
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most imp. room in palace
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bedroom
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Perestroika
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"restructuring"; reduced the size and importance of the centralized economic ministries
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Lollards
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An English Protestant sect that stressed individual reading and interpretation of the Bible.
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Amenable
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readily reacting to suggestions and influences
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Paris Commune
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Parisians elected this municipal government due to dislike of the National Assembly with the intent to rule Paris separately from the rest of France
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roundheads
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A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war
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Masaccio
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(1401-1428) This artist created the Resurrection of Tabitha and The Healing of the Cripple. He had a revolutionary use of perspective in that he gives objects the appearance of distance. He is considered the "father of modern painting."
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Michelangelo
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Master painter, sculptor and architect from the High Renaissance. Most famous for Peita, David, and the Sistine Chapel frescos.
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biological determinism
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chamberlain, argument that biological differences between different human populations explained their different ways of life or , put another way, that a group's way of life was determined by its distinct, innate biological makeup.
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temperate zone
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pronounced difference between winter and summer
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James Hargreaves
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About 1705 invented spinning jenny
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workplace
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More women are in today's _________ than ever before due to the rising divorce rate and the declining birth rate. Besides having to deal with financial difficulties, inadequate child-care facilities, and role conflicts, these women are frequently underskilled for the current workplace and are not equipped to handle any discrimination and harassment they may encounter. Motivation in the form of three primary needs (survival, pleasure, and contribution) is the same for both sexes. Work-defined activity intended to produce or accomplish something has the capacity to satisfy these needs.
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Gustav Stresemann
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German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr
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Mercantilism
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collection of gov't policies for the regulation of economic activities.
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Totalitarianism
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is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something
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Religious Wars: the french wars
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lasted from 1562-1598.
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Zollverein
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A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members
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Werner Heisenberg
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A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.
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Bloody Sunday
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massacre of peaceful protesters at Winter's Square in St. Petersberg in 1905 that turned ordinary workers against the tsar and produced a wave of general indignation. (p. 838)
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Ptolemy
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an astronomer and geographer (90 - 168) who not only provided a map of the world as the Romans knew it but also a compilation of all of the Hellenistic astronomical thought, which amounted to: the Earth is the center of the universe. All planets, moons, and stars orbit around the Earth in some way, or are embedded in the "firmament" at the edge of the Universe. To "fix" their orbits to look nice, they move in little tiny circles called epicycles. This was called the geocentric theory (#4).
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Inquisition
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created by Ferdinand but didn't want to be blamed for it so Pope Sixtus IV's approval so the pope was blamed; from 1478-1480 had tribunals to seek our conversos who had slipped back into Jewish ways
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Qing Dynasty
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In 1860, the 200-yr-old ______ __________ in China appeared on the verge of collapse
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Gandhi, Mohandas
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Most important Indian political and spiritual leader of the 20th century
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second revolution
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tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient
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vulgate
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Latin translation of the Bible that became the standard used by the Catholic Church
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July Decrees
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These decrees limited the voting rights of the wealthy and censored the press
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Ptolemy (scientific revolution)
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Geo centric model of universe. "Almagest". Epicycles. Earth-centered.
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Friedrich Engels
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Condition of Working Class in England- society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx
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Marco Polo
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European trader who traveled the East and wrote about his encounter with the Great Khan; fueled the European interest in the Eastern trade
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Castile
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had a population of over 8 million, and was the largest and richest area of the Iberian Peninsula. Was the last kingdom still fighting Muslims on its southern frontier. Its future queen was Isabella, who married Ferdinand in 1469
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(1881-1954) The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform.
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Alcide de Gasperi
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Class-consciousness
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The Marxist idea of when an individual or a group becomes aware of the difference between social/economic classes and the class that they are a part of.
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German social legislation
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Bismarck placed high tariffs on imported goods, and tried to stop socialism with government measures that banned the socialist party
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Zemstvo
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A local coulcil of politicians to deal with local problems in Russia
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Charles Talleyrand
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This was the French supporter of Metternich's balance of power idea
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Baroque Art and Music
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odd shaped imperfect pearl
18th century expression of disdain
characterized by emotion, exuberance, dramatic, striving, motion, colors
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George Stephenson
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he created the "Rocket", the first effective locomotive. It only went 16 mph but was a financial and technical success. The idea of using a locomotive on a rail originated in the coal industry in which carts were used on rails in mines to reduce friction and enable heavier loads.
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Duke of Sully
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Henry IV's devout protestant chief minister, combined indirect taxes on salt, sales, transit an leased their collection to financiers, revenues increased b/c of revival of trade, paid for the Company for Trade with the Indies, restored public order in France, laid foundations of eco prosperity
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1754-1763
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French and Indian War (Seven Years War 1756)
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Cubism
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a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled.
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Jean Bodin
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a French philosopher who discussed the rules to a stable government; introduced the term politique and started absolutism
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Third Estate
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Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.
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Elizabeth I
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Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anna Boleyn. 3rd in line for the thrown. Has an era named after her. The virgin queen.
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Vincent Van Gogh
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➢ Art was spiritual experience
➢ Interested in color and believed that it could act as own form of language
➢ Should paint what they felt
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English Bill of Rights
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Affirmed Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes. Standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament. King could not interfere with elections and debates of Parliament. Confirmed rights of citizens to petition the sovereign, keep arms, have a jury trial, and not be subject to excessive bail.
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Battle of Austerlitz
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This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts
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Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi
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Chinese leader who used conservative forces to maintain her power
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Pope Paul III
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Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism. He sought to improve church disciple through existing doctrine, rather than making new ones.
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Alexander III
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(1881) son of Alex II, increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russianunification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms
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Hitler's Foreign Policy
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Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else.
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Oliver Cromwell
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As Lord Protector of England he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship.
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Petrarch
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an Italian poet who used his poetry to criticize the Avignon Papacy. He was the first person to use the phrase "Babylonian Captivity" to refer to it.
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Henry II (1547-1559)
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Died in 1559, widowing Catherine de Medici, and submitting France to civil war.
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Napoleonic Code
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This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.
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Final Solution / Holocaust
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was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust
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archbishop albert of mainz
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sought to become bishop of multiple areas, was granted ok by the pope, hired johann tetzel to sell indulgences for him
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Nazi racial theories
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Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs, jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst
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White man's burden
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A poem by Rudyard Kipling, either in endorsement of civilizing mission or satire.
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English Parliament
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made of House of Commons and House of Lords, seen as a limit on monarchy, approved taxes and made laws, came after Elizabeth I, an important institution in the development of representative government, composed of two knights from every country, all bishops and nobles in England
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Paris Peace Conference
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Conference in Paris at the end of World War I to conclude a final settlement of the war.
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Effects of the Scientific Revolution
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This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive reasoning
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Bill of Rights
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1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.
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Night of the Long Knives
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SS and Gestapo assassinated over one thousand of Hitler's political enemies.
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Mary, Queen of Scots
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Was the cousin and heir of Elizabeth of England was was implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth in the hopes of making England Catholic
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Thermidorian Reaction and The Directory
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This was the reaction to the despotism after the Second Revolution which led to the establishment of the five-man executive that supported the French military which was not popular with the French people
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What was effect of trench warfare
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The army was gaining only minuscule area
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Two Treatises on Government (John Locke)
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This was the document that stated that if a ruler steps over its proper function to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, than that ruler was a tyrant and must be overthrown
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Crimean War - impact in Britain & Russia
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This war showed that the Russian were way behind the rest of the world, and needed reform.
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Carnal
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not spiritual
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Platonic Love
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friendship
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Fyodor Dostoevsky
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Russian novelist.
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primarily
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in the first instance
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Irish Nationalism
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The Great Famine promoted...
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Donatello
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sculptor; best Florentine artist before Michelangelo; he included the human ways and manners also revived classic figures, self-awareness and balance
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Magyars
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Barbarians that assaulted western Christiandom in the 9th century, also called Hungarians
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Chartism
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A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Demands include universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.
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Jane Seymour
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Third wife of Henry VIII
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Passchendaele
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a COMPLETELY worthless battle that resulted in millions dead
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Lebensraum
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(German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.
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Bartholomew Diaz
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(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa.
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Bauhaus
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A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism
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Louis XI
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French Renaissance "spider king". Strengthened the French Monarchy thru improved economics, the invasion of Burgundy, the acquisition of lands and the marriage of his son to Anne of Brittany.
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1859
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The Italian war was in _________
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Quakers
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English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity
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Pietism
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A Protestant revivalist movmeent of the early eighteenth century that emphasized deeply emotional individual religous experience.
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draft
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hitler used the conscription to build an army (from 100,000 which the versailles treaty permitted to half a million)
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Anti-Semitism
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A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races
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Royal Councils
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behaved as a presidential cabinet, advising the king on matters of state, chosen and controlled by the monarch as he could fire or appoint new members at will
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Emile
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This work advocated breast feeding and natural dress and that boys' education should have plenty of fresh air and exercise and he said a women's nature was a life of marriage and child rearing
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indulgences
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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
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Cabral
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This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India
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John Kay
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Man who revolutionized the one-hand loom and increased the production done by one worker
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socialism
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a backlash against the emergence of individualism and fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic equality and state regulation of property. (p. 764)
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Johannes Kepler
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German astronomer and mystic, and protégé of Brahe (#13), Kepler developed the Laws of Planetary Motion (#1). Discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses.
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Adam Smith
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A Scottish professor who established the basis for modern economics. He felt that mercantilism meant a combination of stifling government regulations and unfair regulations for state approved monopolies. He preferred the method of free competition-only regulation was the "invisible hand"
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Decembrist Revolt
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Uprising in Russia mainly soldiers soon suppressed-first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement inspired by ideology.
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Propaganda
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Each of the nations which participated in World War One from 1914-18 used propaganda posters not only as a means of justifying involvement to their own populace, but also as a means of procuring men, money and resources to sustain the military campaign.
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enclosure movement
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process by which british landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase production of cash crops. enclosure acts led to increase in size of farms by large landowners
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Edict of Restitution
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proclamation that reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism in Denmark
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John Milton (scientific revolution)
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puritan. supported parliament during the english civil war. "paradise lost". didnt like cromwell.
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Arthur Young
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edited the Annals of Agriculture and became secretary of the British Board of Agriculture
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Guiseppe Mazzini
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After the failure of the nationalist uprising in Italy in 1831, leadership of the romantic republican nationalism passed to Guiseppe Mazzini. He became the most influencal republican and brought new meaning to the cause.
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New Model Army
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army of antiroyalists created by Cromwell. Were whipped to fervor by sermons, prayers, and the singing of psalms, and became unbeatable. Won a major victory at Naseby in 1645, causing Charles to surrender a year later.
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A type of local government with powers to tax and make laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864.
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Zemstovo
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Hernando Cortes
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Spanish explorer who conquers Aztec in Mexico in 1521.
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Social Democrats
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The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together.
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Leon Gambetta
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A successful politician in France, he was a moderate republican who helped stabilize government
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transubstantiation
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the idea that in the Eucharist the bread and wine mystically became the body and blood of Christ
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Copernicus
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This was the man who first theorized that the celestial bodies all revolved around a fixed sun
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Pope Alexander VI
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member of the Borgia family, encouraged his son Cesare to carve a state for himself in central Italy out of the territories of the Papal States
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British Corn Laws
|
Established in 1815, these laws prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels. The previous continuation of grain importation and the lowering of wheat and bread prices deeply hurt the aristocracy's rent, causing them to go to Parliament and request the laws. The Corn Laws were instated in a time of widespread unemployment and postwar economic distress causing protests and demonstrations by urban laborers and radical intellectuals.
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Charles I (1625-1649)
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England; fought openly with Parliament about moneyf or his wars with Spain, abused power
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Cornelius Vermuyden
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most famous of Dutch engineers in drainage techniques
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Clement V
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A Frenchman elected by the other Bishops so that the Papacy would not fight - and lose to- the French king in battle again. He was elected in 1305, and was the first Pope in the Babylonian Captivity or Avignon Papacy.
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Charles I
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son of James I; dismissed Parliament often although he signed the Petition of Right; executed Catholics; started the English Civil War after the Long Parliament
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Simon Bolivar
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The European-educated son of a slave owner who became one of the leaders of teh Latin Amerian indpendence movement in teh 1820s. Bolivia is named after him.
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"Polish miracle" of 1980
|
occurred when the economic crisis became a spiritual one as well. This was created by the new Polish communist leader. He believed that massive inflows of Western Capitalism and technology would help bring up the economy. However, it did the opposite, it send the economy into a nosedive. Luckily, a real miracle occurred when the Pope moved to Poland, which brought tons of tourists. (1034)
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Freidrich Engels
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➢ Worked in Brit at father's factory and acquired first hand knowledge of wage slavery of working classes
➢ Wrote Manifesto w/ Marx
• Conditions of the Working Classes in England
➢ Marx and Engels
➢ Intended to rouse working classes to action
➢ Gov't of state reflected and defended interests of indust middle class and its allies
➢ Insisted Bourg society hadn't triumphed completely
➢ Struggle of proletariat fierce but prol would triumph
➢ Prol form dictatorship to reorganize means of production
➢ Classless society emerge and state would wither away and class struggles over
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first successful charter.... under who
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charter of 1606 james 1
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Louis XIV
|
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France
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Mary I
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This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants
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Karl Lueger
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The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class
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Made good reforms
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What did China do after Opium War?
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The painting Guernica was inspired by
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the Spanish Civil War
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Henry VIII
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This was the man who started the Church of England because he needed a reformation in Catholicism which would allow him to divorce his wife
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Prince Henry the Navigator
|
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
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appeasement
|
to bring to a state of peace, quiet, ease, calm, or contentment; pacify; soothe:
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Loius XIII
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son of Marie de' Medici and Henry IV; came to power as a child, so his mother, Marie de' Medici, became his regent; Marie appointed Richelieu to the council of ministers at this time
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Hus
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A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was tried for heresy
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what was the purpose of intendants
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to make France a monarchy
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Ignatius of Loyola
|
This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world
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Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
|
By Pius IX, summoned first Vatican Council. Used on matters of faith and morals. Centralized authority within church has never been asserted. Council ended soon and Italian troops occupied Rome in Franco-Prussian war.
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King Frederick William I
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The soldier King, Cuts expenditures of the Prussian state ,improves bureaucracy and army, 80% GDP goes to military, Sparta of the North
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League of Nations
|
Allies worked out terms for peace with Germany, 1919, precursor to the United Nations.
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English Civil War of 1642-1649
|
charles I and Parliament dispute lead to civil war:
Royalists/cavaliers (charles I, peasants, Angelican Clergy, majority of nobility, pres. scots ) VS.
Roundheads(parliament,middle class,merchants,major cities and bits of nobility, irish cath.)
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Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
|
Luther state churches were spread across in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. The danish held control over Sweden and Norway. However, in 1520 the Swedish revolted under Gustavus Vasa and Olaus Petri translated the New Testament ito swesish and organized the Lutheran chruch.
In Denmark, King Christian III of Denmark and Norway secularized the church and adopted Lutheranism.
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When Charles V and the Holy Roman emperor sent an army of 20,000 mercenaries, mostly German and Spaniard, against Rome; city was terribly sacked for revolting against the Holy Empire
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Sacking of Rome (1527)
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Who were the Cossacks?
|
Peasants who fled to the widl because of the increasing demands of the nobles and the tsar-they formed free groups and outlaw armies
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Women's March on Versailles
|
This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread
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Britain was unlikely to form alliance with France or Russia because there were conflicts with these countries around the world because of the new imperialism
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Germany and Britain had common similarities [racially related BGermanic and Anglo-Saxlon] however there was also a rivalry caused by the growth of Germany in the Industrial Revolution and William II's pursuit of world power-in 1900 Germany expanded its battle feleet which posed a problem for the British
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Dialogue Between the Two Great Systems of the World
|
This book by Galileo contained his ideas on the universe, which was generally that the planets, including the earth, orbit the sun. This defied the Papacy, the Bible, and Aristotle, and so he was forced to recant the entire thing.
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What caused the death of the International Working Men's Association, commonly known as the 1st International?
|
the rise of the Paris Commune and its bloody civil war against the legitimately elected French National Assembly
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machiavellian
|
crafty,deceitful,or amoral
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diatribe
|
thunderous verbal attack
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Age of Louis XIV
|
1643-1715
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Simony
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The selling of church offices.
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theology of dif christian sects
|
al
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Duma
|
Russia's lower house of politics
|
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reagan
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(president) 40th republican with a strong anti-communist view. influenced fall of communism. talked with Gorbachev to end Cold War
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Virtu
|
A concept theorized by Niccolo Machiavelli that was to glorify Man and glorify the virtues of man.
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(1473-1543) Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe.
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Nicholaus Copernicus
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Red Russians
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Those who supported the Revolution
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Ottoman Empire
|
huge area
Janissaries
lack of national unity - Milet System
post Suleiman decline in gov't - power struggles/intrigue of harem
france: trade monopoly, extraterritorial rights, O.E. as buffer vs. hapsburgs
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Carbonari
|
These were groups of secret revolutionary societies in Italy
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Decolonization
|
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
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Jacob Burckhardt
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He revived antiquity. Stressed concepts of individualism, secularism. Credited Italians with the birth of Renaissance.
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Robert Bakewell
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English animal breeder, selective breeding
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Michelangelo (1475-1564)
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High Renaissance Artist/ sculptor. Famous works: sculpture of David,Sistine Chapel, Commissioned by 4 popes
|
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Abstract-Expressionism
|
An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.
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Louis Blanc
|
(1811-1882) Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) which proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition. It was the first step toward a future socialist society. Advocated the principle of "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."
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Enclosures
|
These are required to assist in accurate property tax collections
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Castiglione
|
Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.
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Theodor Herzl
|
German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.
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dadaism
|
artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct. (p. 933)
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John Wesley
|
Leader of the methodist movement. 1703-1791.
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Charilaos Tricoupis
|
Greek Prime Minister who created order
|
|
Roger Bacon
|
great medieval scientist; English monk and philosopher, said thinkers were neglectign science; he predicted boats w/out oars, airplanes
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reichstag
|
german lower house, members elected by universal male suffrage
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Proletarianization
|
the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. It occurred particularly in England where enclosure destroyed the common land and gave most power to a minority of wealthy landowners who used the landless rural people as a working class.
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Neville Chamberlain
|
known for his disasterous agreement with Hitler at Munich but was at first known for his conservative views
|
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Revolutions of 1848
|
These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates caused starvation in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria, because the Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans and factory workers joined with the middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia became a constitutional monarchy
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Oedipal Complex
|
A Freudian physiological idea that if you did not get over loving your parent of the opposite sex, you would have this complex where you hated your other parent and have issues with parental relations.
|
|
empiricism
|
the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
|
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Old Believers
|
Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.
|
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Seven Years' War
|
Fought between Austria, France, and Russia and Prussia in Europe, between Great Britain and France in North America and India. England and Prussia came out as winners.
|
|
Modern liberalism
|
This was new thought that the governments should be subject to change. This was the counterpart to conservatism
|
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James I
|
Succeeding Elizabeth I of England the Stuart monarch James I had a poor sense of judgement and fialed to live up to the majestic role of a king. However, in "the True Law of Free Monarchy" he stated that a monarch has divine right to authority and is only responsible to the king. However this led to parliamentary disaprooval as royal jurisdiction over properteies went agians the English Idea that a persons property could not be taken awya with out a due process of law. Also it hurt his relationship with him and the Commons.
Elizabeth had left the Stuarts with alarge debt to pay off of and a House that appreciated its financial strength. In other words a tense relationship left James struggling to pay of debts and the commons seeking sovereignty.
The main reason the Commons and constitutionalism was able to start forming was because of the social mobility of the middle and upper classes. The dislocation of the monasteries enriched people, along with agricultural improvments, perecise acocountin gon lands, and the many domestic commerical activity in the cloth industry, joint stock companies, and prudent marriages. In England income rose faster than prices. Led to an elite group with lots of national wealth, and legal knowledge (education) to dominate the commons for politcal power.
Stuart was outraged by the fact that Commons were willing to tax themselves provided they could hvae say in policy formuatlion.
People became disatisfied with the Church of England adn the Puritans wanted to purify the churhc from catholicism. Most English at the time were calvinist because of its "Protestant Ethic" in socioeconomic implications. Puritans wanted to abolish bishops in the Church of England because Bishops were the chief throne supporters. James was sympathetic to the Catholic and supported policis of William Laud.
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|
Mustafa Kemal
|
- like Muhammid Ali
- saved Turkey from being split up
- modernized Turkey
|
|
Thomas Newcomen
|
1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient.
|
|
Betty Freidan
|
wrote The Feminine Mystique; much like Simone de Beauvoir; both women were very battered; but she had faith in group action (unlike Beauvoir)
|
|
Jose Ortega y Gasset
|
Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955)
|
|
secularism
|
new way of thinking between MA and Ren. - more concerned about wordly objects and the life you spend on Earth
|
|
20. After 1415, The Electors of Bradenburg were always of which family?
|
- Hohenzollern
|
|
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
The French general who became First Consul in 1799 and emperor in 1804; after losing teh battle of Waterloo in 1815, he was exiled to teh island of St. Helena.
|
|
Managerial Class
|
A new breed of managers and experts replaced traditional property owners as the leaders of the middle class. Ability to serve the needs of a big organization largely replaced inherited property and family connection in determining an individual's social position. Thus the new middle class, which was based largely in specialized skills in high levels of education, was more open, democratic, and insecure than the old propertied middle class. The structure of the lower class also became more flexible and open. (1012)
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|
Peace of Utrecht
|
Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
|
|
Babylonian Captivity
|
Period during the 1300s when the Popes were influenced by the French monarchy to reside in Avignon
|
|
Jacobins
|
This was the group of people in the National Assembly that met to discuss the political questions of the day
|
|
John Constable (The Haywain)
|
This man was a Romantic painter
|
|
John A. Hobson
|
This man wrote Imperialism, a critique of imperalism
|
|
Decline of Ottoman Empire
|
They fell behind in industrialization, in education, and in general compared to the west
|
|
Von Hindenburg
|
German general who was called up from retirement to direct the Russian campaign because of his knowledge of the area. He led troops at Tannenburg and the Masurian Lakes
|
|
"Sun King"
|
Louis XIV had the longest reign in Euro. history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist develpoment
|
|
John Knox
|
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
|
|
great church council
|
What did Innocnet III call in 1215
|
|
The catholic league
|
was a catholic group and association in France that were not Politiques or Huguenots. They did not agree with the group's thoughts and they consisted of noblemen that were apart of large towns.
|
|
Treaty of Tordesillas
|
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
|
|
Concordat of Bologna (1516)
|
An agreement between the King of France and Pope Leo X (Charles the V). This agreement was that in exchange for the right to tax the Catholic Clergy in France and sell bishop-hoods, the KIng committed to having all the French become Catholic.
|
|
Reasons for Bolshevik victory
|
Three reasons anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders; the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers
|
|
Urban living conditions
|
These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for buildings
|
|
Pico Della Mirandola
|
Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.
|
|
prime minister of britain, helps fight 7 years war
|
william pitt the elder
|
|
Berlin Conference, 1885
|
Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa.
|
|
Declaration of Pillnitz
|
A statement agreed upon by Leopold II and Fredrick William II to intervene if Louis XVI was threatened by revolution
|
|
The Spirit of the Laws
|
book written by Montesquieu which was a comparative study of republics, monarchies, and despotism
|
|
Marshall Plan
|
a plan that the us came up with to revive war-torn economies of europe. this plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and southern europe.a united states program of economic aid for the reconstruction of europe (1948-1952)1947; massive us assistance in european recovery through $17 billion in aid to western europe in order to relieve the economic devastation believed to spawn communism; during the plan, industrial production in western europe rose 200% and the region became a major center of american trade and investment, promoting prosperity for all involved nations; some thought it was imperialist because ti spread american influence, and the plan combined with the truman doctrine caused stalin to tighten his grip on eastern europe (ex: blockade of berlin)
|
|
Declaration of the Rights of Man
|
Written by the National Convention -declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.
|
|
What did Trotsky convince the Petrograd Soviet to form
|
A special military r evolutioanry committee and make him leader
|
|
Francis Drake and John Hawkins
|
These English sea dogs led the fleets against the Spanish navy.
|
|
What were some reasons people became disillusioned with Western values?
|
1. horror of WWI
2. Great depression added uncertainty
3. Fascism based on violence and the degradation of individual rights added uncertainty
4. WWI broke down some traditional ideas about sex
|
|
Act in Restrain and Appeals (1533)
|
This was an act by English Parliament under Henry VIII that exempt England from the Pope's authority, and gave the king of England the final say on all church matters in England, and all the places it controlled (Scotland, etc). This allowed him to divorce Catherine of Aragon for Anne Boleyn (Mary's mother for Elizabeth's mother) and sell the Church's land in England to nobility.
|
|
- US is trading with allies, because Germany is blockaded
- Allies fun out of money, US banks loan money to allies, now have a stake in war.
|
How did War Loans factor into American joining into WWI?
|
