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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for AP Euro 42

Terms Definitions
aphorism ...
Potsdam conference 1945
sanctioned established by authority
individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one's capabilities and talents. A person's abilities could be fully realized.
Triple Entente France, Russia, Britain
Numerology used numbers to predict events
Michelangelo Famed Renaissance painter, sculptor, and architect, some of his most famous works include the David and the Sistine Chapel.
Trafalgar (October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.
Wars of the Roses wars betweens English barons that weaken the noblility, to the benefit of the king
Wars of the Roses noble war
Alexander III (1881 to 1894)Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia
Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
Corn Laws Benefited landowners, but poor peasants didnt like it. This law raised tarrifs on foreign grain
lebensraum Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
fascism a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, an antisocialism aimed at destroying working-class movements, alliances with powerful capitalists and landowners, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military. (p. 957)
Gioberti a Catholic priest wanted centralized state under the pope
John Huss Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation.
Cesare Borgia son of Pope Alex VI
Anti-trinitarians The exponents of a commonsense, rational and ethical religion. Founders of Sociniansim,. Opposed calvinism in belief of original sin and predestination. Defenders of religious tolerance
John Toland (enlightenment) converted to anglicanism, diesm, panthiesm, catholic. "christianity not mysterious"- not all biblical doctrines require faith to understand. "life of milton"- authenticity of new testament.
Ulrich Zwingli Swiss theologian whose sermons began reformation in Switzerland. Banned music and relics from service
Diet of Augsburg 1555; recognizes another religion outside Catholicism or Lutheranism; "whose religion, his religion"
Peasants would work and provide for there nobles in return for land
Governments bore the cost of building railroads, canals, and railroads to improve transportation
Flag The color of this angered the would-have-been-monarch Bourbon
Gracchus Babeuf a French politician and journalist during revolution who wanted to abolish private property and eliminate private enterprise.
Seven Years War Kaunitz wants to partition Prussia Russia joins France and Austria england only contributes $. Frederick loses a lot but the allies begin to fight among themselves. Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 1762 (Prussia wins)
Act of Supremacy Anglican Church established in England
John Locke "Essay on Human Understanding." New theory about human opinions. Believed that people are born with a blank state, "Tabula Rasa." Humans learn through experience. Also wrote "Two treatises of Government" which talked about Natural Right and rebellion.
Bourbons Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.
Elizabeth Queen of England from 1558 to 1603
Rome-Berlin Axis 1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.
mestizos a person of mixed racial ancestry, especially of mixed European and Native American ancestry.
scientific method uses inductive reasoning and evidence to find new knowledge; used by francis Bacon
Vichy France Marshal Petain reformed the French government into a more authoritarian one. This new Vichy regime put an end to the Third Republic
d-day Planned June 5th June 6 1944 Germans occupied Normandy France Germans though it would occur at Calais and goal was to liberate Paris, Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
Zemstvo A local coulcil of politicians to deal with local problems in Russia
Natural Law Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.
Hegelian dialectic Theory that ideas are the driving force of history, staunchly opposes Marx's Dialectic Materialism.
Benjamin Disraeli A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party
Population growth Population grew with the decrease in the death rate due to the increase in food production.
Mutual Defense Alliance European countries pledged alliance to various other countries promising to declare war if they were declared war on, leading to WWI
act of settlement 1701-if King William or sister-in-law, Anne died without children, Crown would pass to granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowager, or to her Protestant heirs-Stuarts no longer in line of succession-Anne died in 1714, Hanoverian heir assumed the throne as George I
thomas more He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437)
START Talks Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty b/w US and USSR that created a sense of external security throughout the world.
Spanish Inquisition This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism
Machiavelli/The Prince advice book for the realistic 16th century ruler; began science of politics
danish war austria and prussia fight ________ to defend germany there -->prussia and austria continue to partition and have disagreements
Eduard Bernstien (January 6, 1850 - December 18, 1932) German social democratic theoretician and politician, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and the founder of evolutionary socialism or reformism.
Valois Dynasty ruling family of France during the Reformation
Desiderius Erasmus Erasmus wrote biting satire about the Church. He also translated the New Testament from Greek into Latin, pointing out flaws and providing the basis for the German Bible that Martin Luther would use. Luther declared himself a follower of Erasmus' ideas, but Erasmus disagreed with Luther's idea of a complete split from the Catholic church.
Utopian socialism This was the idea of creating an idyllic world through socialism, in which everything would be shared. This was not exactly communism, or Marxist Socialism, because people would still own personal property, and it did not advocate violence.
Thomas Hobbes (1588 to 1679) Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature
Tridentine Decrees These were decrees by the Council of Trent, and authoritative council of the Catholic Church. Some specified Church doctrine regarding things like the Sacraments, Original Sin, saints, etc, in response to Protestant arguments. They also defined heresy (specifically, Protestant heresy).
Tennis Court Oath This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation
In the years prior to WWI, the entity most perceived by Austria-Hungary as a threat to its empire was Serbia
Iwo Jima One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan
Easter Rebellion (1916) in the midst of WWI while British were distracted, a small group of Irish nationalists rebelled in Dublin over the delay in home-rule during Easter week; aroused nationalist Irish support
Rudolf Hess Deputy to Hitler in the Nazi party person who dictated Mein Kampf
Social Democratic Party german socialists founded in 1875 and are biggest part of the Reichstag by 1912
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact Hitler and Stalin promised to remain neutral if either country were to become involved in war; August 1939.
Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.
The White Man's Burden 1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism. saw the world as Eurocentric and criticized the "white man's" need to westernize other cultures.
Louis Pasteur This was the man who began studying fermentation to develop a way to avoid spoilage through pasteurization by heating the beverage
Charles II of Spain known as "The Sufferer", product of extreme in-breeding, extremely large jaw, no heir, led to the War of Spanish Succession
Social Contract work by Rousseau with the idea that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
The Middle Classes Consisted of a variety of groups. All groups shared a common lifestyle and values that dominated nineteenth-century society.
Emilie Zola He was a giant of Realism movement in literature, articulated the key themes and was the head of the naturalism ideaology. He believed that one should depict life as it was and rejected romantic search for the exotic and sublime. He wrote about the typical and commonplace and he focused on the middle class and later on the working class. He was a determinist, causing him to believe that behavior was predetermined through social circumstance and blood inheritance, which was influenced by the ideas of Darwin. He wrote Germinal, Zola's account of the workplace.
Eliminated Freedoms and equality What did the Provisional Government do when they came into power?
Franz Joseph The old leader of Austria in the years before WWI
declaration of pillniz Leopald's way of avoiding war was the _________ which stated that he would fight France if all of the other major powers of europe agreed with join him but he know that the british never would, so he thought he was in the clear
Charles I/ Charles V Charles I of Holy Roman Empire and Charles the V of Spain
order number one issued by the soviet on march 1 1917. claimed for the Petrograd Soviet the authority to cancel orders of the provisional government on military matters and called for the election of soldiers' committees in every unit.
Coup d'etat December 2, 1851 Nap. puts out plebiscite that asks French people if they want Nap. to be president for next 10 years. (vote yes)
The Organic Articles The French gov issued these on its own authority without consulting the pope, established supremecy of state over church
The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together. Moroccan Crises 2. Agatir
Mussolini's Rise - role of Black Shirts These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy
1842 Western penetration of Egypt This was when the French left, and the British moved in and invaded and captured Egypt
Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II made 'enlightened" reforms as part of their drive to do away with the nobility in their realms
Georges Seurat impressionist
"universal monarchy" ?
conquistadores conquerers/ their handmen
Classical Liberalism 1. Liberty 2. Equality
Young Turks reformist officers seeking modernization
institutes of the christian religion AC
Moroccan Crisis Settled at Algecrias conference
minion a servile or fawning dependant
islamic radicalism musiums being ratical, fanatical strict intupretation of cran
Paul Gaugin French stockbroker turned painter, pioneered expressionist techniques and fled to South Pacific
Fourteen Points These were idealistic principles, including self-determination for nationalities, open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, disarmament, and the establishment of a league of nations to keep the peace.
Franco-Swedish phase religion not as important...French beat Spanish bringing an end to Spanish military greatness
Anabaptists These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized
Containment American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Wycliffe English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384). leader of the Lollards
Peter the Great Tsar who modernized Russia
Where was Calvin's theocracy located? Geneva, Switzerland.
Paulette In compensation for the lost revenues in 1602-1604, Henry IV introduced the Paulette, an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee hereditary in their offices. (533)
Heinrich Brüning The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree
Black Hand Serb nationalist group responsible for death of Archduke
Danton One of the leaders of The Mountain
Dante Alighieri Medieval Italian poet wrote Inferno and Divine Comedy. Dealt the influence of the afterlife.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon This socialist man believed that property is theft
Anti-Comintern Pact Between Hitler and Japan; offered security against Russia.
raison d'etat political theory articulated by French statesmen Richelieu (158501642) that holds that the interests and needs of the state may take precedence over traditional moral and international law. (p. 536)
advocate a speak or write in favor of
Dual Alliance Alliance of Germany and Austria Hungary
Kepler His laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.
braque French painter who led the cubist movement (1882-1963)
Marxism the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
Hideki Tojo (1885-1948) General. A war faction that took power in Japan was led by this man. And he decided to take a risk at war rather than yield. Helped cause the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He did not have express permission but he did it anway.
Gustav Stresemann German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr
"White" forces The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian Revolution
Scientific Revolution a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
St. Petersburg Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden
William Gladstone Prime Minister of GB after lloyd george- (Liberal)- "the Irish Question"-- should Irish be indep. from Brit.? N wanted to stay with Brit, both are Protest. BUT S wanted home rule- are Catholic.. division in British Parliament over this situation--> compromise to give just the South their independence, but N (Ulster) is still w/ GB
bands of Jesus gangs of youths with aristocratic connections or escaped serving in the army who beat known Jacobins
Marshall Plan Economic aid for Europe offered by George C Marshall, the American Secretary of State. Stalin refused the aid on behalf of all of Eastern Europe.
Josef Pilsudaski was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions
Social Democrats The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together.
Charles I Charles I attempted to govern without parliament however after scotish revolts summened the house to finance an army. Before he tried to rule without parliament finaces through stop-gap levies which were considered "illegal". He had strong control over the judiciary which allowed for this. Parliament viewed his unconsented taxation as despotism (ABSOLUTISM) and did not trust the king with an army. Parliament thus enacted a "Long Parliament from 1640-60 trying to enact legislation that limited the power of the monarch. See Triennial Act. However, common members increased propisions as charles called to rescind previousl accpeted ones. As the Irish reformation split politcal economic and religious ideas between England and Ireland, the Irish revolted. See English Civil War
Pragmatic Sanction Proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713; stated the Habsburg possesions were to be passed undivided within the family to a single heir, male or female.
Third Estate Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.
Count Camillo Cavour Prime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy.
erasmus of rotterdam constructed the "philosophy of life" and "in praise of folly" - believed that good should be done throughout daily life - created his own bible - wanted to reform the church - was a greatr intellectual
80. The Thirty Years' War began in - 1618
outwork The process of having some aspects of industrial work done outside factories in individual homes.
Johan Gutenberg He was an implementer of the movable types of printing. Johan Gutenberg used it to publish the Bible. Printing made propaganda possible for voicing differences between the Church and the State. (p.428-430)
"Sun King" Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development.
Babylonian Captivity Period during the 1300s when the Popes were influenced by the French monarchy to reside in Avignon
Jean Paul Sartre A French existentialist who said that people just "turned up" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said "man is condemned to be free" and people had to choose their actions.
Estates-General This was the group of people called by Louis XVI that would keep the king in check like the English Parliament
Russian Modernization The most of these were economical and not political, and even then were mostly only halfway efforts
Born from defeat Why was the French 3rd republic unpopular?
Jean-Babtiste Colbert an advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial genious who managed the entire royal administration
Frederick the Great This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
greco roman Whos culture did people turn to during the renaissance?
Martin V Not aligned with the Pisan, Avignon or Roman popes, he was elected by the Council of Constance as the Pope to end the Great Schism.
House of Hanover Rules Britain from one of the German Kingdoms
sola fide By faith alone. The grace of God as the only ground of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" The motto of the French Revolution and the demands of the popular people
Hus A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was tried for heresy
Council of Europe Brought about by the Marshall Plan in 1948 as an attempt to evolve into a Parliament yet became only a multinational debating society
Marie Antoinette queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband
A People's Charter Draft of reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections-6 main points.
Catherine the Great This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia
Parlement of Paris The greatest court of law in the land. It was a judicial body, unlike English Parliament, and its members were appointed by the crown. Set the precedent for various provinces to receive their own parliaments as central administration grew.
Order of the Garter Similar to the King Arthur and the Round Table, Edward created thisfor a few nobles who acquire the highest qualities of chivalry. Edward was said to have obsessed with knightly glory and the war with France gave opportunity to claim honor and fame.
vote for all men what was the major goal of english chartists
What did journalists and speical interests group see Germany vs. the other European dominating countries as That the healthy competition in foreign trade and investment was economic warfare
A major factor in the spread of humanist culture in the late 15th and early 16th century was the... development of the printing press
War of League of Augsburg Louis XIV tries to expand France into HRE After 11 years' little is accomplished, Treaty of Ryswick determines status quo antebellum
People were dissatisfied with liberal reforms because reform was too slow, nature of reform too limited, reforms were unsettling and threatened valued traditions
- 1st asks for neutrality - US mixed feelings, but turn with allies What did Woodrow Wilson do in making America join WWI?
Mahfouz "Cairo Trilogy"
John Calvin Lawyer who joined forces with other Protestants to form Calvinism
John Calvin Calvinism
thuggees Thief in Hindi
junkers prussias ladowning nobility. supporrted monarchy and served in army in exchange for absolute power over their surfs
Friedrich Nietsche Attacks Christianity (weakness), Anti-Rational, Tear away mask of respectable life, Personal Morals / rules, Beyond good and Evil, Thus spoke Zarathurstra.
Pretentious Full of pretense or pretension
Boers Dutch settlers in South Africa
soviets revolutionary workers' councils who helped organize strikes -largely made up of Socialist Revolutionaries
fln Activist group in Algeria that demanded equal citizenship socialism, and independence from the French -- underground movement by Algerian Muslims to gain independence from France.
Rembrandt Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus
(1913-1960) French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making. Albert Camus
purview range of operation or one's concern,
sfumato Gradual movement from background to foreground
"enlightened" absolutism Also called "enlightened despotism", this political philosophy differed from normal absolutism only in the degree to which the individual sovereigns adopted various ideas of the Enlightenment (#50). Examples: Josef II (#49), who embraced the idea of the social contract (#70) and Enlightenment music; Ekaterina II (#73), who was a patron of music and the arts and who adopted some of Montesquieu's ideas; and (among many others) Friedrich II, who although permitting serfdom viewed himself as not the State but its First Servant.
Fredrick the Great Fredrick basically embodied enlightened absolutism by commanding loyalty of military nobility and the clergy; they were committed enough to the state that Fredrick could introduce enlightened ideas. Prussians who liked enlightenment supported the state. Fredrick was "the first servant of the state". He created the Prussian Civil Service Commission and made it clear that merit would mean more then birth right. And because Fredrick ennobled people due to merit, there was no conflict between the monarchy and the aristocracy. Universities supported Fredrick because he supported them. Although Prussia had full religious toleration, Fredrick still favored Protestants. But, these religious policies won support of philosophers. Also, Fredrick rationalized the legal system by codifying laws and fostered the economy by developing Prussian agriculture. Peasants economics situation was poor, though, because taxes. He also wrote "Forms of Government" in 1781.
caravels small ships sailed by the Portuguese
illigitimacy explosion occurred between 1750-1850, premarital sex, shows difference in classes because lower class couldnt marry, were financially unstable, saw nothing wrong with illigitimate babies *shows class difference, effects of industrialization and protestantism, later illegitimate births went down, shows growing respectability of working class
Church of Ireland a replica of the Church of England established in Ireland
Church of Ireland protestant church in Ireland
Galileo Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a poor nobleman destined for a religious life that became interested in mathematics, was challenging old ideas about motion Galileo formulated the law of inertia; he also applied experimental method to astronomy. Upon hearing of a telescope invention in Holland, he made one by himself observing the moons of Jupiter. (p.598)
Alberti "On the Family"; studied the family and structure of the family
russian imperialism promotoed by the government; had little to do with demand for markets or raw materials or investment
Hitler's Rise Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German Worker's Party, built his way up from there
Functionalism A new principle of building design that focused on buildings being functional which means serving the purpose it was made for best
Velvet Revolution 1989, popular demonstrations led by students in Czechoslovakia
Leon Trotsky Russian revolutionary, & supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution.
Julius II r(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. Sponsored Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.
unstable image of invincible russia/ concert of europe = shattered and for 25 years europe was ______
H. M. Stanley found Livingston (whom westerners thought to be dead) and his newspaper reports created European interest in Africa; Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region.
Count Witte russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in russia.
Cubism An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.
Rhineland remilitarization when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement and did nothing
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Elected president of France following general election. Purged the govt of all radical officials. Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. Declared a 2nd French Empire.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) He was the perfect "Renaissance Man" not only was he a artist but he was an inventor, and an engineer. He is famous for painting the Mona Lisa & The Last Supper as well as being the first person to really research how the human body works and in doing so created the famous Vitruvian Man sketch.
Emila Zola journalist who wrote jaccuse about the dreyfus affair
Nobles of the pen high-ranking civil servants rewarded with titles of nobility
Five Year Plan* Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine
Bubonic Plague The most identifiable of the Black Death plague, Bacillus pestis. This disease is carried in rodents, especially house rats and was transferred to humans through fleas. Symptoms include: chills, high fever, headache, and vomiting.
Lawrence of Arabia British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords
titular of or associated with or bearing a title signifying nobility
Valois This was a German dynasty that often had conflicts with the Habsburgs that often involved other countries and papal troops
1642 AD galileo dies, Newton born. There have been slight improvements since roman times such as gunpowder, better ships, and knowledge of the full world. But many things are much worse.
Holy Synod Peter eliminated the position of the patriarch and had the church under the control of the state, and the power was exercised by the Holy Synod of bishops.
Giovanni de Verrazano (1485?-1528?) Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America.
The Thirty-Nine Articles made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England
transubstantiation in the Mass, the priest converts bread and wine into Christ's body and blood
Malleus Maleficarum Written by the monks, which talked about the qualifications of a witch
What kind of order were the Jesuits? Non-monastic order
Dutch Estates General Holland, which had the largest army and the most wealth, dominated the republic and the State General. Significantly, the Estates assembled at Holland's capital, The Hague. The investors received a percentage of the profits proportional to the amount of money they had put in. Jealously guarded local independence and resisted efforts at centralization. (555)
Congress system the name given to the development of peace settlements in the 19th century that met to avoid international crises
Civil War 1861-1865 war in America in which the Union (North) was preserved and even prospered with enthusiasm and the south was put at a huge disadvantage. Ended with blacks being, for the most part, free but unequal.
Schleswig-Holstein crisis A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences
Labor aristocracy This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen
Nuremburg Laws Laws that classified a jew as someone having one or more jewish grandparent
Jesuits This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which allowed for the mass spread of Christianity
1. Oswald Spengler 2. T.S. Eliot 3. Franz Kafka Writers who rejected progress
Tolerant Religious Policies The Netherlands were very tolerant of all religions. the official religion was Calvinism, but there were many Catholics, protestants and Jews.
Alexandra Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars
Divine right monarchy The belief that a monarch's power derives from God and represents Him on earth.
Bartolome de Las Casas Apologetic History of the Indies (1550)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Henry of Navarre's wedding, bunch of Huegonots are killed :(
Pope Leo X When he took over from Julius the Second, he had a huge debt and he had an even huger debt. He gets an idea from a Monk (Yohan Tensel: great salesman of all time) Pope gives Tensel the power to sell indulgences " As soon as gold in the basin rings, a soul from hell sings"
A-bombs - Hiroshima, Nagasaki The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat Man were used here. These flew on the plane "The Enola Gay"
Wealth of Nations This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.
Syllabus of Errors document issued by Pope Piux IX and covered his opinions on topics such a freedom of religion
Harriet Taylor wife of John Stuart Mill who with him wrote "The Subjection of Women (1869)" that extended the logic of liberal position to the position of women. The arguments for utility and efficiency used by the middle-class liberals could be used to expose the human and social waste implicit in the inferior role assigned to women.
Which King ended the War of the Roses? King Henry VII
mathematically proving that the sun was in the center how did kepler improve upon Copernicus' theories
Describe James I (1603-1625) perspective on the office of the monarch. Believed in royal rights and divine right of kings
Effects of the Scientific Revolution This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive reasoning
How did Hitler feel about modern art? hated it...liked the traditional 19th century realism
Treaty of Versailles made in the hall of mirrors on June 28 1919, the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Japanese "opening" of Korea in 1876 This shows that Japan was copying the imperialism of the western society. It proved that Japan was strong, and cemented the nation together in a great mission. Having "opened" Korea with the gunboat diplomacy of imperialism in 1876, Japan decisively defeated China in a war over Korea in 1894 to 1895 and took Formosa. By 1910, with the annexation of Korea, Japan had become a major imperialist power; continually expanding it's influence in China in spite of sharp protests from its distant Pacific neighbor, the United States. Japan became the first non-western country to use an ancient love of country to transform itself and meet the challenges of western expansion. It also demonstrated that an Asian nation could defeat a western power. (884)
Locarno Pact / Spirit of Locarno The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace talks that settled in Europe after the pact
first, a majority voted for a king, but could not decide whether Bourbons or Orleans for king. Then Adolphe Thiers and French pick a conservative republic, because it divides the country the least. How is the new government of France made/elected?
extraneous not essential
reproof expression of disapproval
quattrocentro 15th century (1400s)
quattrocentro centro like hundred
Liberalism promotes representative government, equality before the law, and individual freedoms (freedom of the press, freedom of thought, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest, etc). it also goes with Laissez faire economics in which there is unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference. These economic ideas were first introduced by Adam Smith and his ideas regarding the "invisible hand" of a self-regulating market.
ecumenical council church assembly theoretically representing all Catholic countries and peoples, but that ideal was not achieved at the Lateran Council (1512-1517) nor at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Montesquieu French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria), is a country in North Africa.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract; Emile
Omdurman Another British force under General Horatio H. Kitchener, moved cautiously and more successfully up the Nile River, building a railroad to supply arms and reinforcements as it went. Finally, in 1898 these British troops met their foe at Omdurman, where Muslim tribesmen with spears charged time and time again only to be cut down by the recently invented machine gun. In t he end, eleven thousand brave but poorly armed Muslim tribesmen lay dead, while only twenty Britons had been killed. (875)
Trade -with colonies in East -coffee, elite beverage compared to the common tea -sugar enhanced tea and coffee popularity
Forcible and illegitimate attempt to seize power. Putsch
Common Market an international organization of european countries formed after world war ii to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its memberspopular name for the european economic community established in 1951 to encourage greater economic cooperation between the countries of western europe and to lower tariffs on trade between its members
salons These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different doctrines
Francis Bacon English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method
simony the practice of selling powerful church offices to the highest bidder
analogous having analogy; corresponding in some particular:
racism Racism is to discriminate people by their color, ethnicity, race, or religion. It is the belief in the superiority of a particular race. (p.516-517)
Imre Nagy Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR which lead to the 1956 Hungarian revolt.
rene descartes book: discourse on method- a) advocated deductive reasoning. b)rejected what couldn't be proven. c)quote "contigo ergo sum" i think therefore i am. d) reason main source of knowledge. e)cartesian dualism- mind and matter. matter=material world, mind = spirit of individual by god. innate knowledge. f)invents analytical geometry.
The carefully edited dispatch by Bismarck to the French ambassador Benedetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor. Ems Telegram
Maupeou parlements Maupeou was appointed chancellor by Louis XV in 1768. An advocate of royal absolutism, he entered into a conflict with the parlements, which to a degree reflected the interests of the big bourgeoisie. On the night of Jan. 19-20, 1771, he ordered the arrest of many members of the parlement of Paris who had protested against royal arbitrariness; those arrested were deprived of their offices. Maupeou then completely reorganized the parlements and abolished some of them. His actions aroused sharp opposition from the bourgeoisie. Louis XVI ascended the throne in 1774 and in the same year was forced to discharge Maupeou and restore the parlements as they had previously existed. Maupeou retired to his estates in Normandy.
Logical Empiricism The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.
Encyclopedia This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues
Introduced from the New World, this new product allowed a more certain food supply in Europe and enabled more children to survive to adulthood and rear children of their own potato
edmund cartwright (1743-1822) invented the power loom for machine weaving in the late 1780s.
October Manifesto Full rights to Russians after revolution of 1905
peninsular war after the spanish rebelled against france for their independence, they fought the ___________ and napoleon was bogged down and it turns into a guerilla war
Robert Owen Scottish spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.
Renaissance The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones
Counter Reformation the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Klemens von Metternich This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression
historical scholarship historians look at old coins and parchments
Modern liberalism This was new thought that the governments should be subject to change. This was the counterpart to conservatism
Role of Reason The Enlightenment thinkers used reason to deduct conclusions about everyday life
Carlsbad Decrees issued in 1819, these decrees required the 38 German member states to root out subversive idea in their universities and newspapers. (p. 759)
Mary Stuart Queen of Scots. Was Elizabeth I's cousin. Planned to assasinate Elizabeth so she could become Queen of England. She was beheaded.
Mazarin Fronde and ruled when Louie XIV was young. (chief minister)
Arthur Young He edited the Annals of Agriculture and became secretary of the British board of Agriculture. His books were important in 18th century life.
Cervantes This man was a poet, playwright and novelist and wrote one of the best known novels ever (Don Quixote)
crop rotation the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
the diplomatic revolution New set of alliances and enmities
Johannes Kepler This student of Tycho Brahe discovered that planets' orbits are elliptical, not circular. He also figured out the relationship between a planet's speed of orbit and distance from the sun. This supported the idea that the galaxy was centered around the sun and that all heavenly bodies were made of matter like the earth.
Edmund Burke A leading British politician who was cautious of the French Revolution and in his book "Reflections on the French Revolution" he predicted France would head in a violent direction
separate spheres Studies show that married women in the working classes did not normally work full time outside the house after the first child. They still earned small amounts through putting-out handicrafts at home and taking in boarders. When married women did work for wages outside the house, they usually came from the poorest, most desperate families, where husbands were poorly paid, sick, unemployed, or missing. All women were generally confined to low-paying, dead-end jobs. Virtually no occupation open to women paid a wage sufficient for a person to live independently. The man emerged as the family's primary wage earner. (746-747)
baby bust refers to the low birth rate period following the baby boom period as women sought higher education and began marrying later.
lend-lease program In 1941, the US lent money and resources to the European states to help reconstruction.
Sturm und Drang "Storm and Stress" used by German romantics in 1770s and 80s conveying emotional intensity.
Enclosure movement This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work
German Revolution (of 1918) triggered by frustrated people during negotiations over an armistice in new liberal German government; sailors in Kiel mutinied on November 3 and throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers established revolutionary councils on Russian soviet model; emperor fled to Holland and socialist leaders in Berlin proclaimed a German republic on November 9 and surrendered to Allies; resembled Russian Revolution but without communist element
Tulip Bulb inflation of the tulip bulb then quick decline in prices caused many to loose their homes and business similar to housing market crash
- Authoritarian govt. which harnessed nationalism - Conservative govt. Prussian Model of Government
Continental System (Berlin/Milan Decrees) It demonstrated that Napolean's rule was intended to enrich France, rather than Europe generally. Assistance was needed from Britain, and for Napolean to feel safe he needed to defeat the British, so he continued the economic warfare of the Berlin Decrees and cut of all British Trade. The Milan Decree went further and put a stop to neutral nations trading with Britain.
Hitler's Final Solution Nazi Germany's plan and execution of the systematic genocide of European Jews during World War II, resulting in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust.
Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of Navarre (France), granted limited toleration to Huguenots (Calvinists)
Oratories of Divine Love told people to live simpler (O)
Soviet quality of life Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was unknown and communism had real appeal
Ignatius of Loyola Founder of the Jesuits; and was a heroic figure. He served the church as a soldier of Christ (Spiritual Exercises).
Battle of Verdun one of the costliest battles in WWI, was mainly useless and just people died
Union of Utrecht A union of the 10 northern provinces of the Netherlands, formed after the Duke of Parma won back the 10 southern provinces.
Catherine of Aragon Wife of King Henry VIII. Queen of England. Produced Henry a daughter. Divorce was the initial step of Reformation in England. First married to Henry's brother.
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges the Gallican (French) church is given greater liberty from Rome, no annates, chooses bishops
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Gallican liberties
Favorable balance of trade This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials
on the origin of species book written by Charles Darwin that set forth the theory that higher life forms had evolved trhough random mutation and adaptation
Declaration of the Rights of Women Among those who saw the contradiction in granting the supposedly universal rights to only half the population was Marie Gouze (1748-1793), known to history as Olympe de Gouges. The daughter of a provincial butcher and peddler, she pursued a literary career in Paris after the death of her husband. Between 1790 and 1793, she wrote more than two dozen political pamphlets under her new name. De Gouges' great work was her "Declaration of the Rights of Woman" (1791). It called on males to end their oppression of women and give women equal rights. A radical on women's issues, de Gouges sympathized with monarchy and criticized Robespierre in print. Convicted of sedition, she was guillotined in November 1793. (722)
1. Sent French troops to restore Pope in Rome (papal protection) 2. Gives church more control over education (anti-socialist) Napoleon's Domestic Policies for catholics?
Civil law, canon law, and customary law civil law evolved from Roman law, based on interpretation of written law to human affairs, decreed by rulers. canon law established by pope, helped affirm authority of rulers (pope). customary law was the usual mode of law where Roman law was not used, developed out of customs.
What was the consequence of the Spanish defeat in the Spanish Armada? Elizabeth was able to support the Dutch and England wasnt conqured. It prevented Spain's attempt to unite Europe in one religion
Role of Papacy in Age of Exploration The papacy was in Rome during the Age of Exploration, and held much of the land north of Rome. The Papacy declared the Line of Papal Demarcation in South America, and was attacked when unpaid German mercenaries sacked Rome and captured the Pope in 1527.