Complete List of Terms and Definitions for AP Euro 74
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| David | Michaelangelo |
| taille | land tax |
| Medici | bankers in Florence |
| david hume | scottish philosopher skeptic |
| Francis I | king of France, creates Concordat of Bologna |
| Francis I | another French king |
| prussia | prussian liverals demanded a constitutional government and union of german states, germans refused |
| Dante | vernacular literature, wrote Divine Comedy |
| New Model Army | Created by Cromwell. |
| Dissenters | Protestants who differed with the Church of England |
| Interregnum | the period of cromwellian rule (1649-1659) between the stuart dynastic rules of charles I and Charles II |
| New Imperialism | Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. Highly driven by technological advances. |
| Patron | person who financially supports the arts |
| perspective | use of geometry to create depth |
| swedish businessman alfred nobel not only created the nobel peace prize but was also the first person to patent | TNT |
| Edmund Burke | an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher who, after relocating to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party. He is mainly remembered for his support of the cause of the American Revolutionaries, and for his later opposition to the French Revolution |
| Huguenots | French Protestants who followed John Calvin |
| Beer Hall Putsch | Fail revolution is fail |
| Racine | 17th century French playwrite who wrote mostly tragedies taken from classical themes. His works included La Thebiade (1664) Alexandre le Grand (1665). Andromaque (1667) Phèdre (1677). His productions provided entertainment at the court of Louis XIV. |
| Troppau | met because of revolutions in Spain, Italy, and Greence; Protocol: asserted that stable governments might intervene to restore order in countries expericing revolution |
| Armada (1588) | Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England |
| Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) |
•1543 De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs) •University of Padua |
| Erwin Rommel | "Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler. |
| Louis XIV | dismissed Maupeou and repudiated his laws. Reinstated the Old Parliament. Under his rule France was in financial trouble and people hungry. |
| Madagascar Plan | African island nation seen originally as a place for Hitler to send the Jews |
| despot | a ruler with absolute power and authority OR a person exercising power tyrannically |
| Franz Liszt | Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso (1811-1886) |
| Jacob Fugger | Headed leading banking, and trading house in 16th Century Europe. [Renaissance] |
| 3rd pressure | the need to supplement farm income |
| Helsinki Accords | Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839) |
| pan-slavic movement | A movement advocating the political and cultural union of Slavic nations and peoples. |
| Moscow | After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, it became, in Russian eyes, the "third Rome" |
| Marxism | calls for revolution, not reform. The Communist Manifesto. ideas from Hegel, Fr. utopian socialism, and Br. classical economics |
| Michelangelo | David (1501-1504), the Pieta, and the Sistine Chapel and the building of St. Peter's |
| Union of Utrecht | Seven rebellious northern provinces, led by William of Orange |
| Eugene Delacroix | The greatest and move moving romantic painter in France was Eugéne Delacroix (1798-1863), probably the illegitimate son of foreign minister Talleyrand. Delacroix was a master of dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. He was fascinated with remote and exotic subjects, whether lion hunts in Morocco or the languishing, sensuous women of a sultan's harem. Yet he was also a passionate spokesman for freedom. His masterpiece, Liberty Leading the People, celebrated the nobility of popular revolution in general and revolution in France in particular. He was known for his vast, dramatic, canvases, and exuberant use of color. (p.769) |
| The Hanseatic League | towns upper Germany formed the Hanseatic League and monopolized grain trade and forced Denmark to give exlusive member rights regarding shipping and exporting |
| Peter Paul Rubens | a 17th century Flemmish Baroque painter, he emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. was well known for portraits, landscapes, and history paintings. |
| British Broadcasting Corporation | Broadcasting network set up by Parliament. Instead of being directly controlled by the government, it was supported through licensing fees. (U.S. was public, rest of Europe was government controlled). |
| El Alamein | British forces drove Germans out of Egypt |
| Six Points | a radical chartist movement aimed at persuading parliament to adopt this which would have brought about much parliamentary reform: universal male suffrage, no property qualifications to join parliament, annual parliaments, constituencies of equal size, payment of MPs, vote by secret ballot |
| Claude Monet | a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting |
| Treaty of Versailles | Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons. |
| Rise of Modern Society | second half of 19th century |
| Milanese Territories | Florence and Naples tried to acquire Milanese Territories, but Milan called on France and since the Italian states could not ally the French invaded. |
| Muhammad Ali | Egyptian army general who stepped into power after the French left. He reformed the army, the land, and the communication of Egypt |
| Thomas Newcomen | 1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient. |
| Dance of Death | portrayal of bodies during the plague |
| Renaissance | • Two parts of the renaissance style were: revival of old art forms from ancient Greece and Rome -and a new type of art emphasizing the diversity of humanity • Artists sought new solutions the visual and formal problems and were also often involved in scientific experimentation |
| The Great Schism | Italian cardinals elected an Italian pope and French cardinals elected a French pope after the death of Pope Gregory XI. The loyalty over the two popes coincided with political ties with France recognizing Clement VII while France's enemies recognized Urban VI. ended in 1414 with the election of Martin V by the Council of Constance |
| Donatello | One of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works |
| treaty of westphalia (1648) | calvinism recognized as equal religion with catholicism/ lutheranism. France emerged as superpower. Germany lost all central authority. modern european system emerged. Ended Thirty Years War; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic |
| Albrecht Durer | Another painter, not as famous. Did a portrait of Katharina, a slave. (Not a turtle) |
| John Constable (The Haywain) | This man was a Romantic painter |
| The application of total war by the Bolsheviks to the civil war (1918-1920) at home--i.e., requisitioning grain, nationalizing banks and industries, and introducing rationing. | War Communism |
| erasmus of rotterdam | christian humanist - wrote praise of folly - christianity should direct daily life, not practices of church |
| -Whigs and Tories | Whigs who opposed royal power and Catholicism. Their rivals, the Tories, favored the crown and wished for a traditional and ceremonial Anglicanism. |
| Stadholder | This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in a province in the Netherlands |
| Thirty Years' War | This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe |
| Surplus Value | This is the value of the unpaid surplus labor performed by the worker for the capitalist for profit |
| Duke Fredrick of Saxony | Protects Martin Luther after his excommunication. |
| general will | the will of the majority (the majority should always work for the common good) |
| Act of Uniformity | Restored the church service to the Book of Common Prayer with some revisions to make it more acceptable to Catholics. |
| Thomas More | wrote Utopia, in which he described an ideal society |
| Martin Luther (1483 to 1546) | German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world |
| Battle of Jutland | The largest naval battle of WWI and the only full-scale class of battleships, as well as one of the largest naval battles in history. It was fought May 31- June 1 1916 in the sea off Denmark between the German and British navies. 25 ships were sunk in total, and both sides claimed victory, although Britain had lost more ships and had fewer casualties. |
| Pope Alexander VI | This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America |
| Francois Guizot | This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X |
| Martin Luther | This was the most famous and one of the first concrete reformer who began to reject some of the more obscure and selfish laws of the Catholic Church |
| New Economic Policy | Strategic retreat by Lenin in the face of revolting peasants. Allowed farmers to sell grain on the open market for profit. |
| The Pacification of Ghent (1576) | The Spanish government allowed local autonomy in taxation, the main role of legislation in the states-general, and withdrawing Spanish forces from all the low countries in Europe. These rules that the government created aloud someone to achieve a settlement. |
| Church Statute of 1721 | A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar |
| Triple Entente & Triple Alliance | The triple Entente was an alliance between France, Britain and Russia, the Triple alliance was an alliance between Germany, Austria and Russia |
| Reasons and Significance of the Storming of the Bastille |
-Louis is gathering troops, people want to defend themselves, need gunpowder -economic crisis -king dismisses economic minister Juelz Necker, symbol of tyranny -significance-saves national assembly, order they sit in remains, end of divine right monarchy |
| 99. Montesquieu's influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggested that good government could be obtained by | - the separation and balance of powers |
| Lusitania and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | This ship was sunk with Americans on it, and this action by the Germans was what ultimately caused the Americans to enter the war |
| An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | This was the work that started the tabula rasa theory where the human mind is blank until it is filled with experiences that allow a person to think differently |
| How much of a family's income was spent on bread? | 50% in 1788, 80% in 1789 |
| The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes | Louis XIV felt that there should be religious unity; "One law, one king, one religion." |
| Junkers | Prussian aristocracy |
| FINLAND, Helsinki | Matti Vanhanen |
| The British Romantic poets | |
| flagrant | extremely bad, glaring; scandalous, notorious |
| Conquistadores | Meaning "conquerors." The Spanish conquerors of the New World. |
| Louis XI (1461- 1483) | • France• enlarged army• encourage economic growth through new industries |
| Vikings |
From Scandanavia Discovered NE N America during 10th/11th century |
| ethics in geomertical manner | benedict c spinoza |
| Surrealism | An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images |
|
entailment |
A. Purpose 1. Restricted the breaking up of a land estate through sale or inheritance - nobility kept land in their class |
| A second revolution overthrew the constitutional monarchy and established a _____. | Republic. |
| millets | units through which the ottoman sultens governed their empire through. Officially recognized religious communities which had specific laws to those who belonged to them |
|
sfumato |
developed by Leonardo; a technique of blurring or softening sharp outlines |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund. Provided loans to developing countries |
| Pope Pius IX | initially seemed to support unification of Italy under Gioberti's plan; later was driven from Rome by Mazzini and returned a different man; published the Syllabus of Errors and uniting Italy under Sardinia-Piedmont seemed to become a better plan |
| empiricism | medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings |
| Revisionism | The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war |
| Anti-Corn Law League | 1838, established by manufacturers Richard Cobden and John Bright; formed to help workers by lowering bread prices. |
| The Karlsbad Decrees |
-Introduced by metternich in 1819 -They banned nationalist fraternities: "Burschenschaften" -Removed liberal university professors -Banned freedom of press, assembly, and speech |
| Civic Humanism | Education designed to promote humanist leadership of political and culture life. |
| French Protestants are know as _____, a term derived from Besançon Hugues, the leader of Geneva's political revolt against the House of Savoy in the 1520's | Huguenots |
| Define: Jacqueries | Peasant rebellions during the Black Plague |
| ____ in Russia had little recourse against the orders and whims of their lords. | Serfs. |
| Popery | the term used to condemn Charles's high church policies that favored powerful bishops, elaborate liturgy, and personal religious observance/devotion rather than the preaching favored by protestants |
| False Dimitri 2 | A convict who escaped punishment(knew he wasn't really dimitri), becomes known as the "Felon of Tushino." The real Dimitri's mom, and False Dimitri 1's wife say that he is the real Dimitri! However, Basil Shuisky appeals to the Swedes and the Swede's defeat the "Felon's" army, and he is killed |
| Royal Society of London | The leading English scientific organization established by leading merchants, planters, and theologians. |
| Joseph Goebbels | Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht |
| Grigori Rasputin | a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited Alexandra. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | This was an English feminist who supported the women's revolution in France |
| Immanuel Kant | Professor in East Prussia, argued that if serious thinkers were granted freedom to exercise their reason in print, enlightenment would surely follow. He said that Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he allowed this. |
| Romanticism | Romanticism or the Romantic Era was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature |
| St. Francis Xavier | Portuguese Jesuit who, by 1550, baptized thousands of souls in India, Indonesia and Japan - in areas of Portuguese influence. Followed da Gama & Albuquerque. |
| Dutch values displayed in Remrandt's Masters of the Cloth |
merchants businessmen flaunt their Calvanist vanity simplicity |
| Dates for the Council of Trent: | 1545 - 1563 |
|
The Industrial Revolution changed Europe's economy as quickly as the French Revolution changed France's politics. True or False? |
False. The Industrial Revolution unfolded over decades. |
| Louis XV | basically a total loser king who didn't accomplish much of anything. He had poor leadership, chose poor friends, and gossiped (oh sectional leader meetings) |
| Pragmatic Sanction | Proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713, and stated that Habsburg possessions were never to be divided, even if it meant allowing a woman to take the thrown—thus ensuring the rise to power of his daughter, Maria Theresa. THIS IS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT SHOWED WEAKNESS IN THE HABSBURG EMPIRE'S HOPED ABSOLUTISM. |
| Phillip II of Spain | the successor (son) of Charles V. |
| Revolutions of 1830 | The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy |
| Ptolemaic View | the cosmos were a group of concentrics spheres with the innermost ball being the earth. it was a mathematical system |
|
obstacles for agricultural progress |
a. three field crop rotation system - a lot of unfarmed land b. concentration on subsistence cereal crops eroded land that was in production c. common farming is only as strong as the weakest member of the community d. few animals = little manure = uneasily regenerated soil e. little incentive for successful individuals to plow profits back into the land |
| Act of Supremacy | The declaration by Parliament in 1534 that Henry VII, not the pope, was the head of the church in England. |
| Cardinal Richieleu | -Henry VI died leaving his young son to rule.-Richieleu ruled-weaken nobility-replaced nobles with intendants- |
|
The Dutch economic prosperity of the 17th century was made possible by all of the following EXCEPT: A) An overseas commercial empire. B) Advanced industry. C) High urban consolidation. D) Extensive trade and finance. |
B) Advanced industry. |
| How did royal absolutism start? |
politoques believed in sovereignity rather than religious absolutism. chaos brougth need for stability and order |
| marriage 18th and 19th century | people got married younger, from cottage industry, and from increased mobility from rural to urban places |
| Habeas Corpus Act | This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted |
| The Marburg Colloquy |
a failed attempt at united the Swiss and Germans in a mutual defense pact. Luther and Zwingli could not agree on Christ's presence in the eucharist Zwingli- only symbolic representation Luther- actual body Therefore, separate defense leagues formed |
|
Maria Theresa's reform program |
1. reorganization of the military and civil bureaucracy 2. condition of Austrian peasantry - have to be able to support family and pay taxes at all times |
| Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis | G.W.F Hegle's (1770-1831) concept of how ideas develop. The thesis is a dominant set of ideas. It is challenged by a set of conflicting by a set of conflicting ideas, the antithesis. From the clash of these ideas, a new pattern of thoughts, the synthesis, emerges and eventually becomes the new thesis |
| Who did Henry VIII want to get divorced from? | Catherine of Aragon |
| What was the Opium War? | Conflict between China and Britain over opium |
| What was the Opium War? | It does involve drugs |
| Frederick William (The Great Elector) | This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler. |
|
The Long Parliament |
- met November 1640 and sat for 13 years - saw little urgency in levying taxes to repel the Scots - many members supported the Scots - refused to give the king money till the redressed some political grievances - couldn't be dismissed with out its own consent |
| The Babylonian Captivity | The time when Pope Clement V lived in Avignon with other popes and lived a life of luxury and was distant from their ancient and religious roots |
| Henry of Bourbon/Henry of Navarre/Henry IV |
Huguenot who inherited the thrown and was the first of the cousin of the Valois family, Bourbons. Converted to Catholicism and tried to stay in the middle of Protestant and Catholic conflict, by being Cathlic and issuing policies benefiting Portestants politique Issued Edict of Nantes |
| Reasons for and against German unity | Upper class and Conservatives did not want unification because they would have less power, but the rest of the people wanted it because of nationalism and German identity |
|
In the course of his reforms, Ulrich Zwingli rejected: A) pilgrimages and clerical celibacy. B) fasting and the worship of saints. C) transubstantiation. D) all of these answers. |
D) all of these answers. |
| 3 songs of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici |
Francis II (1559-1560) Charles IX(1560-1574) Henry III (1574-1589) |
| Russo-Japanese War - impact in Russia | This war showed that Russia was still not strong, and it caused revolution back at home. |
| Who said "to go to Conossa"...what did it mean? | -Gregory VII-it meant that whatever Rome wanted to be done would be done |
| How did science and government relate during WWII? | Scientific research had to get the green from military funding |
| How did science and government relate during WWII? | Involves moolah! |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law |
| What was the cause of the economic Decline of the Netherlands in the 18th Century? | The death of William II of Britain in 1702 ended the time of political unity through a strong stadholder. The 7 provinces prevented a new one from taking power. The British gained naval supremacy. |
