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Ferdinand Magellan
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(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) He was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
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Rabelais
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French satirical author.Gargantua and Pantagruel
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junkers
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nobility that were easily manipulated
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Vernacular
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Everyday language of a specific nation.
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Thomas Wolsey
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Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
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Montesquieu
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believed natural laws governed social relationships
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Gabriel Fahrenheit
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Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.
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Alexander VI
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(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.
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John Locke
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who believed in the inalienable rights?
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Deductive Reasoning
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Descartes, Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method.
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water frame
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a water-powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories
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New Monarchs
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Monarchies that took measures to limit the power of the Roman Catholic Church within their countries. The people loved the idea of being the monarch and removed all competition. They were very Machiavellian. Included Henry VII and Henry VIII of England.
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John Knox
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Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.
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noble savage
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nobody can leave their government and go along seperately, they must work as a group
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Totalitarianism
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a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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Edict of Nantes
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1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
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Joseph II
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who wanted to increase the economy by placing tax on ALL people and not just serfs?
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Hans Holbein the Younger
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German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.
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Petition of Rights
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(1628) Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.
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Abstract Expressionism
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...
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Johann Gutenburg
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Printing Press
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Tri-Color
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new flag of France
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Fritz Strassman
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Discovered Nuclear fission
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scholasticism
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philosophical and theological system; Thomas Aquinas; devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology
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Luddites
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people who disliked Industrialization and attacked the power looms; aka cottage industry attacking the factories
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reigns after louis 15
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louis 16
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Karl Jaspers
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(1883-1969) German existentialist seeing all people as equally co-responsible for the terrors and injustices of the world
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Baron Haussmann
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Baron Georges Haussmann (1809-1884), an aggressive, impatient Alsatian whom he placed in charge of Paris, Napoleon III found an authoritarian planner capable of bulldozing both buildings and opposition. In twenty years, Paris was transformed. Haussmann and his fellow planners proceeded on many interrelated fronts. With bold energy that often shocked their contemporaries, they razed old buildings in order to cut broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards through the center of the city as well as in new quarters on the outskirts. Haussmann and Napoleon III tried to make Paris a more beautiful city, and to a large extent they succeeded. The broad, straight boulevards, such as those radiating out like the spokes of a wheel from the Arch of Triumph and those centering on the new Opera House, afforded impressive vistas were their achievements. (p.793-795)
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astrolabe
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An instrument used for measuring latitude which directly affected temperature and weather sailors would encounter. This device was important to navigators during the Age of Exploration who had limited technology.
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Karlsbad decrees
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These decrees required the thirty-eight German member states to root out subversive ideas in the universities and newspapers an established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations
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Balkan Wars
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Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war.
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Leviathan
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Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.
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Harrison
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sea clock; develops concept of longitude
*MINOR DISCOVERY OF NEWTON
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Enver Hoxha
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Leader of Albania's idiosyncratic communist regime
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Blitzkrieg
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"lightning warfare" This new German warfare employed fast-moving, massed armored columns supported by airpower to overwhelm the enemy. The German tactic early in WWII.
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Constitutional Monarchy
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delegates share power with the king
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Marcel Proust
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The great French novelist Marcel Proust (1871-1922), in his semi-autobiographical Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927), recalled bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love and tried to discover their innermost meaning. To do so, Proust lived like a hermit in a soundproof Paris apartment for ten years, with drawing from the present to dwell on the past. (934)
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Friar Girolamo Savonarola
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(1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence.
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pennisualres
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born and educated in the old world
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Policy providing military aid to Greece and Turkey in an effort to contain Communism (1947-1948).
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Truman Doctrine
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Crop rotation
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The practice of growing different crops on the same land in a sequential order to avoid the depletion of nutrients from the soil. This helped create the Agricultural Revolution which in turn spurred the Industrial Revolution.
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William Wordsworth
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Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside
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Social Darwinists
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Theorists who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, arguing that poorer and weaker segments of society deserved their fate.
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Individualism
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The emphasis on the unique and creative personally
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Neville Chamberlain
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British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940)
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Tanzimat
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This was a short ottoman parliament designed to model the western model of an empire
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Congress of Berlin
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Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.
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Locke
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defender of the rights of people against absolute power.
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Materialism
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This is an emphasis on physical, inanimate things. In 17th century Europe, this value led scientists to explain the matter around them and how it operated. As a result, scientists like Newton studied the properties of matter and motion. This value was also prevalent in the economy of Europe as merchants and governments desperately fought for trade, for themselves and their countries. Consumers, in turn, couldn't help focusing on all of the new things for sale.
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baroque
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an artistic style that started in the late 16th century, encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church
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Absolutism
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The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally
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Adam Smith
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Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics
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Las Casas
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Defended native population in the New World. Was shunned and ignored for it. Tried to protect them
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Schutzmannschaft
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New German police force in the 1850s (more like military than other countries)
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H. Bessemer
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He was an English engineer and inventor. Bessemer's name is chiefly known in connection with the Bessemer process for the manufacturing of steel
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Lajos Kossuth
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This man was a Hungarian nationalist leader who demanded independence and a constitution
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Separate Spheres
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Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and women's roles were separate from men, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.
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Atlantic slave trade
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forced migration of millions of Africans to work in servitude during the eighteenth century. By the peak decade of the 1780s, shipments of black men and women averaged about 80,000 per year. (p. 650)
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corvée
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Essentially a feudal style tax paid by labor, it was abolished in ancien regime France (#80) in 1789 not long after the Revolution began.
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rococo
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style of art with soft pastels starry eyed lovers and ornate interiors and gilding golds sentimental portraits
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The People's Will
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Contacted the Russian government and claimed they would call off the terror campaign if the Russian people were granted a constitution.
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Sicily
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An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later
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Nagasaki
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the second Japanese city to be victim to an American A-bomb, killing 70,000 on impact and injuring 140,000. The Japanese surrendered shortly after this second attack.
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North
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after the 100 years' war England stops trying to control the continent and focuses it's attention ________
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The Prince
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Written by Machiavelli in 1513, this book was a handbook for a successful ruler, who wanted to establish a secure and lasting government. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler could control "fortune itself" and must either "pamper or crush" his subjects. This book is completely secular and eliminates ethics because "the end justifies the means."
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Francis I
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king of France, creates Concordat of Bologna
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Francis I
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another French king
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The Hanseatic League
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Along the Baltic Sea, in Scandinavia, and in northern Germany formed a commercial and political alliance to control northern trade. In the second half of the 14th century, the league monopolized the northern grain trade and forced Denmark to grant its members exclusive rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe. They establish colonies and supplied grain in Europe.
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Cesare Borgia
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Son of Pope Alexander VI who had ambitions to unite Italy under his control.
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Why Britain led Industrial Revolution
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-strong stable government that supported free trade
-strong banking and credit system
-network of canals and water access
-large supplies of coal and iron
-many unemployed from enclosure system
-center of innovation
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Florentine Platonic Academy
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This was a gathering of Florentine humanists who were interested in the works of Plato and the Neoplatonists: Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, and Dionysius.
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Tomas de Torquemada
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the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498)
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Commercial Revolution
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This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe
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Catherine De Medicis
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politique, rules for Francis, wants to keep monarchy strong, pretty much the ****
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To unite Northern Germany under Prussia, avoiding a massive war.
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What was Bismarcks Goal?
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Papal Hostility
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Italy wanted Rome. The pope was not too happy, and they were incompliant and hostile.
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public health act
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the ___________ (act of Parliament) of 1848; a result of Edwin Chadwick's Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and of his attempt to end the cholera outbreak (at least in Britain); this act created the National Board of Health, which was given power to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems, attempting to increase the standard of living for the workers in Great Britain
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Summa Theologica
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The chief work of Aquinas, was survey of all knowledge
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HUNDRED YEARS WAR
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- fought between England and france, from 1337 to 1453. First time nationalism appeared, when the people of each country support their country, rather than medieval conflicts. The English king was a French vassal. The English king wanted France, and war to get it. Was doing really well, when joan of arc, a peasant girl who appeared to the king of france offered to lead his army. Expertly turned the war around, and pushed England out of France. Resulted in heavy losses to each side, but france suffered most, since war was fought on French soil. high economic losses, so increase in taxation of peasants
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Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
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What were the four new successor states to the Hapsburg empire?
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potato and tomato
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These were two of the plants brought from the Americas to Europe. In Central Europe, potatoes became a nutritious staple food for laborers, and in Ireland they became the national crop. Tomatoes were grown in southern Italy, where they became an indispensible part of the cuisine.
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Domestic System of Textile Production
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System where merchants would take their fibers to homes to be spun, then other homes to be woven. System worked with family economy, but demand started to outstrip production. This spurred development of inventions to automate process.
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Lateran Agreement (of 1929)
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Mussolini recognized the Vatican as a tiny independent state, agreed to financially support them, the pope in return urged the Italians to support Mussolini's government
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Books about Enlightenment.
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What did the rich people of Europe read?
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National Assembly
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group formed by 3rd Estate to create a new French constitution. Locked out of Estates General meeting by king's guards
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Treaty at Campo Fornio
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Treaty between France and Austria that gave France Italy and Switzerland. The treaty was set up by Napoleon who had a series of lightening victories against Austria
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What two medieval developments prepared the way for Luther's idea?
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1) The city governments expressed resentment of clergical privileges and immunities. 2) educated townspeople condemend the irregularity and poor quality of sermons
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Wanderer in the Clouds (Friedrich)
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This work of art shows the insignificance of the human and the supremacy of nature
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Prince Eugene of Savoy
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Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)
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conquistadors- h cortes and f. pizzaro
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cortes landed in mexico and opened communication with aztec emperor and forged alliances. pizzaro landed in south america and took on inca empire.
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Glorification of the state over all other aspects of culture and Use of war to distract from domestic ills.
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How is absolutism different from totalitarianism?
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Concert of Europe (Congress System)
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This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues
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What did the Habsburg do with Bohemia after the Thirty Years War?
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Reconquer it and root out Protestantism
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Why was Italian an easy target for invasion?
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Italy had failed to form a common alliance against foreign enemies.
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anne bolelyn
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...
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1615
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end of Estates-General
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Stagnation
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to fail to develop
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Paine
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-denounced Christian mysteries, miracles, and prophecies as superstition
-called for a natural religion that accorded with reason and science
-believed his own mind was his Church
-deist
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Petrarch
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Father of the humanist movement
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Milgram
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obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
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transportation
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Improved ______________ allowed Asia, Africa, and Latin America to ship not only the traditional tropical products (spices, tea, sugar, coffee), but also new raw materials for industry, such as rubber, jute, cotton, and coconut oil.
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Jethro Tull
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seed drill --> agriculture
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Presbyterians
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lived in Scotland, were discriminated against, came to hate England
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Realism
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Literature should depict life exactly how it was. This style focused on everyday life and rejected romanticism. Often focused on working classes. Went along with determinism: all human actions were caused by natural laws...
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james i
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first Stuart king of England
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Torquemada
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leader of the Spanish Inquisition, confessor to the Queen
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Frederick II
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(1740-1786) king of prussia; enlightened despotism
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Atlantic Charter
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Anglo-American declaration that stated the countries aims for the outcome of the war. Stated people of every nation should be free to choose their own form of government and live free of fear and want, disarmament, and a permanent system of general security.
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Oliver Cromwell
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English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
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Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
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ended French Habsburg-Valois wars>moment of peace
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Mensheviks
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Means "minority". Group created from the split of the SDs, led by Martov. Tried to take power from Bolsheviks in Civil war beginning in 1918, did not succeed.
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Laity
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The mass of people distinguished from those of the clergy or a particular profession/skill
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Protective tariff
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Friedrich List wanted a high protective tariff to encourage the infant industries to allow them to develop and eventually hold their own tariff against their more advanced British counterparts. It was a government's way of supporting and aiding their own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper, imported goods of another country, ex. when France responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country with high tariffs on British imports. (738)
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Poussin
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French painter regarded as the chief representative of French classicism.
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(1787-1874) Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot's repression led to the revolution of 1848.
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Francois Guizot
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New Order
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Hitler's order of racial imperialism. The Nordic peoples (the Dutch, Norwegians, and Danes), being related to the Germans, the master race, received preferential treatment. The Latin peoples were put in a middle position.
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Humanism
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The philosophy of the liberal arts that emphasized human beings and their achievements
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Kohl
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German Statesman and Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Strong commitment to NATO and EU
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Aristocratic Resurgence
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Term applied to the eighteenth-century aristocratic efforts to resist the expanding power of European monarchies.
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Alexander Dubcek
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secretary oof Communist party in Czech. Made reforms: freedom of speech, press, and to travel abroad.
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Congress of Vienna
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conservative, reactionary meeting, led by Prince Metternich, restore Europe to Prerevolution time
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Predestination
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Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
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John Milton
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Tenure of Kings in Magistrates, justice
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Growth of Towns
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International medieval trade by following old roman roads a (more towns, more taxes, more trades, more wealth) cycle
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Corvees
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Roadwork; an obligation of peasants to landowners
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Squadristi
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Bands of armed Fascists who attacked Socialist offices and newspapers.
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Great Fear
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The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
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Fundamental Laws
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Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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chief minister was under Louis XIII, restrict Edict of Nantes.
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Industrial Revolution
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the rapid industrial growth that began in England during the middle of the eighteenth century and then spread over the next 50 years to many other countries, including the untied States. The revolution depended on devices such as the steam engine, which were invented at a rapidly increasing rate during the period. The Industrial Revolution brought on a rapid concentration of people in cities and changed the nature of work for many people
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Open-field system
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system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting
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Vesalius
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This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy
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English Reformation
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Act in Restraint of Appeals (declared king to be the supreme sovereign), Supremacy Act (declared king the supreme head of the Church Of England), Henry VIII
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Paris Reconstruction
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This was planned by Georges Haussmann, who was assigned by Napoleon III, to provide employment, improved living conditions, and to show the glory of the French empire
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de-Christianization
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The term used for the anti-RCC actions the various French Revolutionary governments took between 1789 and the Concordat of 1801 (#173), it was most intense during the days of the Committee (#151).
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3rd Estate
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the commoners of French society prior to the revolution. the class that was divided into the bourgeoisie, laborers and artisans, and peasants.
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Theory of Relativity
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Theory was made by Albert Einstein.
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Benjamin Disraeli
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A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party
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Red Baron
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Manfred von Richthofen had 80 kills and one of the most famous aces. German ace.
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Voltaire 1694-1778
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Believed in God, but not in established churches. His writing chanllenged the catholic church and Christian theology at almost every pint. Considered by many a devout Christian to be a shallow blasphemer, religious views influential and quite typical of the mature Enlightenment. Believed in a God who created the world then stepped aside and watched (clock maker).
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Florence
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This was the dominant city in Tuscany, which had 2/3 of the area's wealth, yet less than ¼ of the population. It was the center of the Renaissance and its cultural development, with the Medici family serving as patrons for important artists and writers, such as Michelangelo. It was also the financial center of Italy, and main place where luxury goods were made. This city was also the center of cloth making, specifically wool manufacturing.
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Treaty of 1494
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Treaty of Tordesillas; divides the globe between Spain and Portugal; line down the Atlantic gives Spain South America and Portugal Asia
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Jean-Babptiste Combert
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Louis XIV hired this guy as minister of finance, based his policies off mercantilism; maximize foreign exports, minimize foreign imports, aximize the gold and silver reserves
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Council of Trent
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Attempt by the Catholic Church to reform its' bad habits and reconcile with Lutherans
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Babylonian Captivity
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The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.
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English Peasants' Revolt
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One of most spectacular 14th century rural uprisings. Originated in popular resentment against both the policies of the royal government and the practice of the great landlords. Peasant bands enraged by latest poll tax marched on london in 1381.
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the Act of toleration
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(1689) granted Protestants who were not members of the Church of England the right to worship, but not hold political office. Parliament required that all English monarchs be members of the Church of England. No king or queen could govern without parliament
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the diet of speyer
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(1529) princes who favored church reforms along Lutheran lines protested decisions of the Catholic princes; hence, initially, Protestant meant Lutheran, but as other groups appeared, the term Protestant meant all non-Catholic Christian sects. (p. 462)
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Dutch Republic
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no king, a weak union of strong provinces
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Werner Heisenberg
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In 1927, he set fourth is uncertainty principal. The behavior of subatomic particles is a matter of statistical probability rather than of exactly determinable cause and effect. Things that used to be unquestionable now became ambiguous.
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Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
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the English Archbishop, he worked on behalf of Henry VIII to get papal approval for his annulment to Catherine of Aragon, but failed to get any more than a hearing in Rome.
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Mary Stuart
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queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Leonardo da Vinci was a "Renaissance man" who had skill in many areas including, but not limited to, painting, anatomy, botany, and mechanics. He made such famous paintings as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as extremely accurate anatomical drawings and models of both airplanes and tanks.
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tabula rasa
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John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.
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19th century class structure
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Aristocracy > Middle Class (Upper > Middle > Lower) > Working Classes (Labor Aristocracy > Semiskilled > Unskilled)
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New Economic Policy (NEP)
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Lenin's plan to rejuvenate the Soviet Union's economy after the devastation of WWI and the civil war. It re-established limited economic freedom in order to rebuild industry and agriculture. It was seen as a compromise between the government and the peasant majority. (Heavy industry remained wholly nationalized though.)
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Battle of White Mountain
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Ferdinand II (C) crushed the Bohemian estates and drastically reduced their power, took away land of Protestant nobles and gave it to catholic nobles, established direct rule over Bohemia
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lenins death in 1924
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What sparked the race between lenin and trotsky
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Nazi Anti-Semitism/The Final Solution
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After the war broke out, Hitler decided in 1941 and 1942 to destroy the Jews in Europe. More than six million Jews, mostly from Eastern Europe, died as a result of that staggering decision.
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What was hereditary subjugation?
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In Prussia in 1653 basically stated that peasnats were bound to thier lords from one generation to the next as well as to the land
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Spain (Philip II) vs. England (Elizabeth)
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The Spanish Armada. These two countries/rulers wanted to eliminate Protestantism and Catholic interference, respectively.
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Treaty of Versailles terms
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These terms said that Germany had to pay money, that Germany had to give up land, and that Germany had to keep its army size down
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List three problems with the cottage industry
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-constant disputes between cottagers and merchants occurred over weights of materials and quality of cloth
-rural labor was unorganized and was usually difficult for merchants to control
-merchant-capitalists' search for more efficient method of production became profound resulting in the growth of factories and the industrial revolution
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Frederick Elector of Saxony
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This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms
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1. Realizes that it was dangerous to have too powerful a state on France's border
2. Criticized by French Catholics b/c Sardinia is an enemy of the pope
3. Other nations are growing nervous
4. Does not like war
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Why does Napoleon III quit?
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Locarno Pact / Spirit of Locarno
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The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace talks that settled in Europe after the pact
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Unlike many of his colleagues what did Lenin acknowledge about the war
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Russia had already lost to Germany
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What did Emperor William II do in 1890 and why
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He dismissed Bismarck because of his friendly policy towards Russia since the 1870;s
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Second Estate
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Nobility
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Syndicats
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French trade unions.
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Recalcitrant
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resisting authority or control
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Gentileschi
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1590-1642 Italian Painter (f)
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Zionist
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Movement for a Jewish state
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Delcasse
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France foreign minister, accepted British rule in Egypt if British accept France rule in Morocco
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Galilei
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italian astronomer, mathmatician, and physsist, and his telescopes prove the sun is the center of the universe
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Whigs
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against Charles II's religious policies; favored Parliament and more unpopular, non-Stuart monarchs
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Entrepot
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Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.
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Existentialism
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Philosophy that God, reason and progress are all myths. humans must accept responsibility for their actions. This responsibility causes an overwhelming sense of dread and anguish. Existentialism reflects the sense of isolation and alienation in the 20th century.
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Seignor
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Manor Lord Responsible For Overseeing Land, Giving Justice && Arbitrating Tenant Disputes
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This nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment
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England
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Ospolitik
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political philosophy of Willy Brandt, leader of Germany. Means "opening towards the east".
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Chamber of Deputies
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The French legislative body.
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Nikolai Bukharin
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Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP
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blood sports
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cockfighting and bullfighting, sports that remained popular with the masses
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Charles Fourier
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Socialists that envisaged a socialist utopia that was made up of 1620 people. Believed the world should be divided into this & everything would be shared equally. Believed marriages were like prostitution and there should be abolition of marriage. & there should be sexual freedom.
Significance: Early proponent of the emancipation of women.
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modern totalitarianism
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Totalitarian leaders believed in will power, conflict, the worship of violence and the idea that the individual was less valuable than the state. Conservative authoritarianism were more concerned with maintaining the status quo than with forcing society into rapid change. (958)
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"General Will"
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Betterment of the community. Founded by Rousseau, he felt that this determines a country's course in economics and politics.
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Cavaliers
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In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.
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An international organization set up in 1952 to control and integrate all European coal and production. Also known as the European Coal and Steel Community.
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Schuman Plan
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Friedrich Hegel
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believed ideas developed in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict
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Otto von Bismarck
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German Political mastermind who spearheaded Prussian expansion
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Fontelle
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communicated science in a clear witty fashion so that science was not just a monopoly for the experts anymore
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albrecht durer
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Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)
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Terrorism
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acts of terror by individuals and groups opposed to governments. Became increasingly popular after WWII. 9/11/01
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Thomas Hobbes
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Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimiteed sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law.
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Hangreaves
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inventor of the spinning jenny (the first multiple thread machine for turning loose wool or cotton into yarn/thread suitable for weaving)
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Anglicanism
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Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I.
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Louis Blanc
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socialist, member of the radical republican group that established a provisional government in France after Louis Phillippe fled to Britain. Influenced the establishment of national workshops
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Napolean Bonaparte
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1769-1821; Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who establishes several of the reforms (Code Napolean) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule
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"The Institutes of Christian Religion"
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Written by John Calvin.
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Sweden
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lost land to Russia in Great Northern War
-peaked in mid 1600s
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Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
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Official philosopher of the church. Had ideas but never experimented on them. All mater made up of earth, water, fire and air.
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In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu most admired the __________ constitution.
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British
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Treaty of Tilsit
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Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.
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William Gladstone
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A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance
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Hindenburg
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President of Germany who died and was replaced by Hitler, this allowed Hitler to combine the powers of President and Chancellor to proclaim himself the Supreme head of State and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
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Josef Pilsudaski
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was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions
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Carnival
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Often a Roman Catholic (or Orthodox to a lesser extent) celebration, carnivals generally happen in the weeks before Lent, combining elements of a circus and a parade. Examples are the Latin American Carnival, the French Mardi Gras, English Shrove Tuesday, and German Fasching.
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Modernism
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artistic styles around the turn of the twentieth century that featured a break with realism in art and literature and with lyricism in music
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Civic Humanism
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humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
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Cavour's program
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Cavour's plan was to first modernize the econ, and model it off of Britain, then modernize the military, with lots of railroads to move the troops around to country
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What decade saw the start of modern feminism?
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1960s
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Charles Darwin
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scientist who studied animals in Latin America, and wrote "On the Origin of Species" about how animals evolve to adapt to their environment to survive
*shows how important science is, leads to Social Darwinism
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Alfonso de Alburquerque
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A Portuguese general who captured strategic ports of the Middle East and India at the beginning of the 16th century. At the time, the Portuguese strategy was to protect investments in the East with military posts, using force only when necessary and using native feuds to their advantage.
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Ursulines
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Group of women who wanted to combat heresy through Christian education. They taught mothers and daughters and was started by Angela Merici
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War of Spanish Succession
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started because Charles II "The Sufferer" was created by lots of inbreeding, and couldn't produce an heir, he died, and Louis XIV's grandson, Philip, had a claim to the throne, but the Austrian Habsburgs wanted Ferdinand on the throne, Louis XIV went and put his gson on the throne and attacked the Holy Romen Empire, a lot of other countries helped the HRE including England, the Netherlands, and they formed the Great Alliance. basically this was France v. Europe, France Lost, ended with the Treaty of Utrecht
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Peace of Belgrade
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1739. Frontier on which Austiran side remaind unchanged until 20th century.
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Council of Blood
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duke of Alva to punish the Netherlands, executed 15 hundred men on march 3 1568, led to civil war between the catholics and protestants
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gabelle
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a salt tax in France. This is an example of one of the ways monarchs could raise money by levying taxes on basic food and clothing
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Schleswig-Holstein crisis
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A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences
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suleiman the magnificent
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The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)
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Fritz Harkort
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he Built steam engines in Germany, he struggled to find skilled labor, he needed expensive material and he eventually was forced out of his own company due to finances.
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Pope Leo X
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began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church
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Bartolome de las Casas
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Spaniard who fought for Native American rights.
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Act of Supremacy
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Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. Also gave the state the right to take away the monastery lands and possessions.
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Leopold II
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was King of the Belgians, the founder and sole owner of the Democratic Republic of Congo or DRC
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king ferdinand and queen isabella
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monarchs who united spain; responsible for the reconquista
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Peace of Augsburg
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This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following
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Peace of Westphalia
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ended the 30 years' war in 1648. Turning point in history because conflicts over religion ended. The treaties recognized the soverign, independent authority of more than 300 German princs, acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, France acquired Alsace, Sweeden received money and power of German territories laong the Baltic, and it denied the papcy the right to participate in central European religious affairs.
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Charles I
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Son of James I, became king of England after James died, ruled without the help of parliament for 11 yrs, made money with the Ship tax
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Diet of Worms
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Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
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Ignatius of Loyola
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This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world
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What did Austria-Hungary do in 1908to block Serbian expansion and take advantage of Russia
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annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Rise of industrial middle class
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new group of middle class was added-the industrial middle class, came from social background-religious minorities(quakers) prominant among early industrial leaders
little political power
great reform bill-they gained political importance
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War of Austrain succession
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begins because of the violation of the pragmatic sanction by Frederick's invasion of Silesia results in treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle where Silesia belongs to Prussia
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Pope Leo X initially gave King Henry VIII the title "__________" because of Henry's vocal anti-Protestantism.
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defender of the faith
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Mussolini's Rise - role of Black Shirts
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These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy
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January 18, 1918 Constituent Assembly
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- allowed by Lenin
- to make a constitution
- but, most peasants vote for democracy and land, so Lenin disbands assembly by force
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Migration: Who went where, and why? (demographics)
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1/3 of European migrants came from British Isles; less that ½ went to the US; most often a small peasant landowner/village craftsman; left because they were threatened by industrialization; many returned to their homelands
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After Russia left the Three Emperor's League, what did Germany do
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Form a military alliance with Austria against Russia which lasted until 1918
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Why did the Russians have such terrible losses
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They ran out of supplies of shells and ammunition and they were hurt by the German armies
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