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Transect
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...
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isomorphic relationships
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equivalencies
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pictographic script
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drawn signs
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Egyptian Pyramids
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cut-stone blocks
triangular pyramids
internal passages/tombs
used as a tomb and house for eternity for person buried in it
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decoration
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decoration at the top
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Solutrean
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23,000-20,000 years ago
Regional development
"Solutrean Points"
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Old World
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Historians; Classical, Egyptologists, Assyriologists/ Sumerologists, Syro-Palestinian/ Biblical
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camp
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a short-term, temporary settlement, usually associated with hunter-gatherers or nomads
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Largest pyramid in the world
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Cholula
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Cahuachi
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SA Nasca capital (0-750 AD)
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Simple Society
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hunter-gatherer societies; social organization in which individuals are relatively self sufficient
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endocannibalism
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eat people within your group
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law
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rules of society and administering justice
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Hominids
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Fully bipedal primates
Humans are the only surviving member
98.5% genetic similarity with chimps
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Horizontal Excavation
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designed to expose- for activity
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_______are artifacts that cannot be moved
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Features
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West Coast
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Natural setting, complex hunter gatherer societies. Woodworking. Two models of H-G: Foragers (people to food) and collectors (food to people, more organized). Fishing emphasis.
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Analysis
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Extracts information about each data category used in archaeological interpretations.
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taxon
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in faunal analysis, the classification of a skeletal element to a taxonomic category- species, genus, family, or order
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Sampling
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?
TYPES: Judgmental, systematic, and random
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Rosetta Stone
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key to understanding Egyptian hyroglyphs, on the stone were identical texts written in Greek script and hyroglyphics
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A. Boisei
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East Africa, Olduvai Gorge, Zinjanthropus, Leakey, 2.2-1mya
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Primitives
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Living "primitives" were seen as providing evidence of the stages of human cultureal evolution; for some scholars, "primitive" peoples were still "back in the Stone Age"
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4 types of religion
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Individualistic, Communal, Shamanistic, Ecclesiastical
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Types of sampling
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Simple random sample
Stratified random
Systematic
Stratified unaligned systematic
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taphonomy
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the study of what happens between death and fossilization
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Battleship-shaped curve
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A technique used to visually demonstrate frequency based Seriation. It uses a diagram displaying the popularity of items over their lifetimes in correlation to other similar items that existed before or after it, or at the same time. The data bells/curves out on the diagram, looking somewhat like a battle ship. **Remember the example from class depicting popular means of transportation over 140 years.
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Relative chronology
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laces assemblages in a temporal sequence not directly linked to calendar dates
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exchange
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transfer of material or info among individuals or groups
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ideational perspective
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defines ideas, symbols and mental structures as driving forces in chaping human behavior
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Paleobotany is________
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the recovery and identification of plant remains from archaeological contexts, important in the reconstruction of past environments
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Alexandria
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Named after Alexander the great. A melting pot of cultures, everyone got along.
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stratigraphy
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layers of earth, natural and cultural deposits
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Australiopithecus garhi
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Ethiopia
2,5 mya
human legs ape arms
tool use?
meat eating/scavenging?
first human ancestor?
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Donald Johanson
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American, discovered Lucy in Haidar, Ethiopia in 1974. Potassium-argon dated to 3.2 mya (was oldest known hominid).
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The excavation of Native American living quarters at Santa Cruz Mission would be an example of
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Historic Archaeology
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cyroturbation
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a natural formation process in which freeze/thaw activity in a soil selectively pushes larger artifacts to the surface of a site
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Bevel-rim bowls
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Small undecorated vessels made of coars sclay that are ubiquitous on Uruk-period sites
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meals
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direct evidence of what people were eating at a particular time
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Dendrochronolgy
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tree ring dating
o was developed to solve radiocarbon dating problems
o corrects radiocarbon dates by taking carbon dating samples from each ring, and comparing the known date to the radiocarbon results.
o This comparison allows archaeologists to correct any discrepancies between the two dates while creating a curve that indirectly shows the variation in atmospheric C14 over time.
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Comprehensive drawings of the side of an excavation unit
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profiles
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margins hypothesis
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populations became too large to maintain a hunter/gather way of life
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Pleistocene
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2 mya - 10,000 ya, Homo erectus appeared and moved north out of africa.
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monte verde
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A site near Chille, South America where archeoligist discovered artifacts of hunter-gathers adting to 12,500 years ago, stone houses
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Yahgshao: Subsistence Economy
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Hunting wild hogs and deer
Millet farming
Fishing
Growing Hemp
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induction
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a method of reasoning in which one proceeds by generalization from a series of specific observations so as to derive general conclusions
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genetic dating
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is not applicable to artifacts or ancient DNA. demographic events are monitored by the emergence of new mitochrondrial DNA or Y-chromosome haplotypes.
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Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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An assortment of ceremonial objects that occurs in the graves of high-status Mississippian individuals. Ritual exchange of these artifacts crosscut the boundaries of many distinctive local cultures.
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Marker Bed
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Geological layer thats age has been independently confirmed by many geologists and archaeologists and thats presence can be used to date archaeological sediments.
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Nomadic Pastoralism
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refers to a particular social form that employs seasonal or cyclical mobility to exploit herd animals, often in marginal environments
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Archaeology
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The study of the human past using objects that people left behind.
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______ organized the artifacts in the Danish Museum according to the progressive "Three Age Scheme" of "Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age". This was one of the first attempts to try to reconstruct the past through the systematic study of material remains
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Christian Thomsen
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A. V. "Ted" Kidder
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Came from an anthropological background but the emphasis was on squeezing ceramics for their chronological information
LIKE NELSON HE EXCAVATED by strata at PECOS PUEBLO
Was in some ways revolutionary - SOME OTHERS FELT short time span, no chronology all recent - who cares!
Worked out a useful sequence in the Southwestern US - later worked in the Mayan region following the same methods
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Aeolian
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type of wind deposit; lower impact but more constant over time
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Legitimacy
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A quality or status achieved when the right of a centralized authority to have power is accepted. Letigimacy can be based on consensus or on coersion
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Ventana Cave (Emil Haury)
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-deeply stratified-emphasis on wild plants, evidence of cultivation-3500bp evidence of maize&squash-rising pop, diminished mobility, intensive use of land, conflict among groups
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Copan
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Also Mayan. In Honduras, AD 200 - 900.
Jungle has reclaimed most of the site. Probably damaged from earthquakes, roofs not on houses.
Probablyl ooted. Locals have known for hundreds of years.
Ball court!
Fairly garish reds and greens and yellows!
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examples of false stratigraphy
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tree roots and rodent burrows
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long barrow
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a funerary barrow having an elongate shape, sometimes constructed over a megalithic chamber tomb and usually containing one or more corpses and objects
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King Nabonidus IV
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King of Babylon 550BC, restored the monument to King Naramsin
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biological anthropology
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study of the biological nature of our nearest relatives and ourselves
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Neanderthals
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A hominin who lived in Europe and the Near East about 300,000 to 30,000 years ago; biological anthropologists debate whether neanderthals were in the direct evolutionary line leading to homo sapiens
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shaman
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one who has the power to contact the spirit world through trance, possession, or visions. On the basis of this ability, the shaman invokes, manipulates, or coerces the power of the spirits for socially recognized ends--both good and ill
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Characteristics of the State Level Societies
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Primary
• Increased size/density
• Full time specialization
• Surplus
• Class structured society
• State organization
Secondary
• Monumental works
• Distance trade
• Standardized monumental work
• Writing
• Arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy
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core
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a piece of stone that is worked. cores sometimes serve merely as sources of raw materials; they also can serve as functional tools.
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Early arrival model
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Human occupation of the Americas began as early as 30,000 to 40,000 years ago
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(Theories of State Formation)
Cultural Systems & Civilization: The Systems Theory approach:
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-Simplistic, unicausal (single cause or prime mover) models are not adequate
-Rather, multifactorial models are needed to explain a complex process that clearly relied upon many different variables (multiple factors)
-Check Pg. 5 slides 2-4 for charts and examples.
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A survey universe divided into several sub-universes that are then sampled at potentially different sample fractions
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stratified random sample
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The Maya Collapses
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Maya never faded away, but they could have dissapeared into other regions of the world
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Nubia: the Land of Kush
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territory extended through Sudan to Ethiopia, systems of village farmers and cheifdoms, Kerma, rule Egypt 730-663 BC, conquered by Assyrians, Nubian rulers fled to Meroe
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Arch of Septimus Severus
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Awarded to emperor and his sons, Carcalla and Geta, for defeating Parthians. Inscription altered to remove Geta.
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test implications
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what would you expect to see based on your hypothesis
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(Elamite Settlements & Trade)
Assyrians:
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-In the wake of the Babylonian decline, the Assyrians came to power around 1365 B.C.
-Their capital city at Assur (giving its name to the empire) rose to prominence between 1365-1350 B.C.
-King Assuruballit (1365-1330B.C.) established the Assyrian empire, conducted wars of conquest, & engaged in diplomatic relations with Egytian & Anatolian kindoms such as the Hittites & the Mitanni.
-Through control of trade routes & fertile farm lands specializing in wheat production he controlled large areas of Mesopotamia, but his empire did not survive his death for long.
-A series of Assyrian kings such as Assumasirpal & Tiglathpileser III ruled through cycles of prosperity & collapse until the last of the great Assyrian rulers, Assurbanipal (ca. 630B.C.), when the Assyrian capital at Nineveh was sacked by a combined Babylonian & Persian force.
-Cyrus the Great of Persia invaded Mesopotamia in 539B.C., & incorporated the the ancient land into an empire the size of which would be surpassed only by the Romans centuries later.
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Neolithic (New Stone Age)
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the period in which there are polished stone tools
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Excavation Unit/ Test Unit
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a pit, trench, shovel test hole, or other result of scientific excavation; spatial entity at a site- sampling unit
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(First Americans)
What does the Early Entry School (Pre-clovis School) argue? (minority)
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that the Americas were colonized during the Wisconsin glaciation, perhaps 42 KYA or earlier.
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What point forms come from the Late Paleoindian Period (10,500- 10,000 B.P.)?
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-Dalton
- generally smaller points, both fluted and unfluted
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When was Stone Henge built?
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4,000 years ago, in 4 stages over a period of 400 years
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James Deetz uses the concept of "small things forgotten" to discuss
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What material objects reveal about the everyday life of people in the past
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