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stratum
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layers
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Binfords
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Different Activities
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Chemical processes
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Site. Prolonged/continuous.
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Association
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What is found together
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Graham Clark
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: environmental archaeology
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Temple of Mars Ultor
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Typology
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Classification or naming of artifact-types
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attribute
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an individual characteristic that distinguishes one artifact from another on the basis of its size, surface, texture, form, material, method of manufacture, or design pattern.
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Anno domini
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Year of our lord
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First Evidence of Written Records:
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Mesopotamia
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stratigraphy
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recording layers and studying them
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James Ossuary
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October 2002
Inscription says "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus". Autenticated by Andre Lemaire.
Was shipped from Israel to Canada in cardboard and bubble wrap, and cracked, right in the middle of the inscription
Inscription was not authentic, but the ossuary was. Original patina was cut through and coated wtih granular patina that was made of chalk dust and water spread around on the inscription.
was hidden in toilet
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Phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species
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Xia
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Early dynasty of northern Chinese rulers dating to before 1700 BC, known from both archaeological evidence and legend.
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Matrix
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sediment found around whatever you find
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gabillou, dordogne
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half human half goat
o handprints
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gumshoe survey
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combination of happenstance, hard work, and luck
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SITE: Biskupin
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Holocene Europe
Evidence of Violence and Warfare
-Town on marshy isle
-Timber palisade
-6m high, 463m long
-Filled w/sand
-Tower
-Clay coating
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technomic
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category of physical function (burial site)
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inferences
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conclusion arrived at by using evidence
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Bordes
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Cultural Differences- tools into 5 groups, 5 different bands
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Blade Technology
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-Mass production-Economic use of Material-Highly Versatile “Swiss Army Knife”-Blanks for other tools--Awls and Burins---Bone/antler tools---Scrapers---Knives---Drills
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Historical Dating
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involves using the archaeological record to retrieve calendar dates.
o Attempts to assign a precise calendar date
o Is applicable only to cultures that were literate.
o Several different ancient calendars are known but not all are perfectly understood.
Ancient calendars: Egyptian, Muslim, Hebrew, Maya, other new world calendars.
o There are often problems with correlating ancient dates with our modern calendar.
o Also includes contextual dating
-Uses artifacts with historical dates on them
-Roman skeleton with the coin
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Nonmicroscopic plant remains recovered from an archaeological site
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macrobotanical remains
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subsistence
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food getting quest. provide info of technology and economics
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Pastoralism
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type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
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Diachronic studies
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changes through long periods of time
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dependent variable
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depend on independent variable (ex: genetic, age, education, nutrition, fatigue, home life, class)
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history
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all that is remembered of the past
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5 Aspects Learned from Burials________
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Health
Status:
Age (molars/tooth eruptions, size of bones) (Epiphysis or the sealing after 20 years old)
Sex
Violence: bones fractures, placement of bones in burials
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archaeology
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the recovery and study of artifacts, ruins, bones, and fossils from the past
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Dark Ages
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1100-900; no written documents, no artificial lighting
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heat treatment
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a process whereby the flintknapping properties of stone tool raw material are improved by subjecting the material to heat->burying flakes and cores underneaty sand, then burning a fire on top for a few days
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"Silent Trade"
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reciprocal exchange between groups who are not publicly supposed to trade (bc enemies, etc).
example: Mbuti of the Ituri Forest trade meat for the bananas of the Bantu agriculturalists.
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pollen diagram
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a chart showing the changing frequencies of different types of pollen through time.
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lithics
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a generic term used for stone artifacts in archaeology and more specifically for flaked stone artifacts
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Hohlenstein
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Site in Germany where a lion-headed figure was found in levels with an Aurignacian industry
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Hohokam pottery
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-originally referred to as the Red-on-buff culture, because typical pottery is buff (light brown) in color, sometimes with red designs (geometrics and life forms). -It is formed by paddle-and-anvil technique.
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artifacts, 16
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tools, ornaments, or other objects manufactured or used by people to accomplish a specific task
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horizontal excavations reveal the ____ and ____ dimensions
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horizontal, functional
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chulpa
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a type of prehistoric stone tower, found in Brazil and Peru, having living quarters over a burial chamber
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Catalhoyuk, Turkey
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6,000 BC site with many houses, population growth, ovens, storage bins, and shrines INSIDE settlements
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Southwest
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What area of the United States did dendrochronology come out of?
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Baghdad Battery
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Clay jar, copper cylinder, iron rod, and sealed with asphalt
Could have produced .5 volt electricity
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Applied Science
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apply findings to practical ends by (1) bringing techniques of archaeology to non-traditional venues and (2) applying our knowledge of the human past to concrete economic or social problems
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nomads
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people who have no permanent homes but move according to seasons or food or water source.
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Subsurface survey techniques
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remote sensing techniques of area below ground carried out at ground level
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Tutankhamen
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A pharaoh who lived around 1400 B.C. His reign was relatively unimportant, but the discovery of his unplundered tomb in the 1920s is numbered among the great archaeological discoveries of all time. Tutankhamen ruled at a critical time in Egypt's history. He was buried with a lot of gold. His successor Ay wasn't a royal, so he tried to make himself look royal and rich by throwing Tut a lavish funeral. This is an example of how imagery leads to power.
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site formation
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the human and natural actions that work together to create an archaeological site
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heinrich Schliemann
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believed that Homer's epics were based in fact. Troy (1870): location was unknown, tried at Hisarlik in Turkey.
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molecular archaeology
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The use of genetic information in ancient human remains to reconstruct the past.
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faunal assemblage
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the animal remains recovered from an archaeological site
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occams razor
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explanation with the least amount of assumptions beyond necessity is most rational.
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Aztec Empire
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A large Mesoamerican empire based in Tenochtitlan
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Pueblo Alto
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Chacoan Anasazi. 89 rooms. it was begun between 1020 and 1050 AD. Its location made the community visible to most of the inhabitants of the San Juan Basin. The community was the center of a bead- and turquoise-processing industry that influenced the development of all villages in the canyon; chert tool production was also common
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Cultural resource management
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Application of management skills to preserve important parts of cultural heritage, both prehistoric and historic, for the benefit of the public today and in the future.
Equated to business side of archaeology. New building goes up, they affirm that there's no archaeology there.
Covers public archaeology and historical preservation
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unlinear cultural evolution
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theory that all cultures evolved upward from savagery to barbarism to civilization.
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hammerstone
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an ancient stone tool used as a hammer, as for chipping flint, processing food, or breaking up bones
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Hydration Rind
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The thin layer of hydrated rock that slowly builds up on the freshly broken surface of obsidian. Each time the rock is altered in some way, a new rind develops -which can make dating difficult.
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mound
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a built pile or heap of earth or stones, resembling a very small hill, usually a burial monument
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___________are example of Zooarchaeology.
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Faunal Remains, Extinct Mega Fauna, small mammals and insects.
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The Mikea
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Mikea Live in arid forest of SW Madagascar, Grow maize and manioc, raise cattle, and hunt-gather. People that do not want to be found: Escaped slaves, 1960s taxation... Short term foraging camps, Longer term forest and seasonal hamlets.
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Other types mentioned (CRM Paleoethnobotoany, Zooarcheology, Geoarchaeology)
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Cultural resource management, world heritage conservation
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Clay
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A size class (2 micrometers or less) - a composition of elements
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Harappa
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One of the two major urban centers of the Harappan period
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geographic information system (GIS)
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A computer program for storing, retrieving, analyzing, and displaying cartographic data.
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Mastaba
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Tomb put over body so body stays under sand
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Another type of Early Pyramid S-D
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Sneferu's bent pyramid at Dashur
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Trapped charge dating
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Forms of dating that rely upon the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals' crystal lattices as a function of background radiation. The age of the specimen is the total radiation received divided by the annual dose of radiation.
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Archaeology (Anthropological Archaeology) -
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Study of past humans based on the investigation of their material remains using scientific and humanistic approaches.
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Historical Archaeology today
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one of the most rapidly expanding and exciting directions in Americanist archaeology; current trends -- challenges to existing histories and the recovery of the history of disenfranchised groups -- will generate debates and dialogue for years to come
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Benefits of Agriculture: (When would agriculture & domestication have become beneficial activities?)
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-Changing climate (e.g., warmer, wetter)
-Changing population pressures
-Availability of appropriate species (some resist domestication because part of their range or lives are beyond human control)
-Seasonal distribution of appropriate species (e.g., does fruiting/ abundance correspond to lean periods, etc.)
-Availability of appropriate harvesting techniques (e.g. tools, etc.)
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Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel
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800,000 year old site that has yielded the first evidence for the controlled use of fire.
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Relative Dating
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Find if an object is older or newer by comparing it to different objects
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Excavation levels are defined by strata formed by human activity (midden layers, floors, etc.)
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cultural levels of of soil removal
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Three age system
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the stone age , the bronze age and the Iron age
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What was the last meal of Otzi?
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meat and grains from 3 mountains away`
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earliest material artifact in the new world
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caribou tibia with notches cut in it, incorrectly dated originally but now dated to 3 or 4k years which isnt oldest
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