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Definitions |
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Venus
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rotates backwards,
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Xanth/o
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CF yellow
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Momentum-
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Mass x Velocity
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Color
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Wavelength of Light
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measures magnetic field
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Zeeman effect
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Asterism
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part of a constellation
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shellburning
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outter layers fuse hydrogen
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Inferior planets - conjunction (superior & inferior)
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...
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Hubble
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United States astronomer who discovered that (as the universe expands) the speed with which nebulae recede increases with their distance (1889-1953)
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Quasar
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Bright objects looking like stars
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Seasons
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Periodic variation in atmospheric conditions due to orientation of the planet's axis relative to the sun.
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Planetary System
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a star and its planets.
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types of galaxy
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spiral, elliptical, irregular, Quasser
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a refracting telescope is a _telescope
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optical
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Blackbody
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Idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation falling on it.
If heated = glow
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complement
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v.complete, make whole, make perfect
n.that which makes perfect; that which fills or makes whole; counterpart
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Poles
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sunlight arrives at a steep angle.
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Doppler effect
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blueshift: towards you
redshift: away from you
determines radial velocity
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Triton
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Neptune's main moon, has ice volcanoes
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Earth
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Average Density; 5500 kg/m^3 Interior: Core - Hot (6000k) Iron Rich Highest Density- source of heat here could be Natural radioactivity - s&p seismic waves used to probe interior Surface - Oceans and Continents Atmosphere - Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen- 21% Natural Satellite- Moon Largest of the terrestrial planets
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declination
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a bending, sloping, or moving downward.
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once every day
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earth rotates around it's axis
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meteoroid
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chunks of rock
Found in earth's atmosphere
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Jupiter
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a. Largest of the planets (more massive than all others combined) - 300 times more massive than the Earth
b. If Jupiter were 80 times more massive, it could have been a star
c. The Great Red Spot is a storm 2-3 times the size of the Earth that has lasted 300 years
d. 28 moons (may be more)
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what do planets have that dwarf planets dont?
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moons
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satellite
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anything that travels in an orbit around something else in space
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universe
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all of space and everything in it
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North Pole
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Northern most point of the earth
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Jovian planet
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a term referring to Jupiter-like planets
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meridian
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imaginary line on the celestial sphere between the north and south celestial poles
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Revolution
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movement of one object around another object
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sytrifical force
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the force that pushes something away
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Grand Canyon
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huge erosion river channel on Earth
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Parasec
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3.3LY based on an andle of measurement
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Jovian Gas Giants
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Lower density, composed mostly of gases with solid core. No true surface.
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accretion
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the gradual accumulation of matter in one location, especially due to the action of gravity
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protoplanet
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the collection of matter, in the process of condensation, from which a planet is formed.
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Meteorite
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stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface
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optical/radio telescopes
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uses large mirrors or parabolic dishes to collect and focus visible light and radio waves
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Increases
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As the temperature of a star's core ____, the protons (hydrogen nuclei) move more quickly and are more likely to interact, increasing the rate of fusion.
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lunar eclipse
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when the moon enters the Earth's umbral shadow
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aphelion
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furthest away the earth gets from the sun
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Uranus
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seventh planet from the Sun; is large and gaseous, has a distinct bluish-green color, and rotates on an axis nearly parallel to the plane of its orbit
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`electromagnetic spectrum
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wave of light in order by wavelength
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Solar Nebula Theory
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1. Giant Molecular Cloud
2. Supernova--> shockwave
3. Gravitational Collapse of GMC
4. Protostar + Protoplanetary Disc (condensation)
5. Planetesimals (accretion)
6. Proto-planets
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which would you expect to have taller mountains earth or moon
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earth
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what is jupiter's great red spot?
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an atmospheric storm
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Produced by the collision of rapidly moving interplanetary debris (meteoroids)
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Impact Craters
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Big Bang
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When the universe exploded, creating a bigger universe
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black hole
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a body extremely compact and massive; no light can leave its surface
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parallax
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the apparent change in position of an object when seen from different places
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intercrater plain
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smooth portions of the surface of Mercury that lie between and around clusters of large craters
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meteor
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a steak of ionization in the earth's atmosphere caused by burning debris traveling through the atmosphere
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The region where blobs of plasma continuously rising and sinking carry the Sun's energy to the photosphere
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Convective zone
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diurnal motion
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the apparent daily motion, caused by the earth's rotation, of celestial bodies across the sky.
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emission line
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An intensity peak in a spectrum that is due to sharply defined emission of electromagnetic radiation in a narrow range of wavelengths
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Electromagnetic radiation
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energy of a star sen into space travels at 186000 m/sec or 3x10 to the 8
can be split into different kinds of energy depending on wave length and frequency
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Gas giants like Saturn maintain strong magnetic fields because of the dynamo effect created by what material?
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liquid metallic hydrogen
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sedimentary rock
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a rock formed by the accumulation of small mineral grains carried by wind, water, or ice to the spot where they were deposited
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Comet
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A small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the Sun, and gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the Sun.
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Length contraction
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the effect that you observe lengths to be shortened in reference frams moving relative to you
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Pluto
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Used to be a planet, however it is neither a rocky planet or a gas giant and has been labeled a dwarf planet instead
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What is earthshine?
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During the crescent phase, the dark part of the moon is faintly illuminated by light reflected from nearly-full Earth.
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light year
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unit of distance equal to the distance light travels in 1 year.
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plane of the ecliptic
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imaginary plane that connects Earth's orbit with the celestial sphere
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type II supernova
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a supernova explosion in which the degenerate core of an evolved massive star suddenly collapses and rebounds
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Mercury Exploration: Spacecraft and What did they find?
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Mariner 10- discovered magnetic feild
Messenger- doing fly-bys will orbit in 2011
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Rotation
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the spinning of Earth on its axis; one day
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Newton's First Law
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An object moves at constant velocity if there is no net force acting upon it
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tropic of cancer
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a line of latitude about 23 degrees North of the equator
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east , west
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Most stars appear to rise towards the _____ and set towards the ______
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Uranus and Neptune
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The temperatures are too cold for the chemicals and causes them to freeze
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Today, which of these theories best explains the Moon's origin?
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the giant impact theory
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What is gravitational redshift?
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Radiation coming from the vicinity of an object will be redshifted to a degree depending on the strength of the gravitational field
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New Millennium Program (NMP)
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goal is to develop advanced technology that will let NASA send smart spacecraft into the solar systerm
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Main sequence
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a diagonal area on an H-R diagram that includes more than 90 percent of all stars
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normal spiral galaxy
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A galaxy in which the spiral arms emerge from the nucleus
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8.0- 25.0 Mass
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At what main sequence mass is a star likely to leave behind a neutron star:
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How did the spacecraft "Viking" search for life on Mars?
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Looked for metabolism, respitation, and photosynthesis
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Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter
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-prevented from accumulating into a planet by gravitational tugs on them from Jupiter.
-made of rocky and metallic
materials
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Stellar Evolution: End states of stars
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White dwarf, Neutron stars, Black holes
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Which stars are the most massive? Least massive?
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O dwarfs-most massive
M dwarfs-least massive
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what is a lunar eclipse?
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the moon's orbit takes it into earth's shadow
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The Zeeman effect is used to
measure
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the magnetic field strength and
polarity on the Sun's surface, including
sunspots
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What is the temperature of the surface of Mars and why?
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Frozen, hardly any greenhouse effect
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Explain why tides occur
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the moon and sun act together or in an opposition to cause the tides we see
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what is the luminosity of a star
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the rate at which it radiates energy
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What does the Heliocentric model mean?
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The sun is in the center
The planets and moon revolve around in ellipses.
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• Why is it summer in the Northern Hemisphere when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere?
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The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and receives more direct sunlight
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Later this semester, on the date of the vernal equinox: (a) the sun will be above our horizon for 12 hours. (b) the sun will be on the ecliptic. (c) the sun will be on the celestial equator. (d) all of the above are correct.
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(d) all of the above are correct
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What is the explanation for limb darkening?
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near the edges of the sun one is looking at layers that are cooler than in the center of the solar disk
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What is a standard candle? How do the Tully-Fisher method and the type Ia supernovae
allow us to get distances to galaxies?
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an object for which we have some means of knowing its true luminosity, so that we can use its apparent brightness to determine its distance with the luminosity-distance formula.
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