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Waxing Gibbous
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hecto (h)
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10-2
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Healthy Star
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fusion reaction
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pulsar
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spinning neutron stars
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Saturn interior
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similar to jupiter
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geocentric cosmology
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earth is centter
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nebulosity
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nebulous or nebular matter.
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Penumbra
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lighter part of the shadow
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Oddities
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1. Venus' rotation (collision)
2. Earth's moon (impact theory?)
3. Uranus on its side (Collison)
4. Neptune's retrograde moon (capture)
5. Mercury's orbit (collison)
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rotation
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Earth's spinning on its axis
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Conjunction
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Sun between planet and Earth
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Galaxies
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gigantic collection of stars, star clusters, and nebula held together by gravity, contain trillions of stars
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mass
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The single most important determinant of the temperature, density, radius, luminosity, and pace of evolution of a protostar is its
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Trojans
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asteroids ahead of and behind Jupiter
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Europa
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Has potential for oceans with water
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Gamma rays
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Region of the electromagnetic spectrum, far beyond the visible spectrum, corresponding to radiation of very high frequency and very short wavelength.
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Center of Milky Way
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Intense infrared radiation
supermassive black hole
in the direction of Sagittarius A from earth
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how many moons does mars have?
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2
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Saturn
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gas planet(hydrogen & helium), rings made of ice and rock, 20 moons (titan is largest)
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orbit
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Curved path a satellite around Earth
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Sirius
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the Dog Star, the brightest-appearing star in the heavens, located in the constellation Canis Major
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compression
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leads to extreme heating of the Earth's interior
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nebula
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an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space
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telescope
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a device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer
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Ice Giant Composition
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Water, ammonia, methane. Probably covered in huge, salty oceans due to high pressure and large magnetic fields.
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Planet
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Any big round celestial body that orbits the sun
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H-R diagram
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Hertz sprung-Russell diagram, a graph that shows the relationship between magnitudes and temperature.
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Net Force No
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Elevator moving at constant speed
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Active optics
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a technique using computer controlled mirrors to sharpen images distorted by the atmosphere
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AU
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The mean distance between the earth and the sun.
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comets
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A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a "tail" of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun
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parallelism
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axis always points in same direction when orbiting
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Stars that are approx. within 16.5 light years from earth
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30
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Big Bang
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most accepted theory, universe once was condensed->large explosion
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supergiant
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stars that burn their fuel quicker than average stars
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Mercury's volume is only about _____ of Earth's.
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5.5%
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alpha
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used to designate the brightest star in a constellation
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Solar Flare
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an explosive release of energy that comes from the sun and that is associated with magnetic disturbances on the sun's surface
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Venus Rotation and revolution
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rotation-247 days revolution -225 days, rotates slowly backward or the wrong way
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Gravity
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a force of attraction between any two masses that causes accretion
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neutron star
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a very compact, dense stellar remnant composed almost entirely of neutrons.
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False
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A day on Uranus at the equator (sunrise to sunrise) is the same throughout the year.
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what is the nucleus of halleys comet
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very dark
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eclipse
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when an object in space comes between te sun and a third object,it casts a shadow on that object
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autumnal equinox
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first day of autumn (fall) -- september 23
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every point on earth will experience a total solar eclipse once every _____yrs
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400
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intertia
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The tendancy of a moving object to continue in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place.
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how much stronger is the gravitational pull of the sun on earth, at 1 au, than it is on saturn at 10 au?
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100 times
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astronomical unit (AU)
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The average distance (semimajor axis) of the Earth from the Sun, which is about 150 million km
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Aphelion
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The place in the Earth's orbit where Earth is farthest away from the sun.
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1 minute after Big bang
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temperature decreased lightest particles could not be createdthrough interactions, matter came to dominate anti-matter
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Neutron Stars
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are the remains of high-mass stars after a supernova
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astronomical unit
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The average distance between Earth and the sun, about 150 million kilometers
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Intrinsic brightness of a star; the apparent visual magnitude the star would have if it were 10 pc away
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Absolute magnitude
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synodic
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pertaining to a conjunction, or to two successive conjunctions of the same bodies.
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Main sequence
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the narrow band of stars going from upper left to lower right on a H-R diagram
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apparent magnitude
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the brightness of a star when viewed from Earth
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winter
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when it is summer in the U.S. south america has
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roche limit
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distance from a planet inside of which gravitational tidal forces tend to disrupt satellites
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Refraction
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The bending of light as it passes from one material to another; A way to gather and focus light
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infrared light
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used to penetrate dust to see galaxy's center
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homogenous and isotropic
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this means universe not infinite and unchanging
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order of electromanetic radiation
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radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultra violet, X-ray, gamma
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The Kuiper Belt is located
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slightly outside Neptune's orbit,
near Pluto's orbit
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new moon
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appears as no moon, moon is blocking sun
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frequency
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the number of peaks or troughs of a wave that pass a fixed point each second. also, the number of complete vibrations or oscillations per second.
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geocentric
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having the earth as the center of the system of planets
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radiation zone
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the region inside a star where energy is carried outward as photons
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Latitude
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(N-S)The # of degrees of arc you are either N or S of Equator (0-90_
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Celstial north and south poles
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Poinbt celstial sphere rotates each day
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How have we discovered planets that orbit other stars? What are they like?
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•Extrasolar Planets or exoplanets.
•Very small and dim compared to stars. Both the planet and star move in elliptical orbits around a point called the center of mass.
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large parallax
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A near-by star is more likely to have ___.
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absolute magnitude
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a measure of the amount of light that a star actually emits
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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The range of all the waves that can travel through matter as well as empty space.
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Red Giants
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A star that has a surface temp of about 3000*F and has a diameter from 10 to 100 times bigger than the sun
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white dwarf
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The blue-white hot core of a star that is left behind after its outer layers have expanded and drifted out into space
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The phases of the moon are causes by
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the moon's reolution.
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Thomas Wright (1750)
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Proposed the Milky Way was due to a thin band of stars (like a shell).
o Thought Universe was spherical.
o God at the center of the Universe.
o Speculated that others stars were like the Sun with planetary systems.
o God directed orbits, center of universe.
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A x f = c
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Wavelength x frequency = speed of light
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circumpolar stars
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stars that are up all night and do not rise or set
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celestial poles & equator
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earths poles and equator extend to the sphere
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Van Allen Radiation Belts
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The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, which is held in place by Earth's magnetic field.
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There are no auroras on Venus because it
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lacks a strong magnetic field.
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what is a solar wind
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it pushes a tail away from the sun
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You note that a particular star is directly overhead. It will be directly overhead again in
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C. 23 hours 56 minutes
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You note that a particular star is directly overhead. It will be directly overhead again in
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A. 1 hour
B. 12 hours
C. 23 hours 56 minutes
D. 24 hours 4 minutes
E. 1 year
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What is a standard candle?
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An object for which we are likely to know the true luminosity
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Astronomers collect data on the state of the universe at different ages by
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Looking at objects that are different distances from the Milky Way Galaxy.
Light takes different times to travel different distances.
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What do the inner planets have in common?
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They all of solid, rocky surfaces
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Life History of a High-Mass Star
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-Same phases as for low mass star up to formation of inert
carbon core, but all these phases happen much faster
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what is kepler's second law?
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a line from the planet to the sun will sweep out equal are in equal time.
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A G2V star shines with magnitude m=4.8. How far is it?
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10 pc. The properties of ANY G2V star are (almost) the same as the sun's. So its absolute magnitude must also be M = 4.8, as the sun. m=M only at 10pc.
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Why does it need to be dark for a planet to form?
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-Keep light out so it won't heat
-Dust grains absorb photons of light
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