| Terms |
Definitions |
|
triple-alpha process
|
...
|
|
mercury
|
jumbled terrain
|
|
nova
|
can occur repeatedly
|
|
black dwarf
|
no fusion
|
|
JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)
|
Planetary Laws
|
|
Is pluto a planet?
|
no.
|
|
rotation of mars
|
almost 24 hours
|
|
refered to as dirty snowball
|
comets
|
|
luminosity
|
total energy radiated by sun
|
|
Aparent brightness
|
how bright somthing looks
|
|
Length of Sunspot Cycle
|
10-11 years
|
|
arc minutes
|
more precise astronomical measurement, further divide them by arc seconds
|
|
Bright nebulae
|
Emission nebulae- self luminous,gasses glow due to high energy levels present
Reflection nebulae- shine from light generated by nearby stars. occur when nearby stars are cooler than spectral type B- spectral types- A,F,G,K,M
absorption nebulae- physically the same as bright nebulae, seen due to the absence of light, possibly luminous from the other side
|
|
heliocentric
|
model of universe, sun at center
|
|
ellipse
|
has two centerpoints called foci, longest dimention is the major axis
|
|
photons
|
energy released by fusion moves outward through the Sun's radiation zone primarily by way of randomly bounding ___
|
|
Meterorites
|
remains of meteoroids found on earth
|
|
H-R diagram
|
Hertzsprung-Russel diagram a graph that shows the relationship between the stars surface temp. and absolute magnitude
|
|
Ceres
|
fomer asteroid now a dwarf planet
|
|
photons
|
duality particle or wave: an individual particle of light, characterized by a wavelength and a frequency.
|
|
Geocentric
|
earth centered model of the universe, all planets and sun orbit the motionless earth
|
|
Prominences
|
reddish loops of gas that link different parts of sunspot regions together
|
|
Force
|
Any influence that can change the speed or direction of motion of an object
|
|
VLA
|
Very large array of connected radio telescopes (looks like a huge row of huge satellite dishes.
|
|
Kepler's 3rd Law is called..
|
The Harmonic Law
|
|
Who is most associated with the ancient Greek worldview?
|
Aristotle
|
|
chromosphere
|
a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun
|
|
emission nebula
|
glows due to hot stars within
|
|
revolution
|
The movement of an object around another object.
|
|
spherical mass of hot gas that produces energy
|
star
|
|
Anaxagoras
|
first to develop correct model of eclispes based on 478BC eclipse
|
|
protoplanet
|
clumps of crap that are forced together by gravity and they form planets
|
|
Eratosthenes
|
-accurately determined the size of the Earth
|
|
Uranus
|
Spins on a nearly horizontal axis (sideways)
|
|
Earths solar activity
|
Local Space Enivironment - Magnetosphere = Magnetic field + Solar wind
|
|
Geocentric model
|
Earth is center of solar system
|
|
hypothesis
|
a proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide investigation
|
|
proton-proton chain
|
fuse reaction by which stars convert hydrogen to helium
|
|
solar system
|
sun, planets, and all the other objects that revolve around the sun
|
|
axis
|
an imaginary line that goes through a body from pole to pole
|
|
Super Nova
|
Brilliant burst of light that follows the collapse of the iron core and explosion of a massive star
|
|
telescopes:reflecting uses
|
curved mirrors to focus light (Mirrors can be supported, made very large)
|
|
oblate
|
a departure from spherical shape of a body in which the body's polar diameter is smaller than its equatorial diameter
|
|
rotation
|
the spinning of an object on its axis
|
|
Tethus Region
|
Scores of small volcanic domes, all less than 15 km across cover this region
|
|
lunar eclipse
|
moon moves within shadow of earth; only occurs during full moon phase, to occur the moon must be on the plane of the ecliptic
|
|
Red
|
_____ (color) had the least energy & lowest frequency
|
|
Spiral Galaxies
|
Contains a flattened galactic disk in which spiral arms are found, a central galactic bulge with a dense nucleus, and an extended halo of faint, old stars
-Sites of on-going star formation
-Bulge gets smaller and the spiral arms tend to become less tightly wound
|
|
Jovian
|
of or pertaining to or befitting the Roman deity Jupiter
|
|
Bright Line Spectrum
|
A series of individual boldly-colored lines, produced by the specific gases of a star
|
|
Saturn
|
a giant planet which is surrounded by three planar concentric rings of ice particles
|
|
how are exoplanets detected
|
1. radial velocity measurements
2. transits
3. infrared imaging
|
|
meteorite
|
stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface
|
|
A transparent globe around the Earth where the Sun, Moon, and stars appear.
|
Celestial Sphere
|
|
Betelgeuse
|
a bright red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
|
|
Neap Tide
|
a tide in which the different between high and low tides is the least; occur twice a month when the sun and moon are at right angles to the Earth
|
|
Light year
|
the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1 year
|
|
Moon Phase
|
change in appearance of the Moon as viewed from the Earth, due to the relative positions of the Moon, Earth, and Sun
|
|
prominence
|
A loop of gas that protrudes from the sun's surface, linking parts of sunspot regions
|
|
dark energy
|
a form of energy detected by its effect on the expansion of the universe also known as the cosmological constant, it causes the expansion to speed up, the nature and properties of dark energy are unknown
|
|
solar eclipse
|
an eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the moon
|
|
Galaxy NGC 6420?
|
Binary Black Hole
Optical and Xray images of a pair of supermassive black holes in Galaxy NGC 6420.
|
|
Equinox
|
a day with equal hours of day and night (March 21) (September 21)
|
|
vogt-russell theorem
|
the concept that the original mass and chemical composition of an isolated star completely determine the course of its evolution
|
|
Andromeda galaxy
|
the most distant object that the human eye can see, ii is about 3 million light-years away from earth
|
|
What is the period of rotation of mercury
|
59 days
|
|
Tropic of Cancer
|
Sun directly overhead on June 21. Summer solstice.
|
|
the energy that creates solar flares is from
|
suns magnetic field
|
|
obliquity of the ecliptic
|
tilt of 23.5° from the celestial equator of the ecliptic, changes slowly over time
|
|
Electromagnetic Radiation
|
optical light is just one part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Most of what we know about astronomy is from observing the radiation,
ranging from
-rays to radio waves, from stars and other astronomical objects.
|
|
seeing disk
|
The size that a star appears to have on a photographic or charge-coupled-device image as a result of the changing refraction of the starlight passing through the Earth's atmosphere.
|
|
autumnal equinox
|
The day of the year that marks the beginning of fall in the Northern hemisphere
|
|
disk (of a galaxy)
|
a flattened assemblage of stars, gas, and dust in a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way
|
|
Distance and Redshift
|
If a redshift (Z) is 0 the distance(Mpc) is 0. If Z= 1; Mpc=3000.
If Z= 2; Mpc=5,100. If Z=3; Mpc=6,000. If Z=4, Mpc=7,000.
If z= 6; mpc=8,000.
|
|
Black hole
|
a star that is so dense that nothing, not even light, can escape it
|
|
What is the escape velocity of an object?
|
V(escape)= sqrt(mass/radius)= sqrt(density)
|
|
What is a Mead Crater?
|
It is a crater named after anthropologist Margaret Mead, it is Venus' largest impact crater.
|
|
they are joined by magnetic/coronal loops that shape, mold and constrain the hot material above the sunspots, because sunspots tend to travel in pairs of different magnetic polarity
|
sunspots are joined/connected by what? and why?
|
|
Briefly explain two reasons (one having to do with wind patterns and one having to do with ice clouds) why the ozone depletion largely occurs over the Antarctic each year rather than uniformly in the rest of the Earth's atmosphere.
|
During the long winter in Antarctica
1. there is a circling whirlpool of stratospheric winds isolate the air and other reactions occur
2.The polar vortex isolates gets so cold, that is isolate air forming a cloud. this destroys ozone molecules, b/c of temp difference
|
|
How long is the Moon's revolution and rotation?
|
27 and 1/3 days
|
|
What is the part above the main sequence?
|
red giants and bigger
|
|
heavier particles move faster than light ones. reason: magnetic waves increase movement around the open magnetic fields in coronal holes.
|
What SoHO found about particles in polar coronal holes
|
|
Newton's second law
|
the net force of an object is equal to the product of it's acceleration and mass F=MA
|
|
In the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram, a star less luminous and hotter than the Sun would be found
|
below and to the left of the Sun
|
|
What are Cepheid variable stars? How did Edwin Hubble use them to conclude that
galaxies were distant objects beyond the Milky Way?
|
stars whose brightness varies on a regular pattern. used to measure distance to measure how far away a galaxy is
|
|
How are high-mass stars dying days different than low-mass stars?
|
1) process is faster
2) high mass stars able to create more elements
3)high mass stars make multiple layers of shell burning
4)collapses into self -supernova
|
|
How many stars in our solar system? What is its name?
|
1 star in our system ; Sun
|
|
where are most telescopes used for scientific study located?
|
far from city lights and at high elevations
|
|
Why did early astronomers think that Mercury was two separate planets?
|
because it is never far from the earth and only visible in dim light, thought to be the morning star and evening star.
|
|
when we look into the past (very far away) what do we see?
|
blue galaxies the building blocks of modern day galaxies.
|
|
Star A has a diameter 3 times bigger than star B. If their surface temperatures are the same, then
|
L_A = 9 L_B
The luminosity of a star can be written using Stefan-Boltzmann's law as L = 4 pi R^2 sigma T^4. So if they have the same temperature, but the radii are different, then the luminosity will vary according to the surface area of the stars. The area of A is 9 times the area of B.
|
