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#18
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Denobla
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visible
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see it
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What is Titan?
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moon
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umbral shadow
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dark shadow
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Who invented the telescope?
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Galileo
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atoms moving fast
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hot gas
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terrestrial radiation
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heats the troposphere
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Wavelength
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distance from crest to crest
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hubble constant (H0) =
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70 km/s/MPC
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Equant
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the center of the deferent
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What constellation is Betelgeuse in?
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Orion
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Photometry
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measuring of the strength(magnitude) of light. Done w/ photographic plates as detectors or CCDs (charged couple deviced)
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2160 miles
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size of moon in diameter
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Earth's atmosphere is transparent to all wavelengths of EM radiation. T or F
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False
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chromosphere and corona
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Sun's atmosphere consists of
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outermost layer, hotter than the surface due to high speed atoms and ions, can only be seen during total eclipse
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corona
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Axis
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The center around which something rotates
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Luminosity
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energy given off in 1 second.
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Earth
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Which planet has plenty of oxygen?
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pressure
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decreases with altitude. force per unit area
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stars are formed in
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dense mlecular clouds
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x-rays
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higher frequency than uv rays but lower than gamma rays; used in medicine, industry, and to take picture of the inside of solid objects
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The Core
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The place where temperatures and pressure are so high in hte core where fusion reactions can occur. Hydrogen atoms are becoming helium atoms. Temperatures are thought to be 13,600,000 degrees kelvin.
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Latitude
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a measurement of distance from the equator expressed in degrees north or south
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eris
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Elephants; furthest from the sun; a dwarf planet beyond Pluto; last in line from our Sun
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corona
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the outer layer of the sun's atmosphere
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Jupiter
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Largest planet, rings made of dust, big red spot(hurricane going on for over 300 years), fastest rotating (9.9hr day), orbits slow, 1/10 size of sun, 142,800km
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solar thermostat
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notion that solar energy production remains steady because the rate of nuclear fusion is very sensitive to temperature; a change in the fusion rate would alter the Sun's gravitational equilibrium in a way that would quickly restore the original temperature and fusion rate
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antiseptic
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chemical applied to skin to kill pathogens but not cells
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copernicus
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earth rotates(air moves with it) and it is just another planet moving around sun, only moon move about earth, there are still small epicycles
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radio telescope
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astronomical telescope that picks up electromagnetic radiations in the radio-frequency range from extra-terrestrial sources
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frequency
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the number of repetitions per unit time
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irregular galaxies
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galaxies that have an irregular shape
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Comet halley has
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a highly inclined retrograde orbit
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Asteroid
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Small celestial body composed of rock and metal that moves around the Sun
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Ejecta Blanket
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Material thrown out by the explosion
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Atmospheric windows
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only visible light, some shorter wave lengths infrared and some radio waves reach earths surace through two wavelengths
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Radiation Zone
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region of tightly packed gas where energy is transferred in form of electromagnet radiation
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Johannes Kepler
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Found that planets orbit in ellipses, not circles.
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inertia
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the tendency of a moving object to continue in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place
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An eclipse of the moon appears only when the moon is in the _______ phase
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full
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Jocelyn Bell
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Discovered Pulsars , Found pulsars by using the radio telescope
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Scarps
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Huge cliffs thought to have formed as the planet cooled and contracted = Mercury
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Altitude
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right at horizon alt = 0 degrees
at zenith alt =90 degrees
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Polaris
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star that can help find your latitude in the northern hemisphere
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edwin hubble
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who discovered that the universe was expanding?
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The wavelength of light is what we perceive as:
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color
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Voyager 2
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space probe that flew past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; will explore beyond the solar system as part of the Voyager Interstellar Mission; will transmit data to earth for at least 20 more years
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supercluster
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a gigantic region of space where many individual galaxies and many groups and clusters of galaxies are packed mroe closely together than elsewhere in the universe.
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How large is the Universe
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10 billion light years
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tide
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the periodic rise and fall of the level of water in the ocean
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prominences
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red loops of gas that connect sunspot regions
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Mercury rotates ______ times as it goes around the sun once on its _____ orbit.
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1.5 elliptical
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The direction of Earth's axis is changing in a slow conical motion that takes how many years?
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26,000 years
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hydrostatic equilibrium
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a balance between the weight of a layer in a star and the pressure that supports it
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dark energy
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A mysterious force that appears to be causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate
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ionization
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the process by which an atom loses or gains electrons
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Mars's cloud decks are composed of ________ within CO2, and ______.
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water vapor, dust
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Earth's Atmosphere
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oxygen and nitrogen, the whole of the "spheres"
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Star System
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a star and any planet and other materials that orbit it
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red shift
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the change in the wavelength of light due to an object moving away from the observer.
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What is the name for meteor found in space?
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meteoroid
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lunar eclipse
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the blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and the moon
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Elongation
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The angle between the Sun and a planet as viewed from the Earth
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red giant
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a large reddish star late in its life
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Was Sirius B (White Dwarf) ever a Main Sequence star?
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yes
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The summer solstice has how many more hours of daylight than the winter solstice?
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6 hours
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azimuth
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the azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian
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True or false
A stars temp can be roughly estimated from its color
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True
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big bang theory
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a theory that deduces a cataclysmic birth of the universe from the observed expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, abundance of the elements, and the laws of physics
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Total Solar Eclipse
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New moon only. Moon totally blocks all harmful solar light and radiation at totality.
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Main sequence
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Of or dealing with a major group of stars forming a band stretching from upper left to lower right on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram when being plotted by luminosity and surface temperature
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heliocentric
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Means the Sun is in the center of the Solar System.
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Why is convection important?
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becuase it can mix the material between inner and outer parts of a star.
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How do you calculate the distance of a star?
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using parallax
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What are the dwarf planets?
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Ceres (astroid belt), Pluto and Eris (Kuiper belt)
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Stellar gravitational field
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The same mass star can exert a greater gravitational pull if it is more tightly compressed.
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the doppler effect
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The change in pitch of a sound wave caused by the motion of the object
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The earth rotates
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west to east, 15 degrees per hour, in 24 hours or one day.
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Hydrogen and helium are light gases, and they soon escaped into space.
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Why did Earth's earliest atmosphere, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, not last long?
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What is the umbra?
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The umbra is the very darkest part of the moons shadow, people only see a total eclipse when they are in the umbra.
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How does a 12-month lunar calendar differ from our 12-month solar calendar?
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It has about 11 fewer days.
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name the colors of the spectrum in order
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red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
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Name 3 constellations that are visible at night in the fall for us.
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Pegasus, Aquarius, and Pisces all rise early and set late in the fall at our latitude.
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What determines whether a red supergiant becomes a supernova, neutron star, or black hole?
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This depends on how much mass there is left. If there is between 1.4-3 solar masses left in the core after the supernova has happened, you will have a neutron star where it is held up against gravity by degenerate neutrons. If you have more than 3 solar masses, then the degenerate neutrons cannot support it, and gravity wins out, forcing it to collapse down and become a black hole.
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how long is a year on mars?
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687 days. orbits the sun slower than earth
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Sirius the brightest star (currently visible evenings in the SSW) in the constellation of the 'Big Dog' (alpha Canis Majoris) has a parallax of 0.379 arc sec. What is the distance to Sirius in light years
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8.6 LY
d(pc) = 1/0.379 = 2.64 pc = 2.64 * 3.26 LY = 8.6 LY
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In the Pauli Exclusion principle, what happens when the electrons fill all the lowest energy states?
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Non can lose any energy and they are at zero temperature.
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Mercury is very hard to observe from Earth because
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it is never more than 28° from the Sun.
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M
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Mass
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Celestial Equator
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...
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escape velocity =
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(2GM/r)^1/2
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zenith
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the highest point
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spectral class by temperature
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O-B-A-F-G-K-M
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Ganymede
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Rock/ice. Grooved terrain-cracked, slushed material welled up from liquid interior
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Mars's moons
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Phobos and Demios
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space
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unlimited expanse that encompasses everything in the universe; cold, empty, with other celestial bodies
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photon
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A particle of electromagnetic radiation that has zero rest mass and carries a quantum of energy
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meteoroid
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Solid interplanetary object passing through Earth's atmosphere
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Optical telescopes
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Hubble telescope
UV light
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doppler effect
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the shift in frequency
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Zodiac
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the central circular section of celestial sphere that contains 12 prominent constellations
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woofer
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a loudspeaker that reproduces lower audio frequency sounds
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_______ galaxies are less common now
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spiral
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Solar Wind
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continuous stream of high-energy particles released into space in all direction from the sun's corona
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ultraviolet
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Which is the shorter wavelength: Ultraviolet or Infrared?
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Constellations KELLY KINGTON
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imaginary patterns of stars
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Pluto
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smallest planet and usually considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun; has a thin atmosphere and a solid, icy-rock surface
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extrasolar
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outside, or originating outside, the sun or the solar system.
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temperature
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extreme temperatures, very hot or very cold
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long period comets come from _
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oort cloud
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Angular Size
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The Arc angle across an object.
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Comet tails
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-Always point away from the sun.
-Charged protons from solar wind repel protons int he comets gas, giving it a tail going away from the sun. Positive ion in the comet is due to sublimation of the comet as it nears the sun
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retrograde motion
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when a planet's eastward motion relative to the stars stops, and the planet appears to move westward in the sky for a month or two before reversing direction again and continuing its eastward motion
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Triangulation
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Thales (600 BC)
a way of determining distance
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Time zones
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Invented for convenience in commerce, transportation, and communication where all clocks and watches are set to the mean solar time for a meridian of longitude that runs approx through the center of the zone.
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Wien's Law
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Relates surface temperature to the wavelength where most of the energy is given off; it can relate the color of a star to the temperature of the photosphere
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3.5 billion years ago
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life appeared on earth
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true
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TF the Drake Equation seeks to estimate the number of technological civilizations in the galaxy
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Sun
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very large star that Earth orbits around, produces heat & light
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Who was considered a pure theorist?
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Johannes Kepler
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plasma
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a gs consisting of ions and electrons
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Meteorite
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stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface
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name the three types of galaxies
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spiral, pinwheel irregular
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light curves
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plot of apparent magnitude vs, time, can be done visually or photoelectrically, a series of observations
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Roche Limit
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The Roche limit is the minimal distance, with respect to the center of a planet, at which a satellite is able to orbit without being destroyed by tidal forces.
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to change the magnification you change _
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eye piece
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Solar Eclipse
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An eclipse during which the Moon blocks the Sun.
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law 1
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LAW OF ELLIPSES all satellites orbit the sun in ellipses
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universe
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all of space and everything in it (p103)
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chromosphere
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a gaseous layer of the sun's inner atmosphere
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planet
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a body orbiting a star, massive enough to form a roughly spherical shape but not massive enough for nuclear reactions ever to begin, and not part of a swarm of other objects (otherwise there is nothing dominant)
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gravitational force
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strength of this force decreases with distance according to an inverse-square law
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elliptical galaxies
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mostly older stars,look like round or flattened balls and have little gas and dust between the stars, so stars are no longer forming
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reflectivity
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the ability of a surface to reflect electromagnetic waves; ranges from 0% for a surface that reflects no light to 100% that reflects all the light falling on it
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evidence for the Copernican model
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-retrograde loops are explained
-kepler's laws of planetary motion work
-correct phases of the inner planets are observed
-observations of jupiter's (and other planets') moons-->earth not the unique center of revolution
-stellar parallax is observed
-aberration of starlight is observed (shift in star positions resulting from the finite speed of light)
-space probes get where they are supposed to go
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meteor
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a transient fiery streak in the sky produced by a meteoroid passing through the earth's atmosphere also called a shooting star or bolide
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Ellipse or Elliptical
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Planets and comets move in this shape.
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Nebular Theory
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the solar system was created by a rotating disk of dust an gases
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neutron star
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collapsed core of a supernova that can shrink to about 20 km in diameter and contains only neutrons in the dense core
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H-R diagrams
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is a scatter graph of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their spectral types or classifications and effective temperatures.
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New
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The new "Earth" phase, as seen by an observer on the near side of the Moon, occurs simultaneously with the ___ phase of the Moon as observed from Earth.
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Full Moon
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the time when the moon is fully illuminated
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The event in which the universe came into existence.
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Big Bang
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kuiper belt
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more than 1000 small, dark, icy codies orbiting the outer edges of our solar system beyond neptune
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giant elliptical galaxies measure what
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distances of clusters of galaxies
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Semimajor Axis
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half of the longer axis of an eclipse
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galactic disk
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flattened region of gas and dust that bisects the galactic halo in a spiral galaxy, This is the region of active star formation.
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Neap Tide
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When the line between earth and the sun are at right angles to the line between the Earth and the moon, a neap tide is produced. This tide has the least difference between high and low tide.
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dark matter
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Unseen matter that may make up more than ninety percent of the universe. As the name implies, it does not interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation, so it cannot be seen directly, but can be detected by measuring its gravitational effects. It is believed that it was instrumental in forming galaxies in the Big Bang.
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centripetal force
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Applied to any object moving in a circle or curve. Centripetal force (F) on an object with mass (m) moving with a velocity (V) at distance (d) from the cetner fo the circle...
F = m x V^2 / d
Mass of an orbital center from the speed and distance of an object orbiting it...
M = d x V^2 / G
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Constellations
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a group of stars that forms a shape or pattern
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black hole
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final stage in the evolution of a very massive star, where the core's mass collapses to a point that it's gravity is so strong that not even light can escape
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sun, earth, moon
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How are the moon, sun, and Earth positioned during a total lunar eclipse?
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gas giant
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the name given to the first four outer planets; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (p70)
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Astronomers use a____ o_____ and i____ to eliminate much of the blurring caused by the a_____.
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adaptive optics, interferometry, atmosphere
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compass and cardinal directions
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1st letter-always start with north or south
2nd letter-east or west
never south and south
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The lines of latitude are drawn _____ to _____ and parallel to each other beginning at the Equator.
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east to west
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white dwarf
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the remaining hot core of a star after its outer layers have expanded and drifted out into space
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rotation
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the movement or path of the earth or a heavenly body turning on its axis
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How much matter do planets contain
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0.135%, with Jupiter containing 2x more than all of the other planets combined
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• When white light passes through a cool cloud of gas, we see
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an absorption line spectrum
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How can a star be cool but luminous?
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If it is huge!
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What is interstellar extinction
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The scattering of a star's blue light by the interstellar medium.
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geocentric model - epicylces - deferents
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earth centered universe - (NEED TO FINISH THIS ONE)
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Mars has interesting terrain because:
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the southern part is older than the northern part
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Around the time of the Vernal Equinox, you can see Fomalhaut...
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In the morning, before sunrise
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stage 3 of a stars life is
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hydrogen and dust heat upfrom banging against each other,it creates nuclear reactions. this is the begining of a star
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What are the black hole masses?
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The Masses of black holes in normal and active galaxies are correlated with the size of the galactic bulge in both kinds of galaxies.
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What are four characteristics of solar flares?
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1. Occur near active regions
2. Eject streams of ionized gas into the corona
3. can eject material directly into the solar wind
4. Can produce high energy particles and intense radiation
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what is a new moon
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when the part of the moon facing us is not lit at all
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Which of these observations of Galileo refuted the Ptolemaic model
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B. the complete cycle of Venus' phases
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Which of these observations of Galileo refuted the Ptolemaic model
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A. the craters on the Moon
B. the complete cycle of Venus' phases
C. the visibility of many stars with the telescope
D. the revolution of Jupiter's moons around it.
E. the rotation of sunspots across the solar surface
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where is the sun located in the galaxy
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halfway from the center but away from a spiral arm
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Where on the HR diagram are red giant stars found?
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In the right center portion of the chart
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