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eclipse seasons
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...
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mars.
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valles mariners
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Edwin Hubble
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Milky way
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Venus
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Lack of mountains
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I
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Luminosity Class - supergiant
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Ganymede
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dark regions, valleys, mountains, evidence of past tectonic activity and lots of vertical relief.
very deep ice mantle, about 1000 km thick.
thin oxygen atmosphere.
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valhalla
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large impact feature on callisto
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binaries
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What are paired stars called?
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3 times solar mass
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nuetron star
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circles
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Why was copernican's heliocentric model flawed because he assumed planets moved in _________
orbits
circles
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summer solstice
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longest day of the year.
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Asteroid
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large, irregular shaped rocks that orbit the sun, mostly found between Mars and Jupiter
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absorption
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(spectrum) cool gas--all colors with some missing
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Electrons are the "anti-particles" of quarks (T/F)
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False
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evaporation
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the breaking of flexible chemical bonds; changing liquid into a gas
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Hipparchus
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-determined locations of 850 "fixed stars"
-found length of year
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eccentric
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in astronomy an off-center circular path
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Sidereal Day
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23 Hours and 56 Minutes
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SHARED PLANET FACTS: Radiate more energy than they receive from sun
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JupiterSaturnNeptune
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Impact crater
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Meteorites that have sufficient mass to create a depression in Earth's crust
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Ceres
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Dwarf planet between Mars and Jupiter; fifth from our Sun. 1st dwarf planet. No atmosphere.
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Ecliptic
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apparent path of the sun, the projection of Earth's orbit on the sky, and the centerline of the zodiac
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Elliptical Orbit
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followed by planets, moons, artificial satellite
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miranda
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uranus- once broke and came back together
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Azimuth
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Which direction to look at stars (North, South, East, West)
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angle
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The opening between two straight lines that meet at a point.
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Kepler's laws
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planetary orbits are ellipses, planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. (speed fastest when closest to the sun), and squared period = cubed semimajor axis in AU
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meteorite
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A meteoroid that passes through the atmosphere and hits Earth's surface.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Decreasing energies from left to right:
Gamma-X-Rays-UV-Visible-IR-Microwaves-Radio
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microwave telescopes have discovered that interstellar hydrogen is in
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nearly all molecules
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Umbra
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a region of complete shadow resulting from total obstruction of light
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Main Sequence stars will become Red Giants when they run out of what fuel?
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Hydrogen
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nova
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sudden increase in star intensity by ten thousands of times
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Mercury
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has no atmosphere. goes under extreme temps
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According to Wien's law, the hotter the star, the redder its color
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False
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According to Wien's law, the hotter the star, the redder its color
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True/False
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focus
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a central point, as of attraction, attention, or activity:
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panspermia
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a theory that life did not originate on Earth but arrived in the form of bacterial spores or viruses from an extraterrestrial source
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D. Hubble's Law
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Quasars usually have their distances measured by what technique?
A. Type II supernovae
B. Cepheids
C. Parallax
D. Hubble's Law
E. Tully-Fisher relation
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refraction
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the bending of light rays when they pass from transparent medium to another
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Cool stars can be very luminous if they are very
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large
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Electromagnetic force
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Long range force, but only between charged objects...Mostly works on atomic scales...1039 times stronger than Gravity
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acceleration
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A change in the direction or magnitude of a velocity.
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Giants
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late stage in a star's life cycle, hydrogen used up, core contract, outer layer cools
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Perigee
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- angular diameter is 6% LARGER than normal
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angular momentum
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the rotational momentum of a spinning or orbiting object
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cosmological constant
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a constant in Einstein's equations of space and time that represents a force of repulsion
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solar wind
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a stream of protons moving radially from the sun
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production of pulses
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probably related to strong electric, magnetic fields at magnetic poles
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neap tides
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twice a month halfway between the spring tides are weaker than normal tides called
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jovian planets
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large, surfaces of planets are gas, low density,many moons
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Geostationary
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Take 24 hours to revolve around Earth and always above same point on Earth's surface - most communication satellites are in this orbit
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what planets have a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide and nitrogen
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terrestrial
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Pluto
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the dwarf planet is small and rocky and it has an unusual orbit; Charon, its moon, is about half as big as the planet itself
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arc-minute
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a sub-division of a degree (1/360th of a circle) into 60 equal finer divisions. Equal to 1/60th of a degree, or 1/21,600th of a complete circle. It is symbolized by a single accent or quote following the value, as in 31’ (thirty-one minutes). It is an angular measurement and not related to any unit of time.
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diurnal motion
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the apparent daily motion, caused by the earth's rotation, of celestial bodies across the sky.
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asteroid belt
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the region of the solar system between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where many asteroids are found
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brown dwarf
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small clouds of H that emit small amount of light
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radio telescope
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used to study radio waves in space. the waves pass freely through Earth's atmosphere
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white dwarf supernovae
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make great standard candles but are very rare events
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Chunk of metal or stone that has come through Earth's atmosphere and has landed on Earth; believed to have formed the Barring Crater
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Meteorites
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day and night
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the earth's rotation causes ______ and _______ to happen
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Simulation of Cosmic Microwave Background?
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Bright blobs denote denser regions.
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jovian
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giant, not very dense, and are made of gases
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protoplanetary body
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a clump of material, formed in the early stages of solar formation, which was the forerunner of the planets we see today
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What is the brightest comet known to men?
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Haleys comet.
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Resolution is improved by using
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larger telescopes & shorter wavelengths.
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radiative zone
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makes up 70 % of the Sun's radius
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Spacecraft:Mars Global Surveyor
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- Mars orbiter
- mapped planet
- investigated water flow / volcanic activity
- failed mission
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Nuclear Fusion
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The source of energy used by our Sun or a star. Our largest weapons do this too.
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era of recombination
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When the universe cooled to about 3000 K, the electrons and protons combined to form hydrogren atoms. After "recombination", photons were able to travel through the universe relatively unimpeded, and the universe became "transparent". Formation of hydrogen atoms, temperature low enough for them to form.
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Who came up with the Three Laws of Planetary Motion?
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J. Kepler
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Universal law of gravitation
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every mass attracts every other mass, attracts it DIRECTLY porportional to the PRODUCT of their masses, attraction is INVERSELY porportional to the SQUARE of the distance between their centers. , F = G ((m1m2)/d^2)
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Artistarchus
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was the first to think the sun was the center of the universe
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what apollo was the first one to make it to the moon
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Apollo 11
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The difference between speed and velocity is
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velocity also includes a direction
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How is the light from stars used in measuring their properties (relative motion, position, temperature, composition)?
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Motion=Doppler shiftingTemperature=Number of photons in a certain color.Composition=Using the Emissions spectrum, Full spectrum, Absorption Spectrum.
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Newton's Law of Gravity
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Law that states: the force of gravity = G × (mass #1) × (mass #2) / (distance between them)2 and this force is directed toward each object, so it is always attractive
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How are Planetary Nebula different than the other nebulae types?
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planetary nebulae are associated with a single star and planetary nebulae are physically smaller than the others
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describe the equinox
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the earth's axis is not pointed at the sun, the length of day and night are equal for both hemispheres, at the Tropics the sun is 23.5 from a point overhead
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Solar Nebula
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A large cloud of gas and dust such asa the one that formed our solar system
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Because of their higher frequencies, X-rays travel through space faster than radio waves.
A. True
B. False
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B Both travel the same speed
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by dynamo action at the tacholine interface between the deep interior, that rotates at one speed, and the overlying gas that spins faster in the equatorial middle
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sun's magnetism is generated by what?
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What is the probable source of the variations in Jupiter's belts and zones?
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differential rotation and underlying zonal flow
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Which of the following astronomical objects emit radiation mostly at non-visible wavelengths?
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Dust clouds in space. Hot gas surrounding black holes. Cold interstellar gas clouds.
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the spectra of most galaxies show redshifts . this means that their spectral lines
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have wavelengths that are longer than normal
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Scenario of High mass star ending
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Star <3m - black hole. Originates as the core collapses just prior to the star going supernova. Called a type 2 supernova. Catastrophic collapse continues. Does not allow matter or even light to escape a certain point. Event horizon size is the Schwarzchild radius. Escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. Crasheds to a final infinitely dense and small point called a singularity.
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What is our current best explanation of Venus's slow, retrograde rotation?
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its north pole is below the equator best explaination is that it was struck by a large body
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the third stage of a cycle, a half of the moon is shown
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What is a waxing half
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How do we determine the radius of a star?
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Stefan Boltzmann's law: the hotter the object, the brighter; the energy emitted by object per unit area times unit area (if you know luminosity and temperature you can get radius
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If Earth had no Moon, then tides would
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C. still occur due to the Sun's influence but be weaker
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If Earth had no Moon, then tides would
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A. not occur
B. occur more often and with more intensity
C. still occur due to the Sun's influence but be weaker
D. occur with the same frequency and lower strength
E. occur at random times
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How does the size and orbit of the moon compare to the size of the Earth.
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If the Earth were a basketball it 1ft wide the moon would be 3 in.
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