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Definitions |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Smooth ER
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no ribosomes
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Cytoplasm,
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules associated disease.
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome
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Mitochondrian
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POWERHOUSE/Energy Plant
Site of cellular respiration
Has it's OWN DNA
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Nucleus
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control centre-directs cell activities
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Lysosomes - Structure
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membrane-bound organelles
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transformation:
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DNA enters cell from environment
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motor proteins
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initiate movement
example: myosin causes muscles to contract
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lysosomes
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lysol
contains digestive enzymes to break down harmful substances
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What does the nucleus do?
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eukaryotic
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cell with nucleus and organelles
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Cytoplasm,
SER:
-Structure
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-Sacs,vesicles and tubules continuous with RER, without ribosomes.
-Enzymes involved in biosynthesis of Phospholip,sterols and TG.
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chromatin
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chromosomes in an uncondensed state (the DNA and its associated proteins are not actively synthesizing RNA)
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vacuole
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generally found in plant cells-hold waste, water, and stores food, provides support for the cell
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GAPs-
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GTPase activating proteins - promotes GTP hydrolysis by G-proteins thereby inactivating them.
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haploid
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has one set of chromosomes (1n)
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Nucleosome Structure Hinders Expression - Dealt with by
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Histone modificationChromatin remodellingHistone removalNucleosome replacement
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Genes
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Sections of DNA that contain "recipies" for building protein molecules.
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cytoplasm
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a jelly-like substance composed mainly of water, occupying most of the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus
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Mitochondria
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organelle that carries out celluar respiration, producing ATP molecules
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nucleus
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(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
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Cytoplasm,
Ribosomes:
structure
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-rRNA and proteins
-2 units: Large (60S) and small (40S)
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hypotonic
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when comparing two solutions, the one with a lower concentration of solute
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Ribosomes
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Made of ribosomal RNA and proteinCarry out protein synthesisThere are two types:FreeFloat in the Cytosol, used inside the CytosolBoundAttached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelopeProteins made areInserted into membranesPackaged within organellesExported from the cell
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Ribosome
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cluster of proteins and nucleic acids that constructs proteins in a cell
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Carbohydrates
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Also referred to as glycans. They include simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks. They function as stores of chemical energies and as building materials for further biological construction.
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Flagella
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Longer projections that move with a whip-like motion.
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Carrier protein
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A protein that transports substances across the cell membrane.
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facilitated diffusion
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cell membrane helps diffusion across membrane.
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cell
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The building block of all living things.
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central vacuole
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In plants. Store water and minerals.
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spallanzini
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boiled broth to try to disprove spontaneous generation
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plastid
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group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches lipids or pigments
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Chromatin:nonhistone proteins structure and function?
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-Acidic or neutral proteins.
-Enzymes involved in nuclear functions: replication and transcription,DNA repair and regulation of chromatin function
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ion
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an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons, as a cation
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actin filaments
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(1) bind to plasma membrane proteins, adding further support to extracellular matrix, (2) located underneath the lipid bilayer
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chloroplast
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makes fuelfrom sun h20 and c20 (carbon dioxide)
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Telomeres
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@ each end of the chromosome to protect the chromosome from shortening (contains repetitive DNA)
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lipid rafts are...
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freefloating areas of elevated levels of cholesterol, protein, and sphingolipids. Organizing centers.
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passive transport
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movement through cell that uses no energy
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Schleiden and Schwann
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men who created the cell theory
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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They assemble proteins.
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fluid mosaic model
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structual model of the plasma membrane where molecules are fee to move sideways within a lipid bilayer
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Chromatin:DNA structure and function?
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-Double stranded helical molecule
-3 conformations: B,Z and A
-Carries genetic info of cell
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homeostasis
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the tendency of a system, esp. the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus tending to disturb its normal condition or function.
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n epifluorescence microscopy, the excitation wavelength is always (longer/shorter) and (more/less) energetic than the emission wavelength?
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n epifluorescence microscopy, the excitation wavelength is always (shorter) and more (energetic) than the emission wavelength
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Cilia(Cilium)
(4 things, 1 example)
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-Shorter and more numerous than flagella
-Contain bundles of microtubles
-Back and forth motion
-Can also extend our from stationary cells
EXAMPLE:Cells lining your windpipe have cilia that sweep mucas with trapped debris out of your lungs. This sweeping action helps keep you respiratory system clean and allows air to flow through it.
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µm
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10^-6 meters. Red blood cells are 8 of these.
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Formation of atmospheric Ozone (O3)
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-O3 absorbs incoming UV radiation -solar radiation: -O2 -> 2 O -O + O2 -> O3
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What are the filters in the lymphatic system?
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LYMPH NODES
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Definition of living things
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complex and have an organised structure
take in and use energy from their surroundings
have a chemically different composition to their environment
respond to stimuli
can reproduce
grow and develop
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microtubule
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A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
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What are cell sizes measured in? Formula?
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microns (u) (1*10^-6m)
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cellular respiration of eukaryotes occurs
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across the mitochondrial membrane and inside the mitochondria
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At what step can gene expression be regulated?
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transcriptionRNA processingRNA transportmRNA degredationtranslationprotein activity
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CELL PLATE
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the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides the cell into two
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The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Leads to fewer Na+ in the cell
This concentration gradient is exploited in many ways, including
1. The conduction of signals along nerve cells
2. The transport of material into the cell against their concentration gradient: Coupled channels
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what do IREs do?
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help control the life of mRNA molecules dependent upon iron concentration in the cell
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What are three paths that transmembrane proteins could take from the late endosome?
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1. Progression to lysosome. 2. Transport to plasma membrane. 3. Transport to other organelle membrane.
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how does ion exchange chromatography work?
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cells are separated based on charge
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Gel Mobility Shift Assays
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Protein bound to DNA will reduce its ability to move through a gelSynthesize short, labeled fragments of DNAmix with protein sample and run on polyacrylamide gelOften combined with chromatographySeries of bands; each for a different DNA:protein complexCan purify proteins from bands
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What is simple diffusion?
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It is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients
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Ribosomes - Structure
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a. small and roundb. made of proteins and nucleic acidsc. float freely (for proteins that stay in the cell or are attached to the ER (for secreted proteins)
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Name the 3 types of cell protrusions:
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1. Filopodia: small protrusions that contain tightly bundled, parallel actin filaments.2. Lamellopoeida: wide, flat sheet that contains branched actin networks.3. Pseudopodia: stubby 3 dimensional feet with gels of actin.The common difference is in the type of actin polymerization that occurs.
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mobile genetic elements, also called transposons:A. can locate and repair damaged genesB. provide a source of genetic variationC. are usually lethal to the hostD. were originally synthesized by recombinant DNA technology
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B. provide a source of genetic variation
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Where is their genetic material then?
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It consists of a singular circular molecule of DNA concentrated in an area of the cell called the nucleoid region
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in order for the resting potential of a neuron to be restored, what must happen?
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transport proteins must remove sodium ions from the cell and import potassium ions into the cell
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How are amino acids bound in a protein?
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They are covalently attached by peptide bonds between neighboring amino and carboxyl groups.
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Cells are the smallest individual units of life because...
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They are the smallest entity that can fulfill all of the requirements of living things (respond to stimuli, grow and develop, reproduce, chemically different composition to their environment, take in and use energy from surroundings, are complex and have an organised structure.)
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What functions to sever actin filaments?
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Cofilin: It binds to the side of the filament and causes a twist. This twist destabilizes its interactions between subunits. It preferentially binds to ADP bound subunits.Gelsolin: Binds to the middle and cuts filaments. It then stays associated with the + end of that piece. It makes things more "soluble".
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What do plants have that animal cells don’t?
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They have a cell wall and chloroplasts
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What happens to ribosomes when this occurs?
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They go to the bottom of the test tube
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