| Terms |
Definitions |
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dent-
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tooth
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Al
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Aluminum
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free energy
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tetrad
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contains 4 chromatids
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trichinella spiralis
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roundworm, trichinosis
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Lysosome
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digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
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functions of
Polysaccharides
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Play important roles in
cell walls and as storage molecules
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Subgroup of Alveolata
-animal parasites
-infectious stage is a cell called a sporozoite
-possess a plastid calles apicoplast
ex. Plasmodium (Malaria)
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Apicomplexans
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Enzyme that Fixes carbon
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Rubisco; RuBP
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sporophyte
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multicellular plant (2N) produces spores by meiosis
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Spirochetes
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Are helical heterotrophs spiral through their environment by means of rotating an internal flagellum like fliments
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phagocytosis is eating pinocytosis is
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drinking
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Notable Fungi
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Mold, Yeast, LIchen, Mycorrhizae
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valence shell
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an atom's outermost electron shell
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Enzyme
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macromolecule that acts as a catalyst
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___ is the non-dividing functional state at the end of G1 when the cell cycle pauses and the cell can carry out its specialized function
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G0
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Tagmatization
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-taken segments clumped together & fused back-partial loss of segmentation
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autoploidy
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self, multiple chromosome sets derived from a single species, occurs by genome doubling or fusion of gametes. cannot interbreed with parents
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fat
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too much glucose ends up as
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redox reaction is?
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electron transfers during RXN
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Plasma Membrane is-
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Selected permeability to water
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taxonomy
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the science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms
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phospholipid
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a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
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Parsimony
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Minimize number of changes to explain current patterns
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What is each chromosome made up of?
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chromatin
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tissues
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collections of cells with a common structure and function
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mucus glands
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protect stomach walls from low pH
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TSH is produced by...
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Anterior pituitary (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
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homologous chromosomes
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may exchange parts during meiosishave alleles 4 da same char even tho da gene expressoin may not b da samer in paires, 1 chromosome of each pair from da father& 1 from da motherpair up during meiosis
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daughter cells
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of apical meristem differentiate to form stem buds leaves and flowers
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Life table
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Summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime
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phylum platyhelminthes
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flat worms: simplest animals that're bilaterally symmetrical; cephalization; excratory sys - flame cells; includes planaria, flukes, and tapeworms
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Homeobox/Hox genes
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control planning of body. regulate embryonic development.
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inflammation
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innate local response to infection or injury characterized by local redness, swelling, heat, and pain
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The somatic cells derived from a single-celled zygote divide by which process?
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B) mitosis
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pedigree
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a family tree in which the phenotypes of family members are presented by standard symbols
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ER
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a continuous system of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope
Rough (ribosomes) & Smooth
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Do enzymes work the same in all conditions?
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No
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Bile Salts
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Stored in the gall bladder and produced by the liver. Work with lipases to break down lipids and fat molecules.
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orbital
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the route around the nucleus of an atom that an electron travels
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Replication as a process
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Double-stranded DNA unwinds, breaks hydrogen bonds.New strand is formed by pairing complementary bases w/old strand.2 Molecules are madeEach has 1 new and 1 old DNA strand.
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pyloric sphincter
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helps regulate the passage of chyme into the intestine.
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Open Circulatory System
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hemolymph not always contained in vessels have simple hearts
-cant control flow well
-works well for small animals energetically expensive
-body movements increase circulation
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tendon
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a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with a bone or part; sinew.
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prophage
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the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA
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Comparative anatomy
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Study more than one species to examine structural similarities and differences
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migration movements
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long distance in order to secure food, wather or raise offspring *return to region that was left *"snow birds"-yearly-seasonally-lifetime
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How are distances between genes determined in bacteriphages?
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-mapping bacteriophage genomes requires two genetically distinct phages to come together, within the same host cell, to have the opportnity to recombine
-coinfection of a bcaterium, with two distinct phage types, can be accomplished by incubating the bacerial host with a very high concentration of both phages
QUESTION:
What is the map distance b/w the T2 phage genes h and r?
The h gene influences host range where
-h+ alleles has a narrow host range (infect 1 Ecoli strain)
-h- allele has a broad host range (infect two strains)
The r gene influences rate of how lysis where:
-r+ allele = slow lysis (smaller plaques)
-r- allele = fast lysis (larger plaques)
EXPERIMENT
-cross (coinfection) phage h+r- and h-r+
-incubate the progeny of the coinfection with a combination of both E.coli strains
-score the 4 possible genotypes (2 parental and 2 recombinant)
(cloudiness indicates if one, none, or both are infected)
-can then calculate distance using recombination frequency (amount of h+r+ and h-r- over total plaques)
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What does the SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM CONSIST OF?
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-tunica-corpus-flank (peripheral) meristems-pith rib (file rib) meristem
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Periderm composed of two tissue layers.
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Cork and Cork Cambium
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maximum sustainable yield
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the maximum number of prey which can be killed such that the number of prey is below carrying capacity and predators thrive.
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Describe the reproduction system in a flatworm?
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–Most are hermaphroditic–Undergo sexual reproduction–Also have capacity for asexual regeneration
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second class levers
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out force in between fulcrum and in forceno examples in human body
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What are nonsense codons?
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(3 of them)
not translated into amino acids
they're stop codons
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what may hemoptysis be indicative of in the elderly patient
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heart failure or pulmonary embolus
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Suppressor T cells
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T cells that slow or stop the immune response of B cells and other T cells.
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What is the difference between deoxy ribose and regular ribose?
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Deoxy is short one oxygen
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Cohesion and adhesion due to H bonds.
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Function of water that provides surface tension.
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Correct statements regarding ATP include:
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1) ATP serves as a main energy shuttle inside cells.2) ATP drives endergonic reactions in the cell by the enzymatic transfer of the phosphate group to specific reactants.3)The regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate is an energonic reaction.
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before syngamy can happen what must take place?
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the sperm has to penetrate the egg.
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What happens in the morphogenic process called gastrulation?
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it rearranges the cells of a blastula into a 3 layered embyo, called gasrula, that has a primitive gut
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You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would not be a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cell?
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lipid composition of the target cells' plasma membrane
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conclusion
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inter-
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betwen, among
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Fungi
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Consume tissue
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Atomic Number
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Proton number
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Hierarchial System (12)
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biosphere,ecosystem,community,population,organism,organ systems,organ,tissues,cells,organelles,molecules,atom
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Eukaryote
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Have membrane bound nucleus
-multicellular
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light-independent reactions
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chemical reactions that convertcarbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose
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Protists
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Single-celled eukaryotes
Colonial or multicellular protists
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Hypotonic Environment
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Water diffuses inward
higher concentration inside the cell, so water enters cell to balance
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covering around organs
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dense irregular CT
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Blood type A
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IAIA or IAi
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Domain Bacteria: Cyano
-looks like string of beads
oooooOoo
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Nostoc
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sexual reproduction
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2 parents, varied offspring
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Recombination frequency
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the percentage of recombinant offspring
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compound
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substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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Pyrimidine bases
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Big name; small structureCytosine, Thymine, Uracil
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What is bounded to the bead?
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Ligand
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assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes
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photosystems
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lipid bilayer
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foundation of cell membranes; composed of 2 layers of phospholipids
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Tinea (F)
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caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton
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Synaptic Integration
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postsynaptic cell receives signals from multiple neurons
effect of neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory
sum of the effects determines whether or not an action potential is generated
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Abiotic factor
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physical or non-living factor that shapes an ecosystem
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adaptive radiation
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the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
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type 3
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most individuals die very young. Invertebrates, fishes, human in less developed countries
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acidic
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a solution where a component dissolved in water (acid) releases excess hydrogen ions (H+)
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Microfilaments
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Threadlike proteins mad eof Actin. They form extensive (large and complicated) networks in the cell for structure. Allow Amoebas to move.
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Herbivores eat plants. In response, the plants have evolved defenses against herbivores, like toxins and thorns. Some herbivores have evolved to get around the plants defenses. These evolving predator-prey relationships are an example of...
a. allopatric
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c. coevolution
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Ribosomes
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small granules of protein and RNA; they „read‟ coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code
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semilunar valves
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-control flow into great arteries –open and close because of blood flow and pressure
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Prokaryotes
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Very little space that doesn't have genestranscribed and translated at the same timegenes are called operons
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Nonpolar Amino Acids
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PGVIPMALT proline, glycine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalalanine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan
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Does your brain tell you to breathe?
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yes
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mutation
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a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome.
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The Matrix
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The matrix, the dominant component in the landscape, is the most extensive and connected landscape type, and it plays the dominant role in landscape functioning.
If we try to manage a habitat without considering the matrix, we will likely fail to provide what wildlife need in that area.
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Microtubule
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thickest of the fibers that make up the cytoskeleton; A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
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What are chromosomes?
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Structures that carry the genetic information.
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Carrying capacity
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The maximum population size that can persist in a given enviroment
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___ saw the facets of an insects' eye.
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Galileo
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testable hypothesis
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-experiments can be designed to test predications from the hypothesis-experimental results must be repeatable
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osteoporosis
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a deficiency disease caused by lack of enough calcium; results in a lowering of the density of the bones. recommend daily intake of 1200 mg of calcium to prevent
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Promotor
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this can increase of decrease the rate of transcription.
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special cells develop into new organisms(eukaryotic repro strat)
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Alternation of Generation
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One of the three taxonomic domains of life consisting of unicellular organisms (most protists, yeast) and multicellular organisms (fungi, plants, animals) distinguished by a membrane-bound cell nucleus, numerous organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton
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- Eukarya
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delayed density dependence
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Delays in the effect of population density on population size that can contribute to population fluctuations.
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bond energy
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amount of energy needed to break a bond between two particular atoms; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms between two particular atoms
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Unsaturated fat
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High plant source; have double as well as single bonds in their fatty acid chain causing the molecule to bend (usually liquid at room temperature)
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This is the process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens
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Clonal deletion
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Which of the following cells are involved in nonspecific resistance but not in specific defense?
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natural killer cells
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proprioception is normally localized in teh
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right side of the brain
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the enzyme that is involved in DNA replication?
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DNA polymerse
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What is RV
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Residual Volume and is the amount of gas left in the lung after the patient exhales all that is physically possible
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Fluidity depends on:
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Length of fatty acid chains (16-18 C most common)The proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acidsNumber of cholesterol molecules in the membrane (only in animal cells)
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What chamber of the heart is the most muscular?
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Left ventricle
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restriction enzymes
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enzymes that cleave or cut the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
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Can serve as recognition signals for other cellular proteins. Often play a role in cell surface recognition.
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Functions of Glycoproteins and Glycolipids.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Long Term Effects
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Tissue can be irrevocably destroyed, may prevent natuarl vaginal delivery of babies, genital and/or rectal cancer, Pharyngeal cancer
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Energy vs. Nutrients in an ecosystem
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Energy flows through an ecosystem-one way street
Nutrients can be recycled
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Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers are inherited. Which gene(s) is/are inherited and contribute to breast cancer development?
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A. Her-2/neu
B. p53
C. BRCA1/BRCA2
D. Rb
E. p16
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what is the class for sponges and describe the characteristics
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Phylum Porifera
Multicellular; body a loose aggregate of cells
All aquatic, mostly marine
Filter feeders- intracellular digestion
Cells get food from circulating water
Classified based on skeleton-composed of spicules
Reproduction-asexual by budding, sexual by fusion of gametes
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Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____.
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capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
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What is the purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?
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To harvest the energy in NADH and FADH2 to synthesize ATP
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source of agar used in jellies and cosmetics & eatn as food
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What important role do fungi play in ecosystems?
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hydroxyl
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R-OH
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h-zone.
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only myosin.
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polysacharidesexamples?
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cellulose, starch, glycogen
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glands
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multicelled secretory structures
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a-band
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myosin & actin.
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wax
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fatty acid-ester link-long alchol(nonpolar)
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proteins are_______ distributed throughout membrane
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assemetrically
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ion channels aka ___channels
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gated!
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Human body= _% water
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70
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dynein
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(-) motor protein-slides microtubule doublets past eachother
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Hydrolysis Reactions
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form monomers and H20
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endomembrane system
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golgi app and ER
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A to ___ in RNA
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uracil
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Neucleotides-ATP-GTP-AMP
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-energy transducer-energy source in protein synth-add. bond b/t sugar and phosphates
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_________ are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions.
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Enzymes
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carbohydrases
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carbohydrates hydrolyzed into simple sugars.
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cardiac muscle !http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/muscle/muscle12.jpg!
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short, striated cells.
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kinesin
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(-) carries protein vesicles across cell
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CellsVolume-Surface Area-
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-determines amount of chemical activity per unit time-amount of substances that can come it and out
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mitochondria
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power plant/ energy storer/ converts fatty acids to ATP
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L-amino acids
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only one found in proteins
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The cooling of Earth’s crust occurred ____________ in earth’s formation.
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Early
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_____ is made from weathered particles from Earth’s crust and organic material.
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Soil
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With an average temperature of -81°F, the planet ________ may have once had vast amounts of water.
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Mars
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_________ is the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy.
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photosynthesis
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root vs. stem
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no nodes or internodes nodes and internodes ENDOgenous branches EXOgenous branches solid stele; no pith (except bundles in rings; pith in monocots) root cap no root cap endodermis; casparian strips endodermis/casparian strips absent unicellular root hairs lacks absorptive hairs large cortex with starch/smaller cortex; more conducting tissue
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pharynx
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tubular entrance into esophagus & trachea.
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actin
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thin, two-beaded, twisted around each other.
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Rough ERSmooth ER
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-segregates proteins away from cytoplasm and transport then to other parts in cell-chemically mod. small molecules taken in by cell/sight for hydrolisis/sight for synth of lipids and steroids
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GolgiCIS/MEDIAL/TRANS
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recives proteins from ER/ can further modify them-concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins before sent else where-some plysacc. for plant cell wall are synthesizedCIs=close
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genome
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sum of total DNA molecules in cell
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hydrophobic interaction
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interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of ploar substances
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Three Major Domains
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Archaea, Bacteria (both Prokaryotes), Eukarya
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Polymers-formed by? bonds? how?
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condensation reactions, covalent bonded monomers, only with Energy added
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facilitated diffusion
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through channel proteins or carrier proteins
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In aerobic respiration ________ is broken down in to water and _________.
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glucose, CO2
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The ________ extends from the crust to the upper most layer of the mantle.
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Lithosphere
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Earth’s seasons are due to the _________° tilt of it’s axis in relation to the sun.
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23.5
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__________ _________ is the universal mechanism to insure individual uniqueness.
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Sexual reproduction
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The BMI represents ___________ __________ ____________.
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Body Mass Index
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Organisms are constantly ____________ to environmental changes
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adjusting or adapting
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exocrine gland
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secrete through ducts to free surfaces. secrete wax, milk, saliva, sweat, mucus, etc.
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latent period
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time between application of the stimulus & contraction.
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neurons
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excitable cells. organized as lines of communication throughout the body.
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glycolysis (anaerobic respiration)
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used when exercise is intense.
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cell recognition and cell adhesion depend on_____
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plasma membrane proteins
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tertiarywhat make it up?
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bent structure of protein-Disulfide bridge, HBS, van der waals, ionic bonds
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energystarch and glycogen
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stores energy for plantsstores glucose for animals
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cell theory
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cells are the basic struc. and phsyiological units of all organisms....cells are distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organisms
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The BMI evaluates your ___________ in relation to your _________.
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weight, height
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The _______ is the portion of the Earth measured from the iron core, to the mantle.
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Lithosphere
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If the Earth were ___________ miles closer to the sun most water would exist in gaseous form.
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1 million
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The formation of water is a violent chemical reaction that releases_________
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energy
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The distance from the Earth to the _____________ is approximately 100,000,000 miles.
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Sun
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The Earth is orbiting the sun at ________ mph
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66,000
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large monocots
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1. No vascular cambium in Palms, bamboo, etc., but increase diameter differently: a. Primary Thickening Meristem (PTM): cells below the apical meristem divide which results in thickening of the stem (e.g. corn) b. DIFFUSE SECONDARY GROWTH (e.g. Palms): ground tissue (parenchyma) divides in regions where elongation has ceased
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what enzymes does the pancreas produce?
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trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase.
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what is the axis?
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2nd vertebrae, articulates with atlas.
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van der Waals interaction
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interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances
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saturated vs unsaturated?
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-sat+all single bonds all saturated with hydrogens, rigid and straight-double bonds kinds, not that tight
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Stars are formed by the fusion of 3 ________ nuclei to produce carbon.
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helium
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If your BMI is greater than 30 you would be considered _____________
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obese
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dicot stems (secondary xylem)
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produced toward center of stem; PRIMARY XYLEM becomes crushed against pith in center of stem; lots of fibers and vessels; ANNULAR RINGS are created by contrast in size of SPRING (“early”) WOOD (which has large vessels to conduct high volumes of water) and SUMMER (“late”) WOOD (which has smaller vessels and more fibers - less conduction, more support);
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motor unit
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nerve cell and the muscle cells it stimulates.
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plicae circulares
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folds in the walls of the small intestine. increases surface area.
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98% of all earth organisms is 6 elements?
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H,N,O,P,S and C
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Amino Acids-made of?acids or bases?
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have carboxyl group,Amino Group, R group, and H attached to alpha carbon, BOTH
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Based on the equation E = mc2, a tiny change in __________ can result in an enormous production of energy.
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mass
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structure of epithelial tissue
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one surface is free, other surface adheres to a non-cellular basement membrane.
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smooth muscle !http://www.molecularexpressions.com/primer/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/images/mammaliansmoothmuscle40xsmall.jpg!
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line the gut, blood vessels, etc. no striations, operation is involuntary. single nucleus.
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info encoded in DNA is___
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used to specify the Amino Acid sequence of proteins
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annular rings also created by
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BOUNDARY LAYER of parenchyma that may form. Pattern results in ANNUAL RINGS which are used to age temperate trees (the technique is called DENDROCHRONOLOGY).
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what are fibrous joints
|
no gaps between joints, found in flat cranial bones.
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what is housed in the dermis?
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blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil & sweat glands, sensory nerves.
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polypeptide chain-__to ___C to ON to H
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N to C, Amino to Carboxyl-slightly negative-slightly positive
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