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Independent Variable
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One variable.
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Y-Axis
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Placed on the vertical (side).
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Has pseudohyphae which are multicellular structures produced through budding; has spores, which are smaller in size than parent cell and produced by budding
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Yeast
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Data Table
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Used to record numerical data.
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viruses that infect bacteria; _________ that paratisize E.Coli are referred to as ______________
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phages; coliphages
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nutrients required in large amounts: ex. C, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe
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Macronutrients
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This test differentiates pneumococci from viridians; positive test indicated by zone of inhibition
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Optochin Susceptability
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3 major Staphylococcus pathogens:
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S.auerus, S.epidermis, S.saprophyticus
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an organism's ability, or lack thereof, to grow in the presence of oxygen
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Aerotolerance
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type of virus considered temperate; enters cell, integrates into DNA of host; cell replicates normally then eventually viruses replicate and lyse cell to be released
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Lysogenic
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type of virus considered virulent; enters cell, takes over, replicates, then lyses cell for release
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Lytic
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- blue-green- belongs to Kingdom Monera- prokaryotic type of nucleus- phototrophic bacteria: bacteriochlorophyll
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Cyanobacteria
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media that allows only certain organisms to grow; selection based on absence of certain nutrients or presence of inhibitory substance
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Selective Media
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Common dyes
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methylene blue, crystal violet, basic fuchsin
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Media that contains the basic requirements for the bacteria to grow such as salts, a carbon source, and nitrogen
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Minimal Media
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- greenish or golden brown- belongs to Kingtom Protista and includes all photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms- no tissue differentiation- distinct, visible nuclei and chloroplasts- unicellular or colonial
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Algae
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- rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria which like to grow at ~30 degrees C- have unique waxy lipid layer called _____________ which makes the colonies look waxy and crusty- resistant to dehydration
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Mycobacterium; Mycolic acid
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food that is used for culturing bacteria and other microorganisms
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Media
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This is sometimes used as a solidifying agent, but it is hydrolyzed by many organisms and liquifies at room temp
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Gelatin
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Line Graph
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Used to show relationships between two variables.
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in spore staining, ___________ is primary stain, ____________ is counterstain
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Malachite green, Safranin
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this genus produce endospores
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Bacillus (aerobes) and Cloistridium (anarobes)
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This agar used to select and differentiate a member of Enterobacteriaceae; a selective and differential media; contains lactose, bile salts, neutral red, and crystal violet
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MacConkey Agar
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6 characteristics of bacteria
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1) Ubiquitous2) Simple morphology (shape)3) Small size (microscopic)4) difficult to classify and identify 5) prokaryotic, belongs to kindgom Monera6) Generally non-photosynthetic
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- have positive (+) charge- ex. Methylene blue- can penetrate bacteria because of the attraction between charges
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Basic dyes
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This type of isolation is used to find evidence of phage and to find the concentration of phage in original filtrate
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Seeding
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2 staining techniques used for capsular staining
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Negative and Simple
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- have negative charge- ex. Eosin, Nigrosin- can't penetrate bacteria because of repulsion between the charges- stains background
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Acidic dyes
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S.F.T's reagent: pH indicator is _____________, detects acid production among fermentation; pH of media will drop as acid is produced; (_______ for pH}7 and __________ for pH{7)
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Phenol Red; Red; Yellow
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Kirby-Bauer Method tests against following bacteria:
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1) E.Coli2) Proteus vulgaris3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa4) Staphylococcus aureus
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____________ tests for cytochrome, part of electron transport chain. It has positive (___________) and negative (____________) control; Positive result: _____________ color change within 15 seconds. Negative result: ________________ within 15 seconds
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Oxidative Test; P.aeruginosa; E.Coli; Dark blue (purple); no color change
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___________ (VP Test) tests for production of alcohol; Look for color change: positive, __________; negative, _________
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Voges-Proskauer; Barritt's reagents; Red; Yellow
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anaerobic process in which sugar is converted to alcohol by CO2 and yeast (_______________)
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Fermentation; Saccharomyces cervisiae
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Media where exact composition not known; utilizes compounds that include all nutrients but aren't defined
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Non-synthetic or complex Media
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Agar kept in liquid state by placing tube in warm waterbath. After inoculation, tube gently rolled between palms to disperse bacteria, then is allowed to solidify. As it solidifies, oxygen gradient is created
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TSA shake
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3 types of movement in bacteria
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1) gliding2) rotary3) flagellar
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Methods uses plates and agar tubes to isolate loopfuls of bacteria; requires less skill and practice but a lot of media and supplies
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Pour plate
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The major element of the cell wall in bacteria is ___________
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Peptidoglycan
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7 major groups of Streptococci
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A-D enterococci, D non-enterococci, viridians, pneumococci
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Group A and group B are resistant to this test. It distinguishes these groups from non-A and non-B groups
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SXT Susceptability
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7 Nutritional requirements for media preparation:
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1) water2) carbon3) energy4) nitrogen5) minerals6) growth factors7) pH
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A good solidifying agent:
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1) is not utilized by the microorganisms2) doesn't inhibit bacterial growth3) Doesn't liquify at room temperature
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2 methods for obtaining pure culture:
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Streak plate and Pour plate
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Streak plate has 4 techniques:
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1) Quadrant streak2) Radiant streak 3) 'T' streak4) Continuous streak
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This agar used to isolate fecal coliforms. It is a selective and differential media. Its sugars provide fermentable substrates that promote the growth of fecal coliforms
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Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
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___________ tests for unknown bacteria and presence of H2S production, fermentation of glucose, gas production. Positive: ____________, cracks in media, dark precipitate; Glucose if _____ color, ______ at bottom of tube. Negative: no cracks in media, no
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Kilgar's Iron Agar (KIA); gas production; red, yellow; dark precipitate, red, red
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basic medium, oxygen gradient formed in media during cooling; contains ___________ and ___________, reducing agents that reduce oxygen present in media to water; has __________, a dye used as an oxygen indicator (pink, oxygen present) (colorless, oxygen
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Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM); Thioglycollate, L-cystine; Resazurin; Agar, gelatin
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- stains the background of the slide and not the organism- useful for determining cell shape and size- these 2 cultures used in this test:- no heat fixing means to cell distortion
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Negative staining; K.pneumoniae, S.epidermidis
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This test has 2 limitations, positive result by any zone of inhibition; mostly indicates Strep belongs to group ___, but 5% group ___ and 10% group ___
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Bacitracin Susceptability; A, B, C
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In both types of cell wall, _________ forms an insoluble compound with _____________. A thick peptidoglycan layer prevents ______________ because the alcohol causes dehydration and shrinks the cell wall, so the dye becomes trapped
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Iodine; Crystal violet; Decolorization
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Hydrolysis Test, looks for tryptophanase: Positive if ________ at top, negative if _______ at top
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Tryptone Hydrolysis; red ring; no red ring
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Purpose of heat-fixing
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- to kill bacteria- to fix them to the slide- to coagulate cytoplasmic proteins to make cells more visible
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When grown at 25-30 degrees C, this organism produces a red pigment called ____________. When grown at higher temperatures, it appears _________ on the media. It is found all over the environment. What is this organism?
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Prodigiosin; white; Serratia Marcescens
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This Agar is used to isolate and differentiate pathogenic organisms like Staphylococcus aureus. It is a selective and differential media
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Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)
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Hydrolysis Test, looks for presence of caseinase; Positive, ________ around growth; negative, _________
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Casein Hydrolysis (Milk Agar); clear zone around growth, no zone round growth
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3 tests for alpha-hemolytic Strep.
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1) Bile Esculin Agar slant (6ml)2) 6.5% NaCl Tolerance Broth (5ml)3) Optochin Sensitivity
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