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g0 phase
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non dividing state
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cAMP
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the cytosolic concentration of compound that elevates when the epinephrine binds to the plasma membrane of a liver cell
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Selectins are dependent on what?
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Calcium
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second messengers
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small nonprotein water soluble molecules or ions after first messenger
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Cyclic AMP
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule(second messenger) in eukaryotic cells.
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Stage Two of cellular response
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Signal transduction
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protein kinase
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An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein
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G-protein-linked receptor
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plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of G proteins
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.
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Protein phosphatase
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an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase
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protein phosphates
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enzymes that can rapidly remove phophate groups from proteins (a process called dephosphorylation)
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Impaired desmosome functions can induce what disorders?
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Severe skin disorders
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transduction
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(1) A DNA transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another (2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
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Paracrine Signaling
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secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of local regulator into extracellular fluid
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G-protein coupled receptors
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plasma membrane receptor that works with a G protein (protein that binds energy molecule GTP).made of 7 alpha helixes. extremely widespread and diverse. G-protein systems involved in many human diseases
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Tryosine Kinase receptor
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Effective receptors when the cell needs to regulate and coordinate a variety of activities. A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to tyrosine on a protein.
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transcription factors
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control which genes are turned on (which gense are transcribed to mRNA) ex. testosterone
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What generalized molecule is responsible for cell adhesion?
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Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)
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Type of cell signaling in which molecules bound to the surface of one cell make contact with those of another cell.
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Contact-dependent signaling
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Growth Factor
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A protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth
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Nuclear Response
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Response that takes place in a cell which activates certain gene. Initial signal molecule (growth factor) triggers phosphorylation cascade, last kinase of sequence enters nucleus and activates gene-regulating protein (transcription factor). Transcription factor binds to DNA producing mRNA and then a cellular response.
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What does hemidesmosomes connect?
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Intermediate filaments to the basal lamina.
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Scaffolding Proteins
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A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.
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Ligand-ion gated channels
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Protein pores that open or close in response to a chemical signal.
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A connexon is made up of how many monomers?
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Six monomers
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Where are two-component regulatory systems found?
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Bacteria, fungi, and plants. NOT ANIMALS
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Signal Transduction Pathway
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the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response
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Describe the three types of cell-cell adhesion mechanisms
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1. Homophilic binding
2. Heterophilic binding
3. Binding through an extracellular linker molecule.
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Things involved in the Signal Transduction stage of cellular response
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Activation of a series of proteins that undergo a series of changes that may result in the production of another signaling molecule
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Ways that cells respond to signals (3)
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1) Alter activity of enzymes
2) Alter function of structural protein
3) Alter function of gene regulatory protein
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