Cell-to-Cell Signaling
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Cell-to-Cell Signaling

Terms Definitions
cAMP Increases Ca2+
Phosphatidylinositol pathway lipid-dependent signalingcalcium second messenger
apoptosis is directed by caspases
This cyclooxygenase is normally involved in inflamation COX2
This cyclooxygenase is normally present in most tissues and has homeostatic functions COX-1
Diacylglycerol the pathways leading to calcium release involve still other second messengers, this is one and is produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane
Rhodopsin light activate the photoreceptors of this in the retina
Nicotine imluate the acetycholoine ion channel couple receptor. mimics acetycholine in that in occupies the normal ligand binding site of the receptor and stimulates the receptor causeing effects that normal meditator does
Curare blocks receptos and causes muscle paralyis
_______ signals bind cell surface receptors hydrophilic
Primary action of IP3 increase intracellular calcium
Death receptor signaling is mediated by members of this family TNF
What domain of PLC-Beta binds Calcium? C2
a soluble gunalyl cyclase produces what second messenger cGMP
Receptor Receives external signal (mostly on cell membrane but can be internal too)
Hormones both animals and plants use these chemicals for long-distance signaling, also known as endocrine signaling, specialed cells release hormone molecules, which travel via the circulatory system to target cellsin other parts of the body
Transduction the binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptorprotein in some way,initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. Transduction sometimes occurs in a single step but mroe often requires a sequenceof changes in a series of different molecules- a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY.
what do methyl xanthines do? inhibitors of phosphodiesterases
G-protein is a class of switch moecules whose activity is regulated by GTP/GDP
Signal transduction process whereby the messafe is converted from one form to another
Autocrine cell secretes hormone or signal that binds to receptors on the same cell
Cytochrome C release is controlled by members of the ____ family. Bcl-2
These catalyze the first step in prostaglandin synthesis cyclooxygenases
when a soluble guanlyl cyclase binds NO, the prostethic _____ group changes conformation. heme
This type of densitization affects all receptors coupled to the same signaling pathway. heterologous
When the nicotinic Ach receptor opens, ______ flows into the cell, depolarizing it and increasing probability of an action potential. sodium
G proteins are named by identification of what subunit? alpha
Types of Cellular Communication 1) Direct 2)Contact-dependent 3)Autocrine 4)Paracrine 5)Endocrine
Response In the third stage of cell signaling, the transduced singla finally triggers a specific cellular response. The response may be almost any imaginable cellular activity-such as catalysis by an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or activation of specific genesin the nucleus.
what are the 4 types of extracellular signaling? APES!AutocrineParacrineEndocrineSignaling by PM attached prots
cGMP is degraded by the enzyme phospodiesterase (Viagra blocks this enzyme)
Receptor protein activates the intracelluar signaling pathways metabolic enzyme-alter metabolism cytskeletal-altered shape or movement transcription-alter gene expression
Paracrine The target cell is near the signal releasing cell
How would you describe the relationship between a ligand and its receptor? hand in glove
_____ are proteases that have a Cys residue in their active site and cleave after asp residues. caspases
This group of adenylyl cyclase is insensitive to calcium and Ga-i. It is stimluated by G-b-gamma. Group II
PKA can either enhance or ____ the activity of its substrate. inhibit
What determines the response the first messenger produces? the receptor
This group of adenlyl cyclase is INHIBITED by calcium and Ga-i. It is insensitive to G-b-g. Group III
the steroid receptors actually act as ________ _______ that bind to specific DNA sequences called response elements. thus, the receptor regulates gene expression transcription factors
What type of signaling is mediated by hormones that travel short distances to neighboring cells? Paracrine
IP3 is released by the breakdown of PIP2 to ______. PLC-Beta
Phospholipase C (PLC) When activated by G-protein, produces DAG and IP3
Ion Channel Receptors a type of membrane receptor containing a gregionthat can act as a "gate" when ther eceptor changes shape. When a signaling molecule binds as a ligand to the receptor protein,the gateopens or closes, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions, such as NA+ or CA^2, through a channel inthe receptor
what is connexin? proteins that make up a connexon structure
autocrine signaling the cell secretes a molecule and that molecule binds to a receptor on the cell
what are examples of G-prot linked receptors? epi, serotonin, glucagon
why does signaling need amplification? because some cellular responses triggered by cAMP may require tens of thousands or millions of cAMP molecules per cell
What acts as a sort of \"egg timer\"? G proteins
Second messengers are ______ and are usually produced in a ________ intracellular signaling moleculesone-step rxn
fast neurotransmission is mediated by what type of signaling? ligand gated ion channels
A well studied example of TNF pathway in the immune system is the ____. Fas/Fas L
One example of an enzyme with an SH2 domain is ________, which links activation of RTKs with the DAG/IP3 signaling pathway. PLC-gamma
GPCR Signaling #2 2) Active G-protein binds with enzyme to activate it and generates 2ndary Messengers (cAMP, Ca2+, phospholipid breakdown by phopholipases)
what is a connexon? assembly of six proteins that forms gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells
what is paracrine signaling? signal molecules released by a cell which only affects target cells in close proximity (a local call)
what is autocrine signaling? cells respond to substances that they release themselves (they talk to themselves)
G-protein coupled receptors is the largest family of cell surface receptors
Distinguish between ligands with plasma bound receptors and ligands with cytoplasmic receptors. Distinguish signal molecules for each type of receptor. Ligand: Signaling molecule that binds the receptor. Plasma Bound: Small nonpolar molecules cross the plasma membrane, ex. steroids Cytoplasmic: Large and/or polar molecules that can not cross, ex. insulin. Types are ion channels, protein kinases, and G protein-linked
How is cAMP inactivated? cAMP is converted to AMP by phosphodiesterase
Quickly explain the relaxation of smooth muscle ACh--> ACh GPCR--> phospholipase C--> IP3--> Ca-Calmodulin--> NO synthase--> NOsmooth muscle cell::NO--> NO receptor--> cGMP-->Protein kinase G--> relaxation of SM
Because there are generally many more g proteins than GPCRS, and the receptor is able to activate multiple G proteins, there is _________. amplfication of a signal.
an example of a ligand gated ion channel is what? nicotinic Ach receptor
These recognize and phosphorylate the active conformation of the GPCR G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRK)
Janus Kinase (Jak)-Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) Pathway #3 3) Jak mediates phophorylization and dimerizaiton of STATs
what does phosphorylation do? turns things on or off, depending on what we're talking about
3 major families of cell surface receptors ion channel coupled receptors G-protein coupled receptors enzyme coupled receptors
What is a signal transduction pathway? The entire signaling process, from signal detection to final response is called a signal transduction pathway. Involves signal, receptor, transduction, and effects
Ion channel coupled receptors... Example... -the receptor is an ion channel-the signal regulates the conformation of the ion channel>>ACh receptor at neuromuscular junction
These exist as a DIMER in order to function and catalyze the formation of cGMP. receptor guanlyl cyclases
what is paracrine signaling? molecule is secreted by a near by cell and binds to that cells receptor
how many beta-andrenergic receptors are on a cell? only a few thousand... hence the need for amplification
Extracelluar molecules that can serve as signals cannot cross the plasma membrane proteins peptide amino acids nucleotides steriods fatty acids gas (no)
Why are transport and signaling important in multicellular organisms? Needs to move things around in multicellular organisms Cells need to communicate with external and internal environments to coordinate their activities But being multicellular imposes no new types of signaling requirements on cells.
How do we keep calcium concentration in the cell low? By pumping it out Ca-ATPases-- very high affinity for calcium.
when a cell receices a signal-these proteins switch from an inactive to an active conformation until another proces switches them off returning them to their inactive conformation -swtiching off is just as important as switching on. The signaling pathway needs to recover after transmitting a signal. Every activated molecule in the pathway must return to its oroginal nonactiviated state.
How does direct transduction differ from indirect transduction? Direct: Results from the action of the receptor itself on effector proteins. Occurs at plasma membrane, ex. sodium ion channel Indirect: Uses second messenger to mediate the interaction between receptor binding and cellular reaction, ex. Protein kinasefor insulin.
Heart muscle, salivary glands, and skeletal muscle all have... receptors for ACh but they each elicit different responses
what does the G-prot linked receptor look like at rest? the receptor has a molecule of GDP bound to the G-prot
in unstimulated states the alpha subunit has a GDP bound and G protein is inactive -binding to the signal molecule of a GPCR changes the conformation of the G protein and activiates its. The conformation change allows the G protein to excahgne GDP for GTP and activates into to activate components the alpha and beta complex.
How do we get more calcium into the cell after it is depleted? Ca2+ influx through calcium channels in the ER