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Definitions |
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Acetyl
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CoA)
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oxidation
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loss of electrons
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Reactants
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C6H12C6 & O2
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oxidizing agent
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the electron acceptor
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electron transport chain produces
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34
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Cytochromes
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proteins that electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen
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kinase
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enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation reactions
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Aerobic Respiration
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occurs in mitochondria, requires oxygen, consists of Kreb's Cycle and ETC
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SYNTHESIS
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combining simple substances into more complex substances
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NAD+
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an electron acceptor for cellular respiration (acts as an oxidative agent)
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Stator
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The anchoring structure of ATP synthesis
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reduction
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addition of electrons to another substance
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What are electron transfers called?
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Redox Reactions
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citric acid cycle revieves metabolic by products of
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proteins
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Action Spectrum
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graph that depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process
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What is the anaerobic process that occurs outside the mitochondria in the cytosol and yields ATP and NADH (pyruvate)?
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Glycolysis
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Pyruvic Acid
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the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular repiration that follow glycolysis
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rotor
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within the membrane, spins when H+ flows down its gradient
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Limbo
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2 pyruvate (oxidized) + NAD (reduced) --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + NADH
2 ATP molecules needed for active transport into mitochondrion
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Rod
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The activator of catalytic sites in ATP synthesis
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lactate; NAD+
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Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to _____ and in this step gain _____.
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Krebs Cycle
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takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, and if oxygen is present, this completes the job by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
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Coenzyme
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An organic molecule serving as a cofactor (any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme)
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What stages of Respiration can Carbs enter?
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Glycolysis
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many enzymes through respiratory cycle are subject to ___, which is when the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
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feedback inhibition
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Cellular Respiration
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process by which aerobic cells produce energy
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Citric Acid Cycle
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takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, and completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
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How does fermentation regenerate NAD+?
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by reducing organic molecules
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proton-motive force
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H+ gradient made by the electron transport chain
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lactic acid fermentation
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performed by fungi and bacteria (yogurt and cheese); also done by muscle cells when oxygen is low
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Photophosphrylation
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the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis
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oxidative phosphorylation
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the process of re-energizing ADP into ATP molecules
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ATP synthase
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A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP; found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells
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A substance that donates electrons is said to be a ?
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Reducing Agent
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d. The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O.----True or False?
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false
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2 ATP
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what is the net ATP product of glycolysis?
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What kind of sugar is Pyruvate?
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a three carbon sugar
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phosphorylation
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The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule
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mitochondrial intermembrane space
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The electron transport chain energy is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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mode of ATP synthesis where a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by a mechanism; occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP
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Proton pump
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An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient generating a membrane potential in the process
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What mechanism controls Cellular Respiration?
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Feedback Inhibition (end product inhibits enzyme)
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three steps of respiration
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glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport
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How much is the charge across th inner mitochondrial membrane?
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200 mV
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electron transport chain
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used to break fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction
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What kingdom(s) and organelles do ATP Synthase reside?
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Eukaryotes: Mitochondria and ChlorplastsProkaryotes: PM
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What does Krebs cycle require?
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Pyruvic acidCoenzyme A4 NAD+1 ADP1 FADDouble this
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Before the pyruvate can enter the Krebs Cycle/citric acid cycle, what must happen?
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Pyruvate must be decarboxuiated, oxidized and then the remain two carbon fragments attach to a vitamin called CoA
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NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
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an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to ___ and reduced to NADH
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What does glycolysis do?
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glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
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How does ATP sythetase work?
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It uses energy from a proton gradient produced as high energy electrons are passed down the electron transport chain.
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When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
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creation of a proton gradient
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How is ATP produced in the Chemiosmosis?
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through the diffusion of hydrogen ions through the cristae
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what is the definiton of glycolysis?
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the first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is brken into two molecules of pyruvic ced
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In substrate level phosphorylation how is ATP formed?
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ATP is formed by the transferring of a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate bearing intermediate (substrate)
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What is The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
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The Krebs Cycle details what happens to each pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis.
1. Pyruvate to acetyl CoA (1 NADH + 1 CO2 produced)
2. Krebs Cycle: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, CO2
Animals breathe the CO2 out.
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What is the net total energy yield from the No Name Step?
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2 NADH x 3 ATP = 6 ATP
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What is the net reaction for glycolysis?
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Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ ---> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
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