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Definitions |
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Boyle's law
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P₁V₁=P₂V₂
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Partial pressure equation
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Pa=XaPtotal
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Dalton's law
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Ptotal = P1+P2+P3...
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Ideal Gas law
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PV = nRT
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Zero-order
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A ______-______ reaction has a constant rate, which is independent of the reactants' concentrations. Thus the rate law is: rate = k
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The Equilibrium Constant (K) ONLY depends upon:
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Temperature.
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Avagadro's principle
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At constant temperature and pressure, volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present; n₁/V₁=n₂/V₂; At a constant temperature and pressure any gas with a given volume will have the same number of moles as another gas at that volume
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Average translational kinetic energy equation
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KEavg = 3/2RT
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Rate Law
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rate(forward) = k[A]^a*[B]^b
-a and b are the order of each respective reactant, and a+b is the overall order of the rxn
-determined by EXPERIMENT
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Reaction quotient
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Ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentrations of the reactants at any point during the reaction aside from equilibrium, where each reactant and product in the expression is raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient.
Q=[Products^coeff./[Reactants^coeff.]
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Catalyst
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A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed or permanently altered during the reaction
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If total pressure increases at constant pressure, and total n is greater on the right side, where does it shift?
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To the left.
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Partial Pressure
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-Total pressure of the gaseous mixture times the mole fraction of the particular gas.
P = X*Ptot
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First Order Reaction
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t vs LN[A] has slope -kf
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Shift left
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A+B ⇔ C + heat; If temp increased
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Le Châtelier's principle
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When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by application of a stress, the system will shift to a different direction that minimizes the stress.
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Rate Determining Step
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-The rate of the slowest elementary step determines the rate of the overall reaction.
-If the slow step is first, then the rate law can be derived directly from this step and no other.
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Mean Free Path
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-the distance traveled by a gas molecule between collisions
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Homogeneous Catalyst
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-In the same phase as the reactants and products
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It is possible to cool a gas by increasing the ________.
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Volume
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Shift right
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A+B ⇔ C + heat; Increase P or decrease V (gases only)
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Factors affecting the RATE of a reaction
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temperature, pressure, and concentration of certain substances in the reacting system
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1. Increase reactant concentration
2. Increase temp
3. Type of medium
4. Catalyst
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Four factors that affect the reaction rate
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Charles' law, V₁T₁=V₂T₂
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The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant
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Why does hot air rise?
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Because it is less dense than cold air.
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1. Zero volume
2. No forces
3. Completely elastic collisions
4. Average kinetic energy is directly proportional to the temp
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Kinetic molecular theory of an ideal gas has the following four characteristics
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Most of the collisions in a liquid are with the ________.
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Solvent (no reaction). However, collisions in a liquid occur at about the same rate as in a gas.
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