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Definitions |
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Pscyhoacoustics
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auditory processing
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morphological
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conjunctions into words
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similarity/distinctiveness
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(encoding method)categorically arranged lists make it easier to recall more words in that list. distinctive items on a list are also easier to recall
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Psycholinguistics
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psychological and neuropsychological mechanisms that allow us to produce and comprehend language
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Anatomists have shown characteristic anomalies in the __________, a brain structure when it comes to autism.
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Cerebellum
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Place of Articulation
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d,t-alveolar; m,w-labial; f-labiodental; s,z-dental; k-celar
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Fricatives
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partial closure-narrowing of vocal tract e.g. s,f,z
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Creating False Memories:The reason adults cannot remember any episodes from the first year of life is that the ___________________, a part of the brain involved in memory is not sufficiently mature.
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Hippocampus
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Creating False Memories:People use more words to describe false memories over true memories. True or False
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True
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Freud Returns:The relationship between neurochemistry and the reward system has been demonstrated most convincingly in studying:
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addiction
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Creating False Memories:Memories are more easily modified soon after they are experienced. True or false?
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False
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The authors speculate that higher level synesthesia has its routes in cross-activation problems between _______ and the angular gyrus (or TPO) (as opposed to the fusiform and V4)
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V4
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Transformational rules
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modifications that retain deep structure and specify the surface structure.
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Two visual cues
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1)pictorial cue (occlusion/linear perspective) and 2) occular/motor cue (dalmation in pic)
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The reason adults cannot remember episodes from the first year of their life is that the ______________, a part of the brain involved in memory, is not sufficiently mature.
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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emotion: physiologists
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response of body to stress
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Steps to processing memory
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encoding, storage, retrieval,
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taxonomy: secondary emotions
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consciously deliberate cognitive evaluation (possible simultaneous activation of limbic)
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Where did Damasio beleive convergence zones to be?
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Hippocampus
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The Science of Persuasion:Showing potential donors a list of neighbors who have contributed previously to a charity is an example of:
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social validation
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The recently discovered "clock genes" exist in (the hypothalamus/all cells) in the body.
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ALL CELLS
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Vygotsky thought...(about language)
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language was egocentric and decreases. language and thought converges to make verbal thoughts and hence language.
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Linguistics
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study of language structure at the highest level, structure of language-human cognition
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Speech Perception
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perception of speech signals, factors that affect speech processing
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The above (imagination inflation) phenomenon may be caused by __________________ which occurs when the source of a memory and its contents are confused.
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SOURCE CONFUSION ERRORS
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People use more words to describe false memories over true memories. (TRUE/FALSE)
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FALSE
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Informing people high school students about to high rates of suicide is a misapplication of the principle of:
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SOCIAL VALIDATION
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where are cognitive memories consolidated?
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in the Hippocampus
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taxonomy: primary emotion
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hard-wired through limbic system (stimulus activates the system), physiological response
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mneumonic devices
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(encoding method)method of loci, image associations: mnemonist, synesthesia
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Which is more difficult: recall or recognition?
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recall
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Source confusion error
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something is recognized familiar, context or source of the memory confused
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What is depolarization?
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An approaching action potential triggers gated sodium channels to open, allowing Na+ to flow into the axon of the neuron. The influx of Na+ ions causes the axon to lose its polarity, and at its height, it is +30 mV.
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A more concrete embodiment of the theory of other minds is that autism is characterized by the breakdown of the ________________ system.
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mirror neuron
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Morphemes
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meaning units of language - words and meaningful word components
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Outer ear
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filtering of the sounds for best frequencies
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Fourier Spectrum
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better for natural sounds, you lose time, lowest freq-fundamental freq, higher ones overtones or harmonics
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Cultural differences played a different role in the US, Germany, China and Spain. Match the tendencies that dominated when granting a request to the nationalities (liking-friendship/reciprocity/authority/consistency)
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LIKING-FRIENDSHIP SPAIN; RECIPROCITY US; AUTHORITY CHINA; CONSISTENCY GERMAN
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scientific method
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1. define a phenomenon2. generate a hypothesis3. experiementation - test hypothesis4. eliminate unlikely hypothesis
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most neural networks
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search higly complicated spaces using a cost function that defines or constrains solutions, minimize cost or error, differ by the quality of search algorithm
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recall dichotomy (Moscovitch)
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two types, associative: memory sparked by environment where the hippocampus and meiotemporal areas are thought to be important and effortful: interrogate your memory where right pre-frontal lobe is important
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Loftus: ways to forget
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misinformation: confuse the incident with the interviewimagination inflation: confuse the incident with imagination of itfilling in the gaps: confuse the incident with the script
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What is determinism?
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Determinism argues that all physical events are caused and determined by prior events.
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_____________ Is the brain locus of the circadian clock.
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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purpose of auditory system
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communication and language, IDing of prey/predator, sound localization and balance in the vestibular section
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Basilar Membrane
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Organ of Corti runs along, has inner and outer hair cells (receptor cells). Place on it gives frequency thicker bigger freq.s
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The fact that it is possible to distract experts while they play chess is evidence that ________________ cannot completely explain their impressive performance at chess.
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CHUNKING THEORY
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recognition in retrieving memories
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knowing that something is correct (Harrisburg is the capital of Virginia) or knowing that something is familiar (faces, music, smells)
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Herrick's ideas about the limbic brain evolution
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lateral surface-phylogenetically newermedial part-phylogenetically older
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miss in recognition
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something happened but you did not remember it
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for each emotion, name a psychological problem created from too much of that emotion
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fear:phobias, sadness:depression, happiness:mania, anger:agression, disgust:OCD
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Creating False Memories:Creation of false memories occurs most easily when these 3 external factors are present:
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1. social demands/pressure to remember2. told to imagine3. encouraged not to be concerned if the memory happened or not
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what are examples under unsupervised learning?
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Hebbian learning-repetition of neurons firing.ocular dominance-deprivation of one eye, reduces representation in cortex
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What is a PDP model?
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a more complex neural network.
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When did "modern behavior" appear? When did we replace the neaderthals?
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-50-40 kya in Africa
-Middle/upper paleolithic era was a period of unprecedented creativity
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What research method does psychology use?
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scientific method
a) form hypotheses
b) design an experiment
-independent variables: what we hypothesize is causing a phenomenon
-dependent variables: affected by the independent variable
-controls
-between subject v. within subject design
-Null Hypothesis: no difference in performance between groups with/without music being played (for example)
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Instead, they approached the problem in a series of two experiments that were aimed at determining if mirror neurons would respond based on ______ alone.
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understanding the action through sounds or sufficient non-visual clues
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Emmert's Law
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S(p) = C(S(r) x P(p)) where S(p) is perceived size, S(r) is retinal size, and P(p) is perceived distance
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Connectionist Model of Lexical Access
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Nodes between visual feature, letter, word and semantic units. Connections are excitatory or inhibitory.
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The above path (which connects perceptual information with primitive brain structures) may explain:
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CONSCIOUS FEELINGS THAT SEEM IRRATIONAL
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neural networks and searching
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define a good solution, note all factors that impact, define a cost function, and search for the minimum cost
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cognitive science reevaluation of the science of mind
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failure of logical computation, emphasis on neural computation, evolution of adaptive systems, progress of neuroscience
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false alarms in recognition
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you remember something that did not happen
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Freud Returns:What mechanism from studies of split brain patients does Solms consider as an explanation for the repression/rationalization offered by anosognosic patients in response to the consequences of their unacknowledged impairments?
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mechanisms of defense (left hemisphere interpreter)
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what can operators of GPS do?
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1.compare sybol structures2. creat new symbol structures3. read input and write output4. store sybol structures to memory
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What is deductive and inductive reasoning?
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-Inductive inference: not necessarily implied by the premises; observations, commonalities, and conclusions
-Deductive inference: premises and conclusion
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What is the "law of conservation" argument against dualism?
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-wouldn't mental causation violate conservation laws?
-quantity of motion: if you have a source of motion, separate from the physical world, (Descartes' argument)
-if you believe in free will, insofar as the physical world is completely deterministic, the source of the action might be completely independent of it
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Name one of the less well-known signs of autism.
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Difficulty miming other's actions
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Which area of the brain became active as the participant observed and imitated the expert guitarist?
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parietofrontal mirror neuron systems
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Alignment Model of Vision
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Ullman, Morphing from 2D to 3D, align to a "special" view
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what are the natural reactions to fear in humans and animals?
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withdrawl, immobility, defense aggression, submission
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making something out of nothing
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humans have a difficult time detecting randomness. people tend to look for causal relationships for random events
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Milner's tests with HM
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found that there are two types of memory, declarative and non-declarative. HM repeated a task everyday and gradually performed better even though he didnt remember ever doing it each day. This proved that his non-declarative memory was still intact.
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chess players and computers
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tend to think that chess players are smart because they are good at logic however computers can now beat the best humans although people tend to think that computers are not smart
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correct rejection in recognition
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you do not remember something that did not happen
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is subliminal priming real?
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there is evidence that people feel it is real but people are aware of some queue, just don't know what it is.
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What were the characteristics of ancestral humans?
-when? (era, years ago)
-what were the minds like?
-artifacts
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Homo habilis
-emerged from apes 6 million years ago
-Lower Palaeolithic Era (2.4 - 1.5 mya)
-minds were pre-representational, meaning they could not form representations that deviated from concrete sensory perceptions, experiences were tied to the present
-Oldowan artifacts (Tanzania): breakthrough for our species, but very simple tool
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What is the dualist argument from (in)divisibility?
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-physical things are spatially divisible
-mental properties (beliefs and fears) are not spatially divisible
-Descartes' inference: mental properties are indivisible, thus non-physical
>> our current conception of reality doesn't depend on this argument
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What are the three types of neurons? Which is the most important in the study of cogsci?
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-sensory neurons (few million)
-interneurons: most numerous neurons, located in the central nervous system (100 billion interneurons); focus in cogsci
-motor neurons: few million
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State the primary finding for autistic children when the children produced a voluntary muscle movement and when they observed another person performing the voluntary muscle movement.
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MU wave suppressed when they performed, not when they watched
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Because these neurons are found in important areas of the brain including pre-motor cortex, the authors couldn't adopt one common strategy for establishing the function of the neurons. What strategy was this?
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????? Couldn't eliminate lesions, not good enough to grasp information.I SAID: assessed neurons' responses when the monkeys could comprehend the meaning of an action without really seeing it
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Creation of false memories occurs most easily when these 3 external factors are present:
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1) When researchers exert some pressure on participants to come up with memories2) When people are having trouble remembering and are encouraged to imagine3) When encouraged not to think whether their constructions are real or not.
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where was the damage in Phineas Gage's brain?
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prefrontal cortex bilaterally, ventral and inner surfaces affected, vertromedial (known to be involved in decision making)
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what is strong and weak AI?
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weak AI: computers can simulate real mental processesstrong:the idea that an appropriately programmed computer is a mind
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What are the four components of a turing machine?
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1. machine table-the program2. state-a # that represents the state3. tape-has infiinate length, write 1 or 04. write head
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Homo erectus?
-when?
-what were minds like?
-artifacts
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-1.8 mya
-brains got 25% bigger, to about 1000 cc (75% of cranial capacity of modern humans), pre-syntactical proto-language, thought was the first order
-Aschulean handaxe: 1.4 mya, Africa, West Asia, Europe
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What is Turing's operational definition of intelligence?
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According to Alan Turing, a system is intelligent if it can carry on an ordinary conversation like an ordinary person.
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What happens when the angular gyrus, a part of the temporal, parietal and occipital junction (TPO) is damaged by a stroke.
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The patient can still identify numbers, but they cannot subtract or divide. (Multiplication is usually still ok.)
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What major deficit is posited as the basis of autism in the "theory of many minds" account of the disorder?
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Inability to put together detailed hypotheses about the inner workings of someone else's mind
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According to this author, what is the cause of infantile amnesia.
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BRAIN STRUCTURES ESSENTIAL FOR FORMING CONSCIOUS MEMORIES ARE NOT FUNCTIONAL DURING THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF LIFE.
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High School senior's self rating on their ability to get along with others
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all students believed they were above average, 60% believed they were in the top 10%, 25% believed they were in the top 25%
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long term memories in regards to forgetting
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long term memories are resistant to forgetting
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Who wrote ELIZA and what did it do?
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Weizenbaum wrote ELIZA. It tricked people into thinking it was an intelligent psychologist. People thought of it as first steps in AI research.
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what are problems with expert systems?
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1. they can't learn2. they don't have intuition
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what is the importance of GPS?
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one of the first attempts to provide a general theory of problem solving behavior.
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What is The Turing-Church hypothesis?
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if a problem can be computed by a Turing machine, it can be computed by any reasonable computer.
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What are the two big camps of thought in the nature-nurture debate, and who are the proponents? (3 each)
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1. Rationalists: concepts and knowledge can be gained independently of sensory experience (Descartes, Leibnitz, Spinoza)
2. Empiricists: sensory experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge (Hume, Locke, Berkeley)
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What is the significance of lack of access to interlevels in modularity?
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-processing outside the module can't access the intermediate states of processing inside the module, just its final output
-explains instinct blindness
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Describe a pop-out test to determine if synesthesia for number-color synesthesia is true or false.
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A pop-out or segregation test is used where many of look-alike numbers (such as 2's and 5's) are jumbled together, but with a pattern among one of the numbers. For example in the text they use a triangle of 2's amongst the 5's (all the numbers are the same color) and the synesthesics are excellent at picking out the pattern, or triangle in this example because they see them in a different color.
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what happens in the presence of danger to an animal?
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the animal is startled, it orients, then if far it will flee, if close it will freeze, if unsuccessful it will vocalize and attack
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What keys or cues help people know if they know something?
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access in parallel, context narrows search, context speeds activation, more cues speeds up the search
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what are do each or these numbers represent? 00.01R
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1. first 0 is machine's current state2. second 0 is what machine reads3. third 0 is new state4. the one is what it writes on tape
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in a symbol system, what does cognition boil down to?
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it boils down to searching for the appropriate operatot. humans are efficient through heuristic search.
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What is the resting potential, and why is it like that?
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-70mV (the charge across the membrane of an inactive neuron
There are Na+ and K+ ions both inside and outside the cell, but when a neuron is resting there are more Na+ outside the membrane.
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What is one thing you learned from the Webster article?
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people adapt face perception to the average characteristics of the average faces he or she encounters in their life
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what is the language of thought?
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LOT is the idea that just as we form sentences syntactically, we also think syntactically as well. it proposes that we think in terms of symbols just as we speak in terms of works.
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What is the main claim of behaviorism in psychology?
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There are no minds or mental states, only inputs and outputs (or stimuli and responses)
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What are the two theories about how humans make decisions?
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logic or we wing it (go with gut feeling)
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