| Terms |
Definitions |
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Gain
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Base
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acid
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H+
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?
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...
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H2SO4
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Sulfuric Acid
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RbOH
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Strong Base
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HClO4
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Strong Acid
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Aqueous Ammonia
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NH₃
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base
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proton acceptors!
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alkali
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highly soluble
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Bitter taste
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Base
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HCN
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Weak Acid
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HCOOH
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Weak Acid
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HBr
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hydrobromic acid (Strong)
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weak also means
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dilute
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HClO3
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chloric acid
strong acid
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Weak base
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Strong/Weak Base/Acid?
Na₂CO₃
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Sodium Hydroxide (strong)
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NaOH
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Group I+II hydroxide
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Strong Bases
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methyl-orange indicator original color
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orange
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pH
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(chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen)
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example of a solvent
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water
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Neutral
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an adjective describing substances that are neither acids nor bases
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Autoionization
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the process whereby water spontaneously forms low concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions by proton transfer from one water molecule to another.
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ionization of H₂O
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H₂O+H₂O = H⁺(aq)+OH⁻(aq)
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bases
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substances that produce hydroxyl ions
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Strong acid + strong base
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Neutral pH
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two
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How many conjugate acid-base pairs participate in a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction?
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Acid-Base indicator
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weak acid or weak base
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detergent
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a nonsoap water-soluble cleaner that can emulsify dirt and oil.
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reach equivalence point, use molarity, ratios
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titration
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oxoacid
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the conjugate of an oxoanion
contains nonmetals
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acid dissociation____ with acid concentration, but acid strength ____ with an acid concentration
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decreases, increases
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buffer
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a substance that helps maintain the balance of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution; a system of blood pH at 7.4
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Amphoteric
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Having characteristics of both an acid and a base and capable of reacting as either
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conjugate base
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formed when a Bronsted-Lowery acid loses a H+
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Mole
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Formula mass of a substance expressed in grams
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ionic compound that can be produced from the cation of a base and the anion of an acid
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salt
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Ka is what constant? _____ ___________
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Acid dissociation
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strong base
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A base that dissociates completely into ions in solution.
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What conditions cause metabolic acidosis?
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diabetes & malnutrition
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properties of a base
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conducts electricity, changes litmus dye from red to blue, neutralizes acid.
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soap
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a cleansing agent made from the salts of vegetable or animal fats
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neutralization
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the reaction of hydronium ions and OH- to form water molecules
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anyhydrides
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an oxide that can combine with water to form an acid
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hydrochloric acid
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HCl (strong acid), pickling agent (not 4 pickles), brick/concrete cleaner, digesting food, aka miraotic acid in stores
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Carbon Dioxide Gas
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acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce....
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Strong Acid
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an acid that ionizes completely in aqueous solution
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ion
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a charged atom or atoms in a solution.
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conjugate acid
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formed when the proton is transfered to the base
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acid base reaction
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reaction involving H+ ion from from one reactant to another EX- blood
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suffix -ate
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an acid ending with the suffix -ic produces anion with the
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Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
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acids donate H+, bases accept H+
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Brings about acidosis
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Ambient CO2 is 0.03%; CO2 toxicity (i.e. mild acidosis) starts around/above 2%; 5-6% becomes toxic (i.e. At 7.5%, a feeling of an inability to breathe (dyspnea), increased pulse rate, headache, dizziness, sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and visual distortion develope. Other symptoms include decreased mental performance, irritability and discomfort).
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Who proposed an base donates a pair of electrons during a reaction?
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Lewis
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Weak acid
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an acid that is only slightly ionized in aqueous solution
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conjugate acid-base pair
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Consists of two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single hydrogen ion
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Hgb buffer & lactateless HCO3 absorbed in kidneys
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compensation for respiratory alkalosisb/c saturation kineticsless H+ secreted from antiport
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Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: weak base buffer solution
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pOH = pKb + log*[conjugate acid]/[weak base] ; when [conjugate acid] = [weak base] then pOH = pKb
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end point
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the point in a titration at which an indicator chnages color
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Single replacement reaction
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a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound or switching 1 thing
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According to the Bronsted-Lowry, what is an acid?
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It is a proton donor
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acid strength is proportional to
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how much products are favored over reactants
Ka > 1 = products favored
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5 properties of acids
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H+ donor, Sour taste, Turns blue paper red, pH less that 7, Conducts electricity
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Bicarbonate Buffer System (Blood)
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pK of 6.37 is much more meaningful for keeping blood pH close to optimum of 7.4
Organs that regulate CO2 & HCO3 levels are mainly lungs & kidneys (and muscles to a lesser extent).
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what are the causes of a low anion gap?
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bmw; bromide toxicity, multiple myeloma, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
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In a normal Kidney with acidosis, what happens?
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The excess H will be released, retain K and create hyper K along with the acidosis.
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NaOH
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base
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-logH^+
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pH
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Quinine Sulfate
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WB/SA
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CsOH
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strong base
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Hydronium ion
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H30+
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NH4OH
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weak base
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HNO₃
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nitric acid
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Potassium Hydroxide formula
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KOH
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B/L acid
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proton donor
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Acids taste ____
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sour
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C5H5N
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weak base- pyridine
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Magnesium hydroxide
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Mg(OH)2 (very low)
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Bronsted-Lowry base
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a proton acceptor
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Nitric Acid
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stains proteins yellow
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Conjugate base of CH₃COOH
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CH3COO-
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HC2H3O2
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Name: Acetic Acid
Formula: ___________
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PaO2 tells you about..
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Oxygenation
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nitric acid (HNO3) is__
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acid rain
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a compound that feels slippery
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base
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salicylate intoxication
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METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
ELEVATED ANION GAP
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none of these
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CO2 is a _______
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properties of bases
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electrolytes, neutralizes acids, bitter taste, caustic, dissociate in H2O to make OH-, change color of indicators
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Indicator
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compound that changes color at different pH values when it reacts with acidic or basic solutions
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Used in making soaps, detergents, etc
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Base
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equivalence point
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moles of H+=moles of OH-
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Svante Arrhenious
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Arrhenious definition: Substance that dissociates in water to form: Acid= hydrogen ions, Base= hydroxide ions.
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heat pack, something burning
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example of exothermic reactions
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Base properties
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Bitter taste slippery feel color changes in indicators
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weak electrolyte
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electrolyte that wants to dissociate partially
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indicators
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chemicals that change color at a specific pH
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sour
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What do acids tend to taste like?
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antacid
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a weak base that neutralizes excess stomach acid.
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Conjugate Acids
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Species that remain after a Bronsted-Lowry Base has gained a protonn
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Acids
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compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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Bases that end with CO are called
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Carbonate
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salt
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an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from a acid
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Basic Oxides
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Oxides of Metals. Insoluble In Water. Solids At Room Temperature. React With Acids To Form A Salt and Water
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diprotic acid
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any acid that contains two ionizable protons (hydrogen ions); ex: sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
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acids and bases
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what are excellent electrolytes in aqueous solutions?
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Arrhenius Definitions:
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o Acids produce hydrogen ion in aqueous solution.
o Bases produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
o Limited to aqueous solutions
o Only one kind of base (hydroxides)
o NH3 (ammonia) could not be an Arrhenius base.
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6 strong acids
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H2SO4, HCLO4, HCL, HBR, HI, HNO3
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The acids produced in largest quantity are primarily used to manufacture a
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agricultural products
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Lewis acid
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anything that accepts a pair of e's
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amphoteric species
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species that reacts like acid in basic environment and like a base in acidic environment
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acid ionization constant
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the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the ionization of a weak acid
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Properties of Acids
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Sour Taste, Dissolve In Water To Form Solutions Which Conduct Electricity, Turn Blue Litmus Paper Red
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acids and bases react to form salt and (usually) water
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neutralization reaction
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in pure water of H+ ions exactly the number of ?
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OH- ions
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ion product constant for water
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the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the self-ionizarion of water.
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Electronegativity of the atom bearing the negative charge
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the greater the electronegativity of the atom bearing the negative charge, the more strongly its electrons are held, and the more stable the anion is; conversely, the smaller the electronegativity of this atom, the less tightly its electrons are held, and the less stable the anion is; this only applies to acids within the same period (row) of the periodic table; anions of atoms within the same period have approximately the same size, and their energies of solvation are approximately the same
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Thiazides produce les and are ineffective with....
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lower glomerular filtration rate but aren't ototoxic.
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If a patinet has refractory hyperkalemia what do you do?
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Dialysis. It means that nothing else is working.
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Ways to stabilize the conjugate base, A-
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having the negative charge on a more electronegative atom; having the negative charge on a larger atom; delocalizing the negative charge as described by resonance contributing structures; spreading the negative charge onto the electron-withdrawing groups by the inductive effect (polarization of sigma bonds); having the negative charge in an orbital with more s character
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