| Terms |
Definitions |
|
parasitism
|
sfcefq
|
|
simbiosis
|
living together
|
|
el efecto
|
effect
|
|
Herbivore
|
Plant eater
|
|
O horizon
|
organic layer
|
|
hydrologic cycle
|
water cycle
|
|
carnivore
|
secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers
|
|
Sociobiology
|
Study of social relations
|
|
autotrophs
|
make thier own food
|
|
Litter
|
Fresh, undecomposed organic matter.
|
|
Canivore
|
Animals which eat other animals
|
|
independent
|
affects entire population regardless of size
ex: natural didsater
|
|
Carnivores
|
Consumers that eat only animals
|
|
Biomagnification
|
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
-increase in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of:
Persistence (can't be broken down by environmental processes)
Food chain energetics
Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance (often due to water-insolubility)
|
|
Habitat
|
Place where an organism lives.
|
|
thylakoid
|
sacs membranes arranged in stacks
|
|
Phloem
|
-transports sugars produced from photosynthesis
- upwards and downwards within the plant
|
|
mutualism
|
symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
|
|
Biomes
|
Regions defined by broad vegetation types determined by patterns of precipitation and temperature
|
|
Commensalism
|
the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging or helping it
|
|
relative age
|
age compared to other fossils
|
|
Biosphere
|
portion of earth that supports life
|
|
Species
|
Organisms sharing similar genes that can reproduce and have fertile offspring
|
|
abiotic
|
nonliving, physical features of the environment, including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature, and climate
|
|
Enviroment
|
all of the surrounding things, conditions, and influences affecting the growth or development of living things
|
|
Conjugation
|
Absorb DNA plasmids directly from another bacterium
|
|
Nonobligatory Mutualism
|
-most are nonobligatory and opportunistic
-widely involved in seed dispersal, pollination
-many types of plants, pollinators, seed dispersers
|
|
Development
|
Acquiring a more valid and differentiated view of the world you live in and the skills and motivation to maintain it; adapt to it,and restructure it to make it better meet your needs
|
|
Birth Rate
|
Offspring produced per time period.Highest among those in the middle of the age spectrum.
|
|
producers
|
organisms that make their own food
|
|
Density Dependent factors
|
seriously impact population growth
|
|
Polyandry
|
A polygamous mating system involving one female and many males.
|
|
Evaporation
|
the process of becoming a vapor
|
|
Primary and secondary
|
Stages of early succession
|
|
Consumers
|
an organism that eats other organisms
|
|
exponential growth
|
* rapid increase in population
|
|
Sustainability
|
Condition which human needs are met where populations can survive indefinitely
|
|
renewable resource
|
resources that are continuely being replaced
|
|
community
|
all of the populaitons of different species that live and interact in an aera
|
|
micronutrients
|
nutrients not essential and can be taken in microscopic amounts
|
|
climax community
|
the final stage in ecological succession in which a relatively constant enviornment is reaches
|
|
denitrification
|
a process in which soil bacteria obtain energy by converting nitrates into nitrogen gas, which is released into the atmosphere
|
|
decomposers
|
organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down wastes and remains of other organisms
|
|
ecosystem
|
all the communities of organisms and the nonliving factors
|
|
niche
|
organism's role, or job, in its habitat
|
|
secondary consumers
|
animals that feed on primary consumers
|
|
Trophic cascades
|
consumptive effects of top predators indirectly influence lower trophic levels
|
|
biotic factor
|
the living parts (plants, animals, trees) of the environment
|
|
Succession
|
Gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem
|
|
Limited resources
|
Cause of trade-off between fecundity and survivorship
|
|
surface/deep ocean
|
CO2 dissolves in and out (diffusion)
cold water holds more CO2; as earth heats up, more CO2 is released into the atmosphere
|
|
Logistic Growth
|
Occurs when growth of a population
slows or stops.
|
|
Behavioral Ecology
|
the scientific field that studies behavior in an evolutionary context
|
|
law of thermodynamics 1
|
energy cant be created
|
|
heterotroph
|
an organism that must consume others to survive
|
|
Gilbert White
|
(1720-1793) Wrote The Natural History of Selbourne
|
|
Nitrogen Fixation
|
process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia performed by nitrogfen-fixing bacteria
|
|
food web
|
a complex interlocking series of individual food chains in an ecosystem.
|
|
carbon resivores
|
oceans forests and fossil fuels sontain carbon and release it into the ecosystem
|
|
bethic zone
|
Bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms.
|
|
guild
|
groups of species that have similar niches
|
|
Linnean System
|
system of grouping organisms into hierarchical categories according to their form and structure
|
|
Competition
|
Two or more species or individuals trying to use the same limited resource.
Survival of the fittest.
|
|
secondary production
|
the amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is coverted to their own new biomass during a given time period
|
|
predation "forms"
|
animal eats animal or animal eats plant
|
|
response curve
|
a description of how an individual responds to changes in a particular resource or condition
|
|
adaptation
|
feature which enables a species to fit its habitat
|
|
Matric forces
|
Water's tendency to adhere to the walls of containers such as cell walls or the soil particles lining a soil pore
|
|
population
|
group of the same kind of organism living in a certain place
|
|
Density Independent Factors
|
(Factor That Effect Population Growth) limiting factors that impact the population size the same no matter how many individuals live in an area; Example: natural disasters and explosions.
|
|
Catalyze
|
to bring about catalysis of a chemical reaction.
|
|
symbiotic relationship
|
interaction between 2 or more species living together in direct contact
|
|
biome
|
major types of land biomes that cover large regions of the earth
|
|
Chemical Cycles
|
The cycles in which inorganic elements move through the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem.
|
|
trophic pyramid
|
illustrates the flow of energy through an ecosystem, energy is lost at each level
|
|
biomass
|
total mas of all individuals in a trophic level
|
|
ecological efficiency
|
the percentage of energy in the biomass at a lower trophic level that is transferred to the biomass at the next higher trophic level; ecological efficiency varies from approximately 5% to 20%.
|
|
sample counts
|
used to estimate population size by counting the number of organisms in a specified area and multiplying by 100
|
|
carrying capacity
|
the maximum number a habitat can support
|
|
omnivore
|
a person who eats all kinds of foods
|
|
How much energy can be saved by recycling glass?
|
40%
|
|
fossil fuel
|
coal and oil formed from the decaying of dead organisms
|
|
ambush predator
|
hide, wait for prey to come to you
|
|
Algal Boom
|
A sudden spike in the population of algae
|
|
Food chain
|
simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem (example: plankton minnow fish shark)
|
|
species richness
|
the number of species in a community or collection.
|
|
Predation
|
the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey
|
|
produces
|
any life form that has the ability for photosynthesis
|
|
Secondary Consumer
|
An animal that feeds on smaller plant eating animals.
|
|
soil conservation solution
|
- ground cover-- leaves crop residue after harvest
|
|
Temperate Shrublands and Woodlands
|
Wet season in winter; hot, dry summers
Mediterranean-type climates—west coasts of the Americas, Africa, Australia, and Europe, between 30°-40° N and S
Vegetation is evergreen shrubs and trees
Fire is a common feature
|
|
las especies en peligro de extinción
|
species in danger of extinction
|
|
Alternation of Generations in Fungi
|
Sexual Reproduction involves the two alternation process of meiosis an fertilization
|
|
What is the point where Carbon can no longer be fixed by a plant?
|
Saturation point
|
|
Effect on microbial activity Fig.11.10
|
-Tunneling by blow fly larvae in corpses
-measured microbial respiration on small mammal corpse
-Observed in respiration chambers - screened from insect attack
-Control left intact
-Experimental treatment pierced repeatedly with a dissecting needle
|
|
How are nutrients added to the ecosystem?
|
Chemical weathering of rocks
Biological fixation of atmospheric N
Deposition of elements from atmosphere
Fertilization
|
|
Competition for resources among different populations
|
May result in the elimination of one population
|
|
some causes of reproductive effects in animals
|
stress (difficult to measure in wild populations), dispersal
|
|
Max. + Min. for Predators + Prey
|
Predators Max. : energy value in prey Min.: searching + handling time
Prey Max.: predator search + handling time
Min.: probability of being eaten
|
