Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Carbohydrates 3

Terms Definitions
dihydroxyacetone
D- Fructose Fru
Trisoses three carbon sugars
Pathophysiology of Diabetes -Hyperglycemia
-Glucosuria
-Ketoacidosis (Type 1)
-Hyperinsulinemia (Type 2)
-Nonketotic hyperosmolar state(Type 2)
lactose 1. β-D-galatose + β-D-glucose→joined by a β(1-4) glycosidic linkage
2. principal carb in milk (milk sugar)
3. lactose intolerance = no enzyme to hydrolyse to galactose & glucose
Define Aldose Aldehyde functional group
Aldose a carb contains a aldehyde
chitin An important structural polysaccharide that insects use to make exoskeletons. Can also make cell walls for fungi.
polysaccharides are important in storing energy
Define Disaccharide Compound of 2 monosaccharides
Galactose componenet of the disacharide lactose ( milk sugar) , also a blood component.
Glycosidic Bond bound together by "O" atoms.
aldoses a monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group
Ketose any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group. ex. fructose
hydrolysis means to break apart with water
Which Carbohydrates are used for stored energy? Polysaccharides
helium colorless liquid helium existing below its boiling point of 4.2 K and above the lambda point of 2.186 K.
Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose into the blood
biochemistry study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances.
polysaccharide 1. many mono bonded by glycosidic (acid) linkages
2. not sweet, negative w/Tollens & Benedicts b/c so many mono the concentration of aldehydes are low
3. limited water solubility
4. ex. cellulose, starch in plants, glycogen in animals, chitin in arthropods
microfibrils Main architectural unit of the plant cell wall composed of parallel cellulose molecules.
sphingolipidoses result from defects in catabolism of sphingolipids
Define Lipolysis Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Haworth Projection cyclic form with atoms in spatial arrangements
storage polysaccharide: starch 1. glucose is monomeric unit
2. storage polysaccharide in plants
3. 2 types
a. amylose
b. amylopectin
Ruff Degradation is used for... removes C1 from aldose
glycogen A polymer made up entirely of glucose molecules that is used for storage in animals. More complex than starch. THE storage polysaccharide in animals.
Which of the following is not a disaccharide?starchmaltosesucroselactose starch
Define Monosaccharide simple sugar = can't be further hydrolized
element one of a class of substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means, part of the periodic table
properties of enantiomers have same properties except for 2 areas:
1. their interaction w/plane polarized light
-a pair of enantiomers will rotate light to the same extent but in opposite directions
2. their interaction with other chiral substances
- a pair will react differently w/other chiral molecules (ex. left & right handed baseball gloves)
- solubility will be different
- will have the same BP, MP & density
- our bodies react differently. one may react higher & one might be inactive
A formula which shows how the atoms are bonded in a molecule is called themolecular formulastructural formulaelectronic configurationorganic formula structural formula
Diagnosis of Diabetes Testing is performed based on high risk criteria
oxidation to acidic sugars -can yield 3 different types depending on oxidizing agent
In cyclic sugar, ____ means anomeric hydroxyl group trans with last carbon, while ____ means anomeric hydroxyl group cis with last carbon. alpha (axial), beta (equatorial)
Simple Carbohydrates: sugars, including both single sugar units and linked pairs of sugar units (1 answer) the basic sugar is a molecule consisting of six carbon atoms together with oxygen and hydrogen
amino sugar formation 1. one of the hydroxyl groups of a mono is replaced with an amino group
2. important building blocks of polysaccharide such as chitin
When making bonds when bonded it is no longer a reducing substance
Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - Insulin Dependent
Type 2 - Non-Insulin Dependent
Gestational - During pregnancy
What is the purpose of the Wohl Degradation? reverse of Killiani Fischer after making oxime intermediate (removes stereochemistry at C2 of original aldose)