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Irony
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Veiled sarcasm; it expresses commendation when the opposite it meant; "Oh, verryyyy interesting"
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Verse
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A single line of poetry
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Lyric
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A brief subjective poem strongly marked by imagination, melody, emotion; simple lyrics, songs of love/ patriotism, religion; sonnet, elegy (someone who has died/ death), ode (honor of person/ place/ thing)
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Dramatic
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Comedy, tragedy are types of this
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Hyperbole
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A figure of speech based on exaggeration
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Metaphor
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Identifies one object with another and ascribes the qualities of another; 'like', 'as' not used
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Epistrophe
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Repetition of a word/ expression at the end of successive phrases/ clauses/ sentences/ verses, especially for rhetorical, poetic effect
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Conceit
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An extended metaphor; ex. 'A Poison Tree'
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Love's Philosophy
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_____ ________; written by Percy Shelley; "If everyone/ everything can have a pair, why can't I?"; lots of personification
"The fountains mingle with the river
And the rivers with the Ocean,..."
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Sonnet; iambic
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Has 14 lines; ______ pentameter; includes Italian, Shakespearean, Spenserian
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Extremes; opposite
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When movements occur, like the Romantic one, carried to _______, then swings the _________ way (Realism)
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Rhyme
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A similarity of sounds between words (especially ones at the ends of lines of poetry)
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Anaphora
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The repetition of the same word/ phrase in (usually the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences; found often in verse/ prose; favored by Dickens, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
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Slant
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A near rhyme, usually the sum of assonance or consonance for true rhyme; also called oblique rhyme, off rhyme, or pararhyme
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Masculine
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A type of rhyme, where the rhymed syllables are the last ones of the words and receive stress (disCOUNT)
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Haiku
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A Japanese verse form of 17 syllables; formed as 5-7-5
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Foot
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A unit of measure in poetry, that consists of a set number of accented beats; 4 kinds are iambic, trachaic, anapestic, dactylic
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Antithesis
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A figure of speech made of oppositions or sentiments in parallel construction ("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times")
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William Blakeâs âInfant Sorrowâ
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ï§ Summary/Meaning: The poem suggests that childbirth is not always joyful and happy but can bring sorrow and pain. The response of the child itself may be different from that of the child in "Infant Joy" because of the behavior of the parents. In "Infant Sorrow" the parents seem depressed by this unwanted birth, and this may be reflecting on the child itself. The poem's forth most message is that from the moment a child is born, they are repressed and restricted, when bought into this cold world their existence does not matter, even if the child fights against this, they soon give up in defeat.
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Pyrrhic foot
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2 unaccented syllables; also used as a substitute in a regular metrical pattern
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Climax
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A figure of speech that has a series of thoughts building up in importance; "I came, I saw, I conquered"
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Ozymandias; Italian; face
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_________; an ______ sonnet by Percy Shelley; title is name for Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II of 13th century BC (great architect, said to have reigned when Moses led Jews out of Egypt)
"I met a traveller from an antique land" <- Narrator saying this
"Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone..." <- Traveller saying this; trunkless means no body
"visage" = ____
"The hand that mocked them, an the heart that fed:..." <- Sculptor mocking pharaoh with face
-Author mocking Ozymandias' ideas and 'work' (vanity), since there is nothing left of his kingdom but sand
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Volta (volte)
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A sestet in an Italian sonnet that sets up the resolution
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Metonymy
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The name of one object is clearly used for that of another
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William Blakeâs âThe Lambâ
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ï§ Summary: The poem begins with the question, "Little Lamb, who made thee?" The speaker, a child, asks the lamb about its origins: how it came into being, how it acquired its particular manner of feeding, its "clothing" of wool, its "tender voice." In the next stanza, the speaker attempts a riddling answer to his own question: the lamb was made by one who "calls himself a Lamb," one who resembles in his gentleness both the child and the lamb. The poem ends with the child bestowing a blessing on the lamb. Songs of Innocence
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A Dirge
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_ ____; by Percy Shelley; is a funeral song, that personifies scene to express spiritual/ moral decline in world; uses apostrophes
"Rough wind, that moanest loud
Grief too sad for song;..."
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Wordsworth; Coleridge; Lyrical Ballads
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The start of English Romanticism was in 1798 when William _______ and Samuel Taylor ________ wrote _______ ______; went to Northern Lakes District to publish books as a rebellious act against the Renaissance
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Form; verse; stricter
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Poetry vs. prose: Differ in ____, as in prose their are sentences and paragraphs, but in poetry there are lines and stanzas (____); rhythm in poetry is ______ than in prose (but both have it); poetry is designed more for the ear than prose
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William Blake (1757- 1827); London; Innocence
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A unconventional ('black sheep') Romantic poet who had radical ideas about politics, society, ethics, and life that caused him to be shunned; he created 'art', as his poems illustrated scenes; was not widely known until after death; was the son of a ______ haberdasher, almost never travelled, was liberal, inspired by the American/ French Revolutions, and found his 'voice' in poetry; had two famous collections, Songs of _______ and Songs of Experience, which contrasts Christian innocence with the sad realities of life
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The Lamb; imagery; rhyme
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___ _______; by William Blake (Songs of Innocence); suggests passive Christian innocence; childlike- _____ (baby lamb, soft clothing, meek, little child, woolly, soft, gentle), short lines, simple wording (1- 2 syllables), basic _____, repetition of 'soft' words, lots of questions; is sung in church; Lamb of God (Jesus) made lamb
"Little Lamb, who made thee?..."
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Couplet; closed; heroic
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2 rhyming lines; ____ couplet is 2 successive rhyming lines that contain complete, independent statement (does not depend on lines that precede it or follows for for its grammatical structure/ thought), almost all in English are iambic tetrameter/ pentameter; _____ couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet that is prevailingly closed, strongly end- stopped
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Robert Burnâs âTo a Mouseâ
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ï§ Summary: after a farmer plows up a mouse's nest, he apologizes to the tiny creature while assuring it that he means no harm. He also says he does not mind that the mouse occasionally steals an ear of corn. After all, the farmer reaps a bounty of food from the land; surely, he cannot begrudge the mouse a tiny harvest of its own. Finally, he tells the mouse that it is not alone in failing to build wisely for the future; men fail too. ï§ Themes: respect for nature's creatures, especially the small, the defenseless, the downtrodden (or, in this case, the uprooted). As a wee creature, the mouse represents not only lowly animals but also lowly human beingsâcommon folk who are often tyrannized by the high and the mighty.
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Narrative; hero; music
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Tells a story; tales, epics (tale of a ___), ballad (short story in verse set to ____), metrical romance (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
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Kubla Khan; sexual;
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_____ ____, or 'A Vision in a Dream'; by Samuel Coleridge; Kubla Khan founded the Mongol Dynasty; Coleridge had this dream after taking a pill laced with opium, then started writing it down, but was called away; has many ______ innuendos, but refers to spiritual/ poetic 'procreation'
"In Xanadu did Kubla Khan..."
"A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!"
-------------------------------------------------------------- -> Gets called away here
"A damsel with a dulcimer,
In a vision once I saw:..."
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"She walks in beauty"
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"__ ____ __ ______"; by Lord Byron; a ___ of praise to a beautiful woman (his cousin's fiancée) he met at an evening event on a terrace; she was wearing dress with spangles
["She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;"]
"One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impair'd the nameless grace" <- If she had been lighter/ darker, she wouldn't have been as perfect in beauty
["A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!"] <- Woman is sweet, innocent
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Triplet; tercet; terza rima
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3 rhyming lines; a ____ is a complete poem in 3 lines; ___ ____ is an iambic pentameter tercet in linked rhyme, aba-bcb-cdc (Dante's Inferno)
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ï§ Summary: The speaker addresses the soul of the dead poet John Milton, saying that he should be alive at this moment in history, for England needs him. England, the speaker says, is stagnant and selfish, and Milton could raise her up again. The spea
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talking to John Milton and saying that he wishes he were around now because London needed people of integrity, like Milton
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Lord Byron (1788- 1824); clubfoot; half- sister; Scotland; Italy; Greece
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His given name was George Gordon, but he is known by his aristocratic title; the most admired/ heard- about Romantic poet of the 19th century, due to his looks, his _______, his eventful experiences, his liberal view, his gloomy emotions, interesting (had an affair with his ____- ______) sex life; at 24, he wrote 'Childe Harold's Pilgrimage' and also created 'The Giaour' and 'The Corsair'; modernly known for his humor/ satires; grew up in ______ until at 10 he became an aristocrat, and moved to England; he travelled from Europe to Turkey, and his fascination with the Mediterranean gave him inspiration for the 'Childe Harold's Pilgrimage' and 'Don Juan' (Jooan); he had a disastrous marriage in 1815, joined Shelley's group near Geneva, moved to _____ in 1817, enjoyed numerous relationships in Vienna and Ravenna, got back together with Shelley's group in 1921, near Pisa, and in 1923 went off to help _______ with its independence struggle (he didn't do much there, besides moral support, though he ended up a national hero) and died of a fever in 1824
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The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
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___ ____ __ ___ ______ _______; by Samuel Coleridge; summary: There is a world inhabited by the supernatural that we can't see, and we're fascinated with it
-Ancient mariner grabs a wedding guest , then holds him with his eyes (hypnotic effect)
-Wedding starts, but Mariner begins telling story to guest
-Mariner's ship stuck in ice at _____ ____; suddenly, an ______ comes (bird of good luck- Can fly gracefully for days, is clumsy on landing); it causes ice to crack
-Mariner shoots the albatross
-Shipmates first angry, then mist departs, so they pardon mariner (thought bird had brought mist), making them accomplices of Mariner's crime
-Mariner's ship got near Equator, then winds stopped (he was in the _______, where no wind blows, causing people on ships to go insane"
["Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean."]
["Water water everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink."] <- Salt water all around
-Crew mates hung albatross across mariner's neck = "an albatross about one's neck"
-Crew's throats parched, can't talk, then mariner sees a ship (tacking = zig- zagging process of ship)
-Mariner bites arm to get blood so he can partially talk
-Crew realizes there is no wind to guide the ship, or tide
-The ship is only the bare ribs, and sails torn apart
-Captains of ship are ____ and ___-__-____, and are gambling for crew/ mariner
-Death wins shipmates, while Life- in- Death wins mariner
-Later, the shipmates die in groups of ___
-Wedding guest believes Mariner is one of the ghosts of the dead, bu he is alive
"And a thousand thousand slimy things
Lived on; and so did I." <- Saying he is miserable/ base
-All the dead crewmates' bodies not rotting, looking at mariner due to _____
-Mariner now blesses the slimy things around him
-The albatross falls off his neck, and the _____ is partially lifted
-Mariner falls asleep, as a blessing from the Virgin Mary ("Mary Queen"), and when he wakes it rains
-Wind reaches ship, though it is moved forward by the ____ of the south pole
-Bodies rose and went back to work; when they talked, beautiful sounds emerged
-Spirit went so fast, it blew Mariner back, into a trance, and he hears demons talking
-They say he has done penance, but has much more to give
-Demons talking about how spirit is driving ship
-Mariner comes out of sleep as ship slows
-Mariner prays for bodies, curse is lifted, and now wind only blows on mariner
-"Kirk" = _____
-Angel- like spirits come out of shipmates' bodies as ship arrives home, and as the spirits ascend, their light signals to the harbor for a pilot to pick up the mariner
-Pilot, his son, and a hermit come to pick up mariner; they wonder where the light went
-Sails/ ribs of ship destroyed, pilot thinks its supernatural
-Ship splits and sinks, but Mariner is saved
-Pilot thinks mariner is a spirit when he tries to talk; son thinks he is a ____
-Mariner felt pain, so told pilot/ hermit his whole story, then was free from pain
-As soon as mariner sees a person he must tell his story to, he knows/ feels pain
-Mariner had to learn to love all other creatures; wants people to understand this
-Wedding guest is later glad he listened
["Farewell, farewell! but this I tell
To thee, thou Wedding- Guest!
He prayeth well, who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast"]
["He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small;
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all."]
["He went like one that hath been stunned,
And is of sense forlorn:
A sadder and a wiser man,
He rose the morrow morn."]
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John Keats (1795- 1821); tuberculosis; Leigh Hunt; Fanny; Rome
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Was a Romantic poet born in London with ________- which killed his mother and younger brother- to a livery- stable manager (lower class); had early interest in Greek mythology and other studies, but when he became orphaned, had to learn to be a surgeon to earn money (also worked at hospitals); at 18, he began poetry writing, and at 20 finished the Keatsian sonnet "On first looking into Chapman's Homer"; was mentored by ____ ____, in 1817 finished the heroic couplets of "Endymion", in 1818 made the ottava rima (Italian stanza used by Byron) "Isabella", and in 1819 fell in love with _____ Bawne, made the Miltonic blank verse epic "Hyperion", the ballad- ish piece "La Belle Dame sans Merci", the heroic couplet narrative "Lamia", other sonnets, and odes (poems in honor); he traveled to ____ in 1820, during the way finishing the sonnet "Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art", before dying there a year later; he had always known he might die an early death
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Ode to a Grecian Urn; frozen in time
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___ __ _ ______ ___; ode by John Keats; scenes on urn are '_____ __ ____'
-On one side of vase in a nymph running from a man, while a musician plays music on pipes
["Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard
Are sweeter;..."] <- imagination is more creative than reality
-Man will never catch nymph, but she will always be young
-Passion in scene is there forever
-On other side of vase is a group of Grecians sacrificing a heifer (young female cow)
"Lowing" = mooing
-What city did the Greek people come from?
-Considers the whole vase
"Cold Pastoral!" <- Set in rural environment, and frozen in time
-When generations of people go by, urn will remain
["'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' - that is all
Ye know on Earth, and all ye need to know."]
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"The world is much too with us" ("late and soon"); Italian
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"___ _____ __ ____ ___ ____ __"; an ______ sonnet (ending doesn't rhyme) by William Wordsworth; Romantics feared Industrial Revolution; saying world is too materialistic (we're too money- concerned); we've lost contact with nature
"It moves us not. --Great God! I'd rather be..." <- Punctuation change shows resolution
"lea"= edge of sea
"Proteus"= Greek sea deity who could change form
"Triton"= Poseidon
-Resolution saying Wordsworth would have rather lived in Pagan times or have been raised by Greeks (Greeks respected nature)
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