| Terms |
Definitions |
|
Sociological THeories
|
Anomie theories
|
|
Jurisdiction
|
Geographic based, Mission based
|
|
Interpol-
|
“An international law enforcement support organization consisting today of 182 member nations. The U.S. Interpol unit is called the U.S. National Central Bureau (USNCB) and is a separate agency within the U.S. Department of justice. USNCB is staffed with personnel from 12 federal agencie, including the Drug Enforcement Administration, Secret Service, and the FBI. Through USNCB, Interpol is linked to all major U.S. computerized criminal records repositories, including the FBI’s National Crime Information index, The State Departments Advanced Visa lookout system, and the Department of Homeland Security’s Master Index. Interpoil’s primary purpose is to act as a clearinghouse for information on offenses and suspects who are believed to operate across national boundaries. Historically, Interpol pledged itself not to intervene in religious, political, military, or racial disagreements in participant nations, until 1984, when Interpol officially entered the fight against international terrorism. In late 2001, Interpol’s Seventienth General Assembly Unanimously adopted the Budapest Anti-Terrorism Resolution. The resolution calls for greater police cooperation in fighting international terrorism. Interpol is currently in the process of developing a centeralized international forensic DNA database and is creating an international framework for disaster victim identification. The agency has no powers of arrests or of search and seizure in member countries. Instead, Interpol’s purpose is to facilitate, coordinate, and encourage police cooperation as a means of combating international crime.
|
|
Polygraph
|
Measures Respiratory, electro dermal, and cardiovascular fluctuations in the target.
|
|
Left Realism
|
Critical Criminology. Questions conservative approaches to crime control and ins sits on social justice as policy objective.
|
|
Shock probation-
|
Strongly resembles split sentencing. The offender serves a relatively short period of time in custody, normally in prison not jail, and is released on probation by court order. The difference is that shock probation clients must apply for probationary release from confinement and cannot be certain of the judges decision. In shock probation, the court in effect makes a resentencing decision.
|
|
Childsavers
|
Middle of 19th century childsavers movement began. Child savers eposed a philosophy of productivity and eschewed idleness and unprincipled behavior. Child savers movement provided an ideological framework combining Christian principles with a strong emphasis on the worth of the individual. It was a social perspective that held that children were to be guided and protected.
|
|
right is counsel is not...
|
collateral consequence
|
|
Neutralization
|
Theory by Matza. Criminals neutralize moral constraints and they don't feel guilt for committing crime anymore.
|
|
Critical Criminality
|
emphasis on criminalization of behavior, conflict world views, willingess to question social order
|
|
Biological Positivism
|
criminals are defective or biologically inferior
|
|
Geneva Convention
|
1949 Geneva convention governing the conduct of war and the treatment of refugees.
|
|
Amendments 1-4
|
1.Freedom of speech, press, religion and petition2.Right to bear arms3.Conditions for quarters of soldiers4.Rights against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right against arrest without probable cause.
|
|
2nd Generation Jails
|
Designed to provide indirect surveillance of inmate behavior; medium security with outside cell construction
|
|
Earl Warren
|
Began holding the polic accountable for their actions. Enforced warrants, probable cause etc
|
|
Background Checks
|
Best prediction of future: the past
|
|
Training is designed to...
|
Simulate real life situation
|
|
CASA
|
Volunteers who provide the court with information regarding child placement issues.
|
|
Social Learning
|
Theory by Akers. Definition favorable to law violation depend on history of reinforcement and punishment. I.E what you learn about the system.
|
|
Which school of Criminology emerged during the Enlightenment?
|
Classical School
|
|
Lemert
|
Primary deviance - primary deviant act (steal something.
Secondary Deviance: Deviance that results from being caught and labelled. Once they are caught they are unable to escape the label thus they become what they are
|
|
Freudian Theory
|
ID(me), Ego (me & everyone), Superego (unconscious moral principle). Emphasis on the unconscious.
|
|
Gregg v. GA-
|
Supreme court formally approved the two-step trial procedure in this case. In the first stage, guilt or innocence is decided. The second or penalty phase, a kind of mini trial, generally permits the introduction of new evidence that may have been irrelevant to the question of guilt but that may be relevant to punishment, such as drug use or child abuse.
|
|
Evidentiary standard
|
If the charge involves a status offense, the judge may adjudicate the juvenile as a status offender upon finding that a preponderance of the evidence supports this finding. A preponderance of the evidence exists when evidence of an offense is more convincing than evidence offered to the contrary. If the charge involves a criminal-type offense, the evidentiary standard rises to the level of reasonable doubt.
|
|
Tazir Crimes
|
“A minor violation of Islamic law that is regarded as an offense against society not god.” All crimes other than Hudud crimes fall into an offense category called tazirat. Tazir crimes are regarded as any actions not considered acceptable in a spiritual society. They include crimes against society and against individuals, but not against God. Tazir crimes may call for quesas (retribution) or diya(compensation or fines). Crimes requiring quesas are based on the Arabic principle “an eye for an eye” and generally require physical punishments up to and including death. Quesas offenses mey include murder, manslaughter, assault, and maiming. Under Islamic law, such crimes may require the victim or his representative to serve as prosecutor. The state plays a role only in providing the forum for the trial and in imposing punishments.
|
|
3rd Generation Jails
|
Designed to maximize staff interaction with populace; direct supervision
|
|
Aristotle came up with what theory?
|
Order = virtue
|
|
All bad cops stem from what?
|
Poor Background checks.
|
|
Bail
|
Most states do not allow bail for juveniles. Detention is "rehabilitation not punishment".
|
|
Social Bonding
|
Theory by Hirschi. States that bonds to social institutions prevent crime.
|
|
Rational Choice Theory
|
Formulated by Cornish and Clarke. Assumes that people committing a crime have weighed the costs vs. the benefits. Also, every aspect of a person's background is analyzed.
|
|
Focal Concerns Theory
|
lower class focal concerns cause delinquency (ex: advocates trouble, toughness, smartness, etc.)
|
|
the Industrial Era-
|
the fourth era, focused on incapacitation, resoration.
|
|
Reasonable suspicion
|
is less than probable cause, the legal standard for arrests and warrants, but more than an "inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch' it must be based on "specific and articulable facts", "taken together with rational inferences from those facts". Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has been, is, or is about to be engaged in criminal activity
|
|
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
|
In 1973, the court extended the procedural safeguards of Morrissey to probationers in Gagnon v. Scarpelli. Supreme court ruled that probationers, because they face a substantial loss of liberty, were entitled to two hearings; (1) a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is “probable cause to believe that he has committed a violation of his parole” and (2) “a somewhat more comprehensive hearing prior to the making of the final revocation decision. Court also ruled that probation revocation hearings were to be held “under the conditions specified in Morrissey v. Brewer.
|
|
Terrorism
|
– ” A violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state, that is committed to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” Two major forms of terrorism: Domestic and International. In the U.S. Domestic terrorism refers to the unlawful use of force or violence by an individual or a group that is based in and operates entirely within this country and its territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed against elements of the U.S. government or population. International terrorism, in contrast, is the unlawful use of force or violence by an individual that has some connection to a foreign power, or whose activities transcend national boundaries, against people in order to intimidate or coerce a government, or civilian population.
|
|
Oliver v. U.S.-
|
Curtilage refers to the fact that household activity generally extends beyond the walls of a residence. People living in a house, for example, spend some of their time in their yard. Property within the cartilage of a residence has generally been accorded the same 4th Amendment guarantees against search and seizure as areas within the walls of a house or an apartment. How fare does this extend? The open fields doctrine began with an earlier case, in which Supreme court held that law enforcement officers could search an open field without a warrant. The Oliver case extended that authority to include secluded and fenced fields posted with No trespassing signs.
|
|
Execution Methods in USA
|
Electric chair, lethal gas, lethal injection
|
|
Pendleton Act
|
The only safe job was a government job. The system became corrupted as people would hire based on nepotism.
|
|
Testing Bulletproof Clothing
|
Should not occur on people. Modern Marvels.
|
|
Most Effective Prevention Programs
|
Pre-natal and Infancy Home Visitation, Life Skills Training, Family Therapy
|
|
Traits of Low Self Control
|
Risk takers, Porr verbal communicaotrs, impulsive.
|
|
General Deterrence
|
When someone is punished it is hoped to deter everyone from committing a crime.
|
|
Routine Activities Theory (3 factors)
|
1) MOtivated offenders
2) Suitable Target
3) Absence of Guardian
NEOCLASSICAL
|
|
In re Gault
|
Gault and a friend were taken into custody, on the basis of a neighbors complaint that the boys had telephoned her and made lewd remarks. At the time, Gault was on probation for having been in company of another boy who had stolen a wallet. When gault was apprehended his parents were both at work and no notice was posted to indicate to his parents he was in custody. Gault was adjudicated delinquent and remanded to the state industrial school until his 21 birthday. On appeal to the Supreme court, Gaults attorney argued that his constitutional rights were violated because he had been denied due process
|
|
Social Hierarchy in Jails
|
Type of Inmate, Type of Offense, Affiliation, Status, Gang
|
|
COPS Program
|
Started by Clint. It was a grant that paid for the first three years of a police officers salary. But afterwards, it left the police force high and dry and forced them to cover the whole salary.
|
|
Miranda Rights for Juveniles
|
Juveniles have the same miranda rights as adult offenders, they are free to waive their rights without an attorney or any adult present.
|
|
Variation by Age
|
Most crime occurs from the age of 15-21. As we go past 25 years old, we commit less crime.
|
|
No trial by jury
|
because of the U.S. supreme court case of McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, juveniles do not have a constitutional right to trial by jury, though juveniles are allowed to be tried by their peers
|
|
Uniform Juvenile Court Act (1968)
|
disallows police to take a juvenile into custody in circumstances where the 4th Amendment would also exempt adults
|
|
The 4 components of Social Control Theory
|
Attachment: Cohesiveness with parents and peers.Commitment: How invested you are in the community.Involvement: How much time you are spending through conventional non-crime activities.Belief: Agreeing with the laws of the society.
|
|
Delbert Elliott's INtegrative THoery
|
Strain from family and school leads to social bonds with delinquent peers leads to self delinquency. Strain Theory >> Social Control >> Social Learning Differentiation
|
|
When is a firearm permissible?
|
If suspect threatens with a weapon or there is probably cause to believe the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm.
|
|
How Genetics Factor into Substance Abuse
|
There is a high correlation of alcoholism within families. Alcohol dependence is twice as high in identical twins as it is in fraternal twins.
|
|
The juvenile court movement was based on 5 philosophical principles that can be summarized as follows.
|
• The state is the higheror ultimate parent of all children• Children are worth saving• Children should be nurtured.• To accomplish the goal of reformation, justice needs to be individualized; that is, each child is different, and the needs, aspirations, living conditions, and so on of each child must be known in their individual particulars if the courts is to be helpful.• Non criminal procedures are necessary to give primary consideration to the needs of the child. The denial of due process can be justified in the face of constitutional challenges because the court acts not to punish, but to help.-Juvenile statues include six categories of children.
|
|
Most shooting occur under what terms?
|
Two people are less than 10 feet away, 2-3 shots are fired, it lasts for 3-5 seconds.
|
