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Definitions |
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Sarco
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Muscle
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20 A
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DNA Width
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desmosome: 3 things
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cell-cellcadherinIMF
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APC
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Initiates sister chromatid separation
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2 Unidirectional Conformational Changes in Proteins:
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?
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Nucleoli tend to (group/seperate)
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Group
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Purine
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Double ring. Adenine and Guanine.
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how many membranes in chloroplasts
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3
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shapes of proteins
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globular-hemoglobin
fibrous and filament- collagens, keratin, actin
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Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?
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nucleOlus
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What resides beneath the sarcolemma?
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myonuclei
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Annulus
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Proteins that surround nuclear pores
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When Cytoplasm carries particulate matter
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Cyclosis
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RNA
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-Different base than DNA: Uracil instead of Thymine
-2' carbon has ribose rather than deoxyribose
-Single stranded
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Membrane Proteins
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§ Transmembrane a-helices inserted into LB sequentially by a protein translocator – after leaving this, each helix is transiently surrounded by lipids in bilayer, which means helix must be hydrophobic – it is only as the protein folds into final structure that contacts are made btwn adjacent helices and protein-protein contacts replace some of the protein-lipid contacts.
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Term for cell separation or cleavage
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Cytokinesis
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GPI transamidase
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cleaves precursor protein and transfers in to a performed GPI anchor
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization reaction in transcription
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IgG
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Typical antibody found in blood sometimes at high concentrations. Tail regions can bind to macrophages for phagocytic uptake. can also cross the placenta during pregnancy.
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Protein Kinase
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an enzyme that phosphorylates proteins
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What's the IMF in nerve axons?
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neurofilaments
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metaphase
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phase where chromosome are firmly attached to mitotic spindle at the equator.
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Imprinting changes can be
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congenital or acquired(cancer)
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_______ is a slight molecular modification of adenine
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Inosine
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Dyein
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Responsible for breaking adn creating of cross bridges between microfilaments in flagellum and cilia
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Endocytosis involving specific receptors in coated pits that bind to specific molecules to help transport them inside of the cell
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
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Membrane transport proteins:
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specialized proteins that transfer solutes, such as ions, sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides, across cell membranes. Each protein transports a particular class of molecule and often only certain molecular species of the class.
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Mitochondrial Proteins
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Are first fully synthesized by ribosomes and then sent into mitochondria. These Precursor proteins use a post-translational mechanism
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3 classes of microtubules
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1)Kinetochore microtubules attach eachchromosome to the spindle pole2)Interpolarmicrotubules hold the two halvesof the spindle together3)Interpolar microtubules hold the two halves of the spindle together
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ribosome
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made of ribosomal RNA's and proteins, works with messenger RNA, and catalyzes the making of protein
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super molecule
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assemblage of several proteins with other molecules to form a huge complex to carry out complex cellular processes
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zebrafish
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m.o. for cell migration and tissue formation
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mediator
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serves as an intermediate between gene regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase
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Which protein is most abundant in cells?
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actin
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Which type of chromatin is active?
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light euchromatin
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40. There is no fundamental distinction between signaling molecules that bind to cell-surface receptors and those that bind to intra-cellular receptors.
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b. false
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series of two or more alleles covalently linked together on a single chromosomal homolog
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haplotype
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chromatin can be condenced or decondensed
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chromatin organization
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During (phase of cell) the nuclear lamina gets dephosphorylated
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Telophase
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F-actin
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Composed of G-actin strands in a chain
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Connective tissue
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Extracellular matrix and the cells that are bound up in it
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Signal Patch
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Special sorting signals that form a 3-D arrangement on the proteins surface
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what is immunogold labeling
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technique for labeling electron microscope samples. primary Ab for specific sample, secondary Ab for primary
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tRNA
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Transfer RNA is the key to deciphering the codons in mRNA. Each type of amino acid has its own subset of tRNAs, which bind to the amino acid and carry it to the growing end of a polypeptide chain when the next codon in the mRNA calls for it
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functional genes
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correlates with the complexity of an organism
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describe the motility of proteins?
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lateral diffusion and rotation
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chaperone
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a molecule or enzyme that helps a protein fold properly
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Golgi Apparatus
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an organelle that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum
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How does mitochondria get energy?
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Proton Motive Force (PMF)
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21. Looking at the dideoxy experiment on the
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b. ATGTCAGTCCAG
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Viable Yellow Avy mice are genetically______________,but not________
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identical, epigenetically identical
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lipid spheres surround DNA and fuse to cell membrane- facilitate DNA transport via transfection
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liposomes
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What is annulus composed of?
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8 radially arranged proteins
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What type of cells digest foreign objects for lysozomes?
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Phagocytic cells
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Unique arrangement of membranes which runs from the sarcolema to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Transverse tubule system
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the translocation of the phosphatidylserine in apoptotic cells is thought to occur byt 2 mechanisms:
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Most complex glycolipids – gangliosides which contain oligosaccharides with one or more sialic acid residues – give a neg net charge – most abundant of these are in PM of nerve cells.
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Principal structural element in most animal cells and tissue and locations it could be found
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Intermediate filament. Epithelia, muscle, neurons (axons), epidermis (hair, nails)
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Claudins
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a family of proteins that are the most important components of the tight junctions, where they establish the paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space between the cells of an epithelium. They have four transmembrane domains, with the N-terminus and the C-terminus in the cytoplasm.
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How are Gap Junctions Formed?
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Six transmembrane protein (connexin) molecules associate to form a hollow cylindrical structure in the plasma membrane (connexon). Connexons in the membranes of adjacent cells align to form a pipe connecting two cells. The resultant hydrophilic channel conducts water, ions, and other small molecules
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Gene Silencing
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turning off genes - by methylation or RNAi by example.
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How do proteosomes work?
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Proteins are tagged with ubiquitin and are recognized by barrel-shaped proteasomes (related to HSP 60) for degradation. The broken down protein fragments are imported to the ER and are attached to major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins on the ER membrane. These complexes routinely go from the ER to the Golgi and then to the cell surface. Foreign fragments are recognized by the immune system.
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anaphase promoting complex
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A protein complex that promotes the destruction of a specific protein, by catalyzing their ubiquitination. It is a crucial component of the cell cyle control system
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Intoduced gene can be switched off at a specific time. Alterations such as heat or chemicals can induce deletion of a gene
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conditional knock-out
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what is irreversible inhibition
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an inhibitory substance changes the shape of the enzyme so that a substrate cannot bind permanently
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What is specific for coding strand of DNA for protein synthesis in transcription?
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Sigma factor
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Extracellular matrix
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mass of substance secreted by the cell which consists largely of polysaccharides and proteins
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Cholesterol is a sterol
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contains a rigid ring which is attached to a single polar OH group and a short nonpolar hydrocarbon chain – the cholesterols orient themselves in the bilayer with their OH group close to the polar head groups of adjacent phospholipid molecules
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what are the two main steps of organelle isolation
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1. homogenization
2. fractionation
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what are membrane proteins responsible for in terms of functions of the membrane?
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selective transport, binding of hormones, signal transduction
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Globin gene family
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Genes that code for proteins with a common fold (called the globin fold) ex hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc
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*How are lysosomal hydrolases targeted for sorting to endosomes/lysosomes in the Golgi?
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Hydrolytic enzymes are recognized in the cis-Golgi, and their N-linked oligosaccharides from ER are phosphorylated to produce mannose-6-phosphate. The M6P receptor in the trans-Golgi recognizes it. Both the receptor and ligand are packaged and sent to a late endosome/multivesicular body forming an endolysosome. The low pH causes the receptor to be released and recycled. The pH slowly drops until pH 4.5 forming a lysosome that degrades its contents
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Knockout of which galactose residue on the surface of pig cells may allow for organ transplantation from pigs to humans
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alpha 1.3 galactosyltransferase gene
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What type of cells in higher organisms do not have nuclei?
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Red blood cells
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lipids that Occur on outer surface of cell membrane
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Choline headed phospholipid
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2 benefits of many long protofilaments
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1. Greater thermal stability, meaning lower breakage problems
2. Can bend easily but not be pulled apart
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what is a mordant
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an additive needed with some dyes to make them dry quickly or set
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The medical treatment for methanol poisoning usually involves administration of large doses of ethonol. Why is this treatment effective?
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Methanol and ethanol are both substrates of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and therefore compete for the active site. The body is flooded with a large amount ethanol to provide an effective competitor of methanol, thereby minimizing the production of formaldehyde and lessening the danger that the patient will be "pickled"
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what are the functions of the membrane skeleton?
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*preserves integrity of membrane*regulates mobility of proteins*enables mechanical deformation*participates in preservation of asymmetry within lipid bilayer
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Name 5 IMFs and where they're found.
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1) KERATIN- epithelial2) VIMENTIN- mesenchymal (connective tissue)3) DESMIN- muscle4) NEUROFILAMENTS- nerve axons5) NUCLEAR LAMINS- nuclear envelope
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What are the other names for genome programming?
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epigenetic or transcriptional programming
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What happens in Anaphase 2 in Meiosis?
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Cells continue to elongate
Spindle fibers pull chromosomes toward centriole
Chromosomes reach end of cell
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How does the sliding microtubule mechanism of cilia and flagellum work?
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Peripheral pair of microtubuli can slide past each other on one side of the flagella move, then the other side moves
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LB is a 2-D fluid
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Around 1970 it was found that indiv lipids are able to diffuse freely within LB’s – this first came about from studies w/2 preparations: 1. Bilayers made in form of spherical vesicles called liposomes, which can vary in size depending on how they are produced 2. Planar bilayers, called black membranes, formed across a hole in a partition btwn 2 aqueous compartments
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what type of rotor used for density gradient centrifugation? what type of fluid?
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swinging bucket rotor
sucrose solution or Percoll
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what is the sodium potassium pump responsible for?
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creating sodium gradient across the membrane
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Living things are composed of complex molecules:
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Organic Molecules - Carbon & Hydrogen
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Females go through meiosis differently then men do. T/F.
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True
Females develop a polar body for ever division which binds to the oocite (cell created through meiosis)
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What are the four steps for proteins to get in Mitochondrion and Chloroplasts?
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1)Precursor polypeptide protein is produced by cytoplasmic ribosome
2)Precursor polypeptide or protein binds to receptor on Mito/Chlor
3)Precursor polypeptide enters Mito/Chlor
4)Precursor polypeptide is modified into polypeptide or protein that Mito/Chlor needs
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what is the general reaction of glycolysis
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6C = 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP
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The polar head group of glycerophospholipids is either ________ or ____________, which is a _______.
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AMINO ALCOHOL or INOSITOL, which is a SUGAR.
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How do we visualize PCR results?
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run sample on an agarose gel that contains a DNA-binding dye for visualization (ethidium bromide)
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Describe the process of pretransfer RNA into tRNA
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1) 5' leader of pretransfer RNA is removed
3) Introns are removed
4) 3 Nucleotides are added at 3' end (5'CCA 3')
5) tranfer RNA is now made
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Despite Fluidity, LBs can form domains of diff compositions pt2
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Been a long debate whether lipids in PM of animal cells can transiently assemble into specialized domains called lipid rafts- certain specialized regions of PM such as the caveolae involved in endocytosis, are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol, and its thought that specific proteins that assemble there help the rafts
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how are channels or pores within the lipid bilayer made?
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by putting hydrophilic amino acids on the inside of the channel...(ex: leucine in hydrophobic so it is bonded to serine which is hydrophilic and makes up the inside of the pore)
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Also can use proteins regulated by DNA to do what
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regulate the DNA that produced them because some protein DNA regulates can also regulate whether or not the DNA is transcribed
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What assumptions do you hae to make about the concetration of ATP in Figure 9-14a and about the concentration of F2,6BP in Figure 9-147b? Explain.
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In Figure 9-14a, we must assume that the ATP concentration is high enough to sustain catalytic activity, but still low enough to avoid allosteric inhibition by ATP.
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give the next rxn for photosynthesis
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light + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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ADP + P is what type of rxn? what does is produce?
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it is an endergonix rxn that produces ATP
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