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Xenakis
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1955
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Hyperprism
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Varese
1922
Internal tensions. Held together by rhythmic energy. (He likes sirens)*Tension = drum symbals and horns
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Schubert's Home Country
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Viennese
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Schoenberg's Home Country
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Austria
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Finland
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dominated by Russia
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Antiphony IV
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Gaburo
1967
Sounds are separated apart by silence.
- There are some horns, and some female voices randomly singing sustained operatic notes.
*Electronic tape with live performers.
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Schubert
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Viennese. Wrote the "Unfinished Symphony". Known of Lieder.
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Year of "Maple Leaf Rag"
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1899
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Three Satires
No.1
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Schoenberg
1925
A canon for a capella chorus
-You can hear the female voices overlap the male voices and vice versa.
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Neoclassicism
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revival of the classical style
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Cowell, Henry
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American, 1897-1965
Composer.
At age 15, he gave his first performance as a composer-pianist in San Francisco; his program included the Tides of Manaunaun (1912), in which he introduced "clusters" of notes to be played with the fist, palm, or forearm.
Later he used the inside of the piano in such pieces as The Banshee (1925), which is played throughout on the strings.
These and other works formed the repertory for his concert tours of Europe and America during the 20's and 30's.
After the publication of his influential book New Musical Resources (1930), he did not stop experimenting.
He introudced "elastic" forms in works like the String Quartet No.3, requiring the performers to assemble given fragments in any order.
He devised a machine, the rhythmicon, for realizing the complex rhythms he was demanding in his music. (through piano roll??)
His orchestral musical output was prodigious: 20 symphonies, some of which use Persian, Indian, and Japanese instruments
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Performance art
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The composer-violinist-vocalist Laurie Anderson (b.1947) combines pop influence and mixed-media (such as film, slides, props, lighting, electronically altered voice, stylized body gestures, violin playing, story telling, poetry, and singing) in many of her works.
His chracteristic has become a trend in recent music, and has given rise to the term "performance art."
Others who engage in this type of performance include the "borderline" pop singer Meredith Monk, and even minimalist composers such as Reich and Glass
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Gottschalk
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America. Collapsed from malaria while giving a concert in South America.
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musical
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musical comedy featuring songs and dance numbers in styles drawn from popular music in the context of a spoken play with a comic or romantic plot. English theater manager George Edwardes established the genre by combining elements of variety shows, comic operas and plays in a series of production at the Gaiety Theatre in London in the 1890's. These were soon staged in the United States, and the New York Theater district on Broadway became the manin center., along with Londons West End.
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Arvo Part
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Estonian Composer. Following early neoclassical and serial works, and others that contrasted modernist with Baroque styles, he turned to a study of Gregorian chant and early polyphony. In the 1970s, he devised a method he called tintinnabuli, after the bell-like sonorities it produced. Its essence lies in counterpoint between a pitch-centered, mostly stepwise diatonic melody and one or more other voices that sound only notes of the tonic triad, with the placement of each note determined by a preset system.
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"The Concord Sonata" was composed by:
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Ives
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Which Russian composer followed the Soviet regulations regarding the function of art music and was the least innovative?
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Khachaturian
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Walton, William
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1902-1982, Largely self-taught in composition, Walton did study for a time at Oxford but never received his degree there.
Walton collaborated with the Sitwells (poets) on his first work, Facade (1922) which was a series of poems set to music (like Pierrot) for drawing-room entertainment.
The style is quite similar to that of Les Six, thus differentiating Walton from contemporary English composers.
His later works, however, tended to be more traditional and stemmed from his orchestral heritage from Elgar. These included the Viola Concerto and the Symphonies.
Walton produced relatively few composition, being a slow and methodical worker.
He wrote a fammous oratorio (Belshazzar's Feast again with text by Osbert Sitwell), two operas, some scattered orchestral pieces, and a few chamber works.
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Crumb, George
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American, b.1929
Slow to reach maturity as a composer, he found his voice in the Five Piano Pieces (1962)
since when he has made much use of special instrumental effects in the creation of atmospheric sound imagery, often music resulted macabre or nocturnal.
Representative works include Ancient Voices of Children for soprano, treble, and ensemble (1970), Black Angels for string quartet with electronics (1970), and Makrokosmos I-II for piano (1972-3).
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Foss, Lukas
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A German-born American composer, pianist (b.1922)
His music combines a vareity of styles, among them neoclasscism, romantic lyricism, and Americal folk elements.
In late 1950s, he began to use various styles, experimenting with improvisation (in his suite, Time Cycle, 1960), aleatory music, serial techniques, and quotation and collage (Baroque Variations, 1967 borrows from Handel, Scarlatti, and Bach).
From 1970-1990, Foss devoted himself more to conducting.
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Smetana
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Czech. Regarded as "The Father Of Czech Music" by his homeland.
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Manuel de Falla
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Spanish nationalist composer who developed a diverse nationalism that sresisted the merely exotic. He collected and arranged national folk songs, introducing a wider public to the variety in the folk tradition.
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Metric Modulation
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Technique attributed to Elliot Carter. He preferred to call it Tempral Modulation. A transition is made from one tempo and meter to another through an intermediary stage that shares aspects of both, , resulting in a precise proportional change in the value of a durational unit.
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Mass in G
"Gloria (2nd movement)"
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Poulenc
1937
rugged rhythms and surprising harmonic movements
-female voices
-baroque sounding
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Who composed the series of operas based on Genesis, entitled Licht?
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Stockhausen
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What treatment is the most unusual characteristic of Messiaen’s music?
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rhythm
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What was Orff's most famous work?
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Carmina Burana
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Haba, Alois
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Czech composer, theorist and teacher (1893-1973)
The organ Fugue on H-A-B-A and the orchestral piece Mladi ('Youth') both written in 1913, already show freedom in their use of diatonic melody and harmony and in their treatment of thematicism.
He took an active part in turning Czech music in a more adventurous direction; was a leading officer of several Prague music societies and a jury member and honarary member of the ISCM.
During WWII he was presecuted as a progressive artist, but in 1945 he returned to musical life
He may justly be regarded as the orginator of the use of quarter and sith-tones in Western art music.
The realize this new music he poinered the construction of special instruments: three types of quarter-tone piano (1924-31), a quarter-tone (1928) and a sixth-tone (1936) harmonium, and a quarter-tone clarinet (1924), trumpet (1931) and guitar (1943).
His microtonal music empluts the same compostional techniques as his work in the semitone system and he has avoided opposing the two.
In the preface to his Second Quartet op.7, he wrote: "It is my concern to permeate the semitone system with more delicate sound nuances, no to abolist it... to extend the possibilities of expression already given by the old system."
Developing from microtonal usage in Moravian folk music, the major mode is stressed by quarter-tone and sixth-tone sharps, the minor by quarter-tone flats; in each case the result is to heighten the expressive effect
Opera Marke (The mother) is the masterpiece of his quarter-tone music.
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gamelan
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A general name for a classical Indonesian orchestra, of which there are many different kinds, as well as for its music.
Indeed, a gamelan may be unique, made up no just of certain inds of instrument but of specific instruments that have been played together for many years.
Such a gourp is often given a proper name, just as a person is.
Some of the gamelan still used in Java today are a thousand years old.
Javanese music uses two kinds of scale system, a five-tone system called slendo and a seven-tone system called pelog.
A complete gamelan consists of two sets of instruments, one set of pelog and another of slendro. Altogether there may be as many as eighty instruments, played by about thirty performers.
The most important are the percussion instruments, consisting of gongs, drums, wylophones, and kettles.
Texture of gamelan music is dense. The central melodic theme is played by metal xylophones.
Two leaders: the largest drum for tempo changes; a fiddle for melodic variations.
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Neo-Classicism
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A tendency to employ the tehcniques and forms of pre=Romantic periods, principally Baroque an dClassical.
Commonly applied to wroks of Stravinsky li Pulcinella and The Rake's Progress.
Features objectivity, motivic clarity, textural transparency, formal balance, tonal centricity, and reliance upon stylistic models.
Ravel's La Tombeau de Couperin.
Other composers: Busini, Falla, Prokofiev, Milhaud, Piston, Hindemith, Shostakovich
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Milhaud, Darius
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1892-1974, French composer, member of Les Six.
Collaborated with Satie on the notorious Musique d'ameublement.
His collaborations with Cocteau included Le boeuf sur le toit (1919).
His ballet score, La Creation du monde (1923) was one of the first concert works significantly influenced by American jazz.
His somewhat irreverent attitude toward composition found expression in such works as his three so-called "minute operas", light-hearted dramatic works which each last only ten minutes.
In his piano suite Saudades do Brasil (1921), he used polytonality, a simultaneous combination of two or more keys.
His works include 15 operas, 17 ballets, 13 symphonies, 18 string quartets, numberous orchestral scores (including over 20 concertos), chamber works, songs, choral music, and incidental music for film, stage, and radio.
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12 Bar Blues
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Blues. The most popular chord progression in popular music. Can be played in any key.
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total serialism
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Beginning in the late 40s, composers applied the principle of Schoenbergs tone rows to musical parameters other than pitch. If the twelve notes of the chromatic scale could be serialized, o could durations, intensities, timbres, and other elements, although typically only some nonpitch elements are treated serially, and the rest are used to highlight the serial structure.
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Jean Sibelius
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Finnish composer. At the time, Finland was part of the Russian Empire until 1917 but was culturally dominated by Sweden, which had ruled it for centuries. He was raised speaking Swedish, then as a young man became a committed Finnish patriot learning the language and changing his name from the Swedish 'Johan'.
Became well known as a nationalist composer writing symphonic poems, concertos.
Sibelius is known for his original form. In addition to reworking sonata form, in novel ways, he used divices that have been called "rotational form" repeated cylcling through a series of thematic elements that are varied each time and "teleological genesis". He generates a theme from motivic fragments, sometimes over an entire movement or symphony. The stages are 1) its first appearance, 2)a statement midway, when the first half of the theme is clear but the second half has not yet found its footing; and 3) the final, definitive form.
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"Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun" was composed by:
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Debussy
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Who was the first composer to use minimalism in music?
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Young
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One person unfolds the entire drama in what?
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monodrama
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Peter Pears
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An English tenor and life-long partner of Britten.
Many of Britten's works contain tenor roles specifically for Pears, including Peter Grimes, Turn of the Screw and his Serenade for Tenor, Horn, and String.
He was also a celebrated interpreter of Schubert lieder, often with Britten on the piano
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Statistical Music
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A type of music explained by Stockhausen as music which depends upon ony approximate designations.
Density of texture becomes so great that individual notes can no longer be accurately perceived - everything tends to melt together in a generalized, total effect.
Obviously, one type of statistical music would be stochastic music
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Polychord
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A chord composed of 2 or more traditional triads.
Much of Milhaud's music after 1913 is characterized by his use of polychords and bitonality.
In his music it often manifests itself as 2 lines and planes of harmony, each in a distinct and different key, sounding simultanesouly.
One such example is his piece Saudades do Brasil
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Program Music
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Use of motifs that are associated with a character, place, emotion, or thought.
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Jazz Chorus
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In New Orleans jazz, the piece begins with the statment of the melody over a particular harmonic progression, then that same progression repeats several times while various soloists or combinations of instruments play over it. This term is the repetition of these soloists.
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Who were the chief exponents of Neoclassic music?
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Stravinsky and Hindemith
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For what type of English music did Vaughan Williams lay the groundwork?
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English opera
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Young Classicism
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A name given by Busoni to his conception of a hoped-for new music which would take into account all the gains of previous experiments and their inclusion in strong and beautiful forms.
His system advocated the use of microtonal divisions of the octaves, electronic instruments, new notational systems, and the "overthrow of the tyranny of the major/minor system".
Young Classicism was a direct reaction to Romanticism and was somewhat prophetic, considering the Neo-classic developments which took place after WWI
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Musique concrete
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music made on tape with sounds drawn from nature and man-made noises, and then sometimes altered electronically; as opposed to musical instruments.
The first examples are by Pierre Schaeffer in Paris.
Varese, Messiaen, Berio, Stockhausen, Cage and Boulez followed
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Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
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extremely motivic, felt you should be so moved you don't clap, merging of arts (wrote his own texts), SYMBOLISM
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Modernist vs Avant Garde
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Many of the composers intended their music or at least some of it, to find a place in the permanent classical repertoire alongside the masterpieces of the past, and they designed their works to finctuion in the same way as the established classics, drawing on the art music tradition, proclaiming a distictive musical personalitiy and rewarding rehearsings. Even as they introduced radical new methods as Babbitt, Carter and Crumb did in their string quartets, these composers continued the goals of modernism. Other works were experimental, intended to try out new methods for thei own sake.
Avant-Garde composers have quite different motivations such as satie and futurism. They challenge accepted aesthetics, even the very concept of permanent classical,and invite listeners to focus on what is happening in the present. The distiction does not lie in what techniques are used, but inthe music's purpose.
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The bulk of Honegger’s music was what type?
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stage and dramatic work
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Rise of Piano Music
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Rose in the 19th Century because the middle class increased in numbers and prosperity. This made it easier for more families to be able to affore pianos and piano instruction.
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What was the fist musical composition that had the score produced by a computer?
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Illiac Suite for String Quartet
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What piece by Babbit is the first real example of rhythmic serialization?
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Three Compositions for Piano
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What’s a sonata, by classical definition? By baroque definition?
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sonata: a composition for one or two instruments, typically in three or four movements in contrasted forms and keys
baroque: "misshapen pearl"
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Why was there a riot at the premiere of "The Rite of Spring?" Could there be such a riot at a similar concert today?
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The piece's sound was described as brutal, savage, and chaotic - the audience witnessed something new and original unfold in front of their eyes. It is not likely that such a riot would occur at a similar concert today because we have been exposed to more types of music and we can't be as easily shocked.
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