| Terms |
Definitions |
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Positive
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adds stimulus
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Retrival
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-foils
-Instructions
-Format
-Avoid familiarity biases
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founded structuralism
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wilhelm wundt
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+.89&-.89=same
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direction of correlation
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Menarche
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The onset of menstruation
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Obsessions
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Repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress.
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conditioning
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-process of leaning associations
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Distance coordinates
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position from the observer
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior.
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Prosocial Behavior
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The unconsciously transference of one's own undesirable attitudes, feelings, or thoughts to others is called...
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Projection.
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Influences of attachment
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-Parental development
-Characteristics of the child
-Family influence
-Cultural influence
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conservation
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the understanding that some characteristics of objects (including volume, mass, and number) do not change despite changes in form or appearance when nothing is added or taken away
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Barnum Statements
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generalities-statements that could apply to anyone-though they often appear to the readers of astrology advice columns to apply specifically to them.
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Algorithm
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-step-by-step procedure guaranteed to eventually produce a solution
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Epidemiology
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studies frequency, distribution, and causes of disease
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interneuron
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function to intergrate the neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another.
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self-disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS
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FAILURE TO CONSCIOUSLY PERCEIVE SOMETHING YOU ARE LOOKING AT BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT ATTENDING TO IT.
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Thorndike's princible that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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Law Effect
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Teratogens
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Harmful agents in the prenatal environment, which can have a negative impact on prenatal development or even cause birth defects
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pituitary glands
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the endocrine system's most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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Eustress
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Good stress; any stressor that motivates an individual toward an optimal level of performance or health.
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experimenter bias
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occers when researchers preconceived notions or expectations cause them to find what they expect to find, (expectations are communicated to the participants some how)
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Scientist-practitioner model
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1949-model “married” in Boulder, CO;
Scientific Research + Clinical Practice;
Result=clinician can practice with skill and sensitivity but also contribute to the body of clinical knowledge;
As of today-most popular training model
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DEREALIZATION
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situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world. things may seem to change in size and shape. people may seem dead or mechanical
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Antipsychotic drugs
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E.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and clozapine Usually affect dopamine pathways May have side effects Tardive dyskinesia – Incurable disorder of motor control resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
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additive primary colors
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red, green, and blue
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asthma
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a chronic respiratory condition that causes sudden attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
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priming
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identifying a stimulus with a similar
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Successful Aging
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Maintaining one’s physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with life as one gets older.
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James Framo
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Object Relations Therapist considering relationship of intrapsychic with inter-relational
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High pitched sounds
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short wavelength, high frequency
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Affordance
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An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by people, places, and objects in the environment.
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what did carl rogers do?
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client centered
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prozac
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uses fluoxetine, a brand name of antidepressant drug, frequently used with Seasonal Affective Disorder
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archival study
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study existing records to see connections
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auditory localization
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identifying objects based on their sound
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believe that each person has freedom in directing his/her future and achieving personal growth
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humanist
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ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
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THE SMALLEST QUANTITY OF PHYSICAL ENERGY THAT CAN BE RELIABLY DETECTED BY AN OBSERVER.
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Panic Disorder
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an extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks
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Gestalt
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german for pattern or whole. Gestalt theorist hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for tasks of moderate difficulty, and lower arrousal for complex tasks
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constricted dasein
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versus the idea of the unconscious
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ACTH axis
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A physiological pathway whereby a message is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, then on to the adrenal gland to secrete a flood of stress hormones for fight or flight.
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teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why and to consider how they might improve learning for their students
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reflective
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Entrainment
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In physics, the mutual phase locking of like oscillations; in human physiology, organs or organisms giving off strong vibrations influencing organs or organisms with weaker vibrations to match the stronger rate of oscillation; thought to conserve energy.
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Unconditioned response(UR)
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an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical that is released into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of the sending neuron, crosses the synapse, and binds to appropriate receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuron, influencing the cell either to fire or not fire
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when importnat decisions are to be made on the basis of test socre, reliability coefficients should be ...... or higher
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.95
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Male Orgasmic Disorder
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In males, sexual dysfunction characterized by delayed orgasm during intercourse or the inability to achieve orgasm during intercourse.
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always decreases the likelihood of a response.
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Punishment
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Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)
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Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the ratio varies.
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Characteristics of the Child
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-Infants temperament important?
-Not clear how much effect it had on attachment
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MAO
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enzyme that maintains a proper level of neurotransmitters
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prosopagnosia
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deficits in the ability to recognize face
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aneurysm
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bulge in weakened artery wall section which can rupture; frequently in the aorta
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reciprocity
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a lesson in social interaction in which partners take turns acting and reacting to the other's behavior
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pleurisy
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inflammation of the lining of the thoracic cavity; breathing rubs them together-- irritating
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Which psychedelic drug is most likely to mimic an acute schizophrenic episode when presenting in the ER?
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PCP.
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unconditioned response(UCR)
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automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
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Superego
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The moral system of the personality, which consist of the conscience and the ego ideal.
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Christian Midelfort
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considered founding figure with little acclaim
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Self-Identity which arises out of the ID. The ego controls voluntary motion and self-preservation behaviors.
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Ego
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Visual encoding
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-the encoding to picture images
More powerful when we remember words that lend themselves to images vs. abstract low-imagery words
-Imagery + semantic
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Behaviorism
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A grand theory of human development that focuses on the sequences and processes by which behavior is learned (learning theory)
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link b/t the brain and glanorial system
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hypothamus
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control group
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get nothing (like the placebo effect)
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Describe "flashbulb memories"
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Memories triggered by important events. Vividly detailed. (9-11)
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Tolerance
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body can deal with high doses because of strong CR
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illumination edge
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an edge where the lighting changes. the border between a and b is an illuminated edge because area a is recieving more light than area b, which is in shadow.
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social trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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sociological imagination
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the ability to understand what is happening in ones own experience and the world, and to imagine how ones experience fits into the world experience
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Auditory Nerve
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bundle of fibers that receive waves from cochlea.
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most Research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Behaviorism
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Indiviualism/conllectivism/dimension
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A measure of a culture's emphasis on either individual achievement or social relationships
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habitual response
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ex. man laughing and talking with friends for multiple days
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High blood pressure
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75% goes undetected in children
25% mostly like in Latin
14%-less likely to have High blood pressure in Asian children
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People suffering from hallucinations like ________: " I am the savior of my people" or delusions like __________: "Someone is always watching me" would probably be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
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1.) grandeur 2.) persecution
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taste buds
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the receptors cells for taste, located in the surface of the tongue
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Fixed-interval schedule
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fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
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medulla
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part of the brain stem that controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing
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the standard error of measurement is used to form .........around observed scores. Th
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confidence intervals
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construct validity
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the extent to which interview scores correlate with other measures or behaviors in a logical and theoretically consistent way. To be construct valid, an interview must demonstrate all of the aspects of validity.
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middle ear
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the chamber between that eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer anvil and the stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
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In psychoanalytic theory, since the _______ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _______ and the _______.
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ego, id, supergo
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This trait is considered helpful in dealing with stress
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Positive Temperament
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Balimia
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Condition in which a person eats large amounts of food and then tries to purge
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individual differences
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the variations among individuals on a characteristic
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Delayed-Hypersensitivity T Cells
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involved in delayed immune reactions, particularly allergies. Produce lymphokines to stimulate production of other T cells
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phonemic encoding
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part of levels of processing theory; helps achievement of greater depth, repetition of the word and note what it sounds like.
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Problem-focused coping
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is direct; it consists of reducing, modifying, or eliminating the source of the stress itself
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GST 3 Core Assumptions
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Potential for unifying science (isomorphism) - systems work similarly
Human systems are self reflexive
Systems must be understood as a whole
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vision
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-When we see light, it is actually pulses of electromagnetic energy hitting our eyes
-Length of a light wave (wavelength) determines its perceived color
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23rd Pair
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The chromosome pair that, in humans, determines that zygote's (and hence the person's) sex, among other things.
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Sleep Stage 2
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Lasts about 20 minutes.
EEG record sleep spindles.
Brief bursts of brain activity.
Person more relaxed and less responsive to environment.
Feel like you are asleep.
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drive derivative
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notice what new feelings or desires are involved in the abreaction, catharasis, and emotional insight.
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17. It may be difficult to study the difference in academic achievement between children who do and do not eat breakfast at a boarding school because
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Ames Room
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causes two people of equal size to appear very different in size, left corner of the room is twice as far away as the right corner, size distance scaling and relative size
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just-world phenomenon
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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
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A personality inventory useful for measuring normal individual differences; based on Jung's theory of personality
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Broca's area
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an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
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Tend and befriend
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A theory presented by Shelly Taylor that states that women who experience stress don't necessarily run or fight, but rather turn to friends to cope with unpleasant events and circumstances.
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resting potential
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when at rest a neuron carries a negative electrical potential relative to the fluid outside the cell
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pineal gland
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a tiny structure in the brain that secretes melatonin
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iris
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a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
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In-Group Bias
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The tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably.
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stroboscopic movement
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an illusion when tow or more slightly different images are present in rapid succession seem to be one fluid motion
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auditory cortex
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the part of the brain that monitors hearing
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Tc/cytotoxic T/Killer T cells
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respond to antigens by producing substances that kill virally infected cells, fungi, parasites, foreign tissue (transplants), and cancer
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What are the short-term psychological effects of hallucinogens?
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Intense euphoria, increased emotion
Visual hallucinations
Perception of higher creativity
Relaxation
Perceived increased strength & knowledge
Increased fantasy, depersonalization
"Slowed" time
Confusion, disturbed judgment
Reduced sensitivity to p
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SAMPLE
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A PART OF A POPULATION THAT IS STUDIED TO REACH CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE ENTIRE POPULATION
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Who is the father of American sport psychology?
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Coleman Griffith
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Short-term memory
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-stores about 7 units (plus or minus 2) or 4 chunks
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General Mental Ability
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The total product of the various separate and distinct elements of intelligence
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who wanted to study the functions of the brain?
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William James
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70. The idea that a behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments is most closely assocated with
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B. F. Skinner
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STEREOTYPE THREAT
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A BURDEN OF DOUBT A PERSON FEELS ABOUT HIS OR HER PERFORMANCE, DUE TO NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES ABOUT HIS OR HER GROUP'S ABILITIES.
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
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After a bad fall off of a building, a constructino worker was experiencing occasional difficulty sensing certain stimuli. He had trouble hearing, seeing, tasting, and feeling objects from time to time. Which structure was affected?
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Thalamus.
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The realistic conflict theory would predict that the amount of prejudice would:
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likely increase during economic recession
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low birth weight
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babies born weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds
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What are the short-term physiological effects of nicotine use?
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increased heart muscle tone
elevated BP, HR
decreased appetite
increased blood sugar
taste buds die
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Two views on social desirability
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Represents distortion and should be eliminated or it is a valid part of other desirable traits, such as agreeableness and should be studied
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Factors that influence acquisition
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-Time for viewing an event, lighting conditions
-Narrowed focus
-Arousal & Emotions
-Weapons-focus effect
-Own-race bias
-Familiarity
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Construct-irrelevent variance relation to content validity
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Occurs when scores are influenced by factors irrelevant to the construct. Ex. A test of intelligence might be influenced by reading comprehension, test anxiety of illness
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evaluation apprehension theory
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a theory holding that the presence of others will produce socail facillitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators
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Circadian Rhythm Disorder (Advanced...
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Going to bed earlier, wake earlier, in elderly, Light therapy (show light BEFORE nadir) and CBTi
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These types of people are very easily angered and impatient; can do 3-4 things at once are called...
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Type A personality people.
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Which theory of prejudice is based on the idea that people tend to form in-groups and out-groups?
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us v.s. them theory
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What is Stage 2 in Jellinek?
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Prodromal - obsessed with alcohol, person is drinking secretively, may start having blackouts
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Depth of Processing (DOP) Craik and Lockhart
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memorability of information is determined primarily by the encoding operations carried out on that information.
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Binocular Vision
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The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image.
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Twin Studies Concordance Rate
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Mz- 48% & 24%
Dz- 17% & 8.5%
Sibling - 9% & 4.5&
Nephew- 4% & 2%
Unrelated - 1% & 1%
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Someone who is preconventional would want to...
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avoid all punishment or gain a reward
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How do the Psychological Therapies and Biomedical Therapies Compare?
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While a combination of psychological and medical therapies is better than either alone for treating some (but not all) mental disorders, most people who suffer from unspecified “problems in living” are best served by psychological treatment alone
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What is the Trait/dispositional approach?
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Traits predispose one to act in a certain way regardless of the situation.
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Ducks, Dolphins and whales and other birds...
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can sleep one hemisphere at a time
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What is the rate of alcoholism in the US?
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12 million alcoholics
Kills about 100,000 people annually (including car accidents)
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How do we respond to operant conditioning?
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The organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced.
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41. rose is using an astrolgoy program on her computer. by using this pseudo-psychology computer program, she is trying to
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explain how her life is influenced by the position of the stars and planets at her birth
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