| Terms |
Definitions |
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patho
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disease
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G2
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Gap 2
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Diastol (o)
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standing apart,expansion
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carnivore
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eats consumers (meat)
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protozoan
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animal-like protists, unicellular, heterotrophs that eat food classified by how they move, 4 types: zooflagellates, sarcodines, ciliates, sporozoans
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inversion
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reversal of gene order
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Animalia
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eukaryotic
nucleus, mitochondria,
no cell wall
mulitcellular
heterotrophic
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amino acids
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monomers of proteins.
characterised by their carboxyl groups.
there are 20 total different amino acids.
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What chemical reaction forms macromolecules?
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condensation
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Photosynthesis generally occurs in this type of cell...
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Parenchyma
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Lysomes
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An organelle containing digestive enzymes
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leeches do not have these
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setae
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_________behavior allows dominant hierarchies to be maintained and will inhibit other animals from attacking
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appeasement behavior
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Histone
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Globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
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different lifecycles of plants - alternations of generations, moss, ferns, gymnosperms etc [manual]tissue differntiatio n- sponges and later forms of animals broad phylogenies[embryophytes tracheophytes etc][diff broad phylogenies weve discussed]
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Interphase
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non-cell division phase (except S phase when DNA and chromosomes replicate)
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Classes of annelids?
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-polychaeta (marine worms)-oligochaeta (earthworms)-hirudinea (leeches)
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7
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Pressure cause movement of basilar membrane
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gram-positive
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bacteria that absorb and retain crystal violet stain in the labortatory (penicillin works for this)
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Extinction
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the eradication of an entire species
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Telomerase
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catalyzes addition of lost telomeric DNA sequences
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-ation
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used in forming nouns from verbs
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plasmodial slime molds - multinucleate masses of cytoplasm, contain cellulose and chitin(polysaccharide)cellular slime molds - phagocytotic food ingestion. cells remain separated by membranes
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oomycetes
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Ecology
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Study of interactions between living and non living things in the environment
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heterotrophic
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capable of utilizing only organic materials as a source of food.
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ligament
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strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together in a joint
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patrilocal
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chimps live in fmaily groups with male-kin societies where the females are forced to leave the group once reaching adulthood, a social structure known as a __________ society
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capillaries
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which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick
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a major buffer system in blood is?
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Bicarbonate
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Cell
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basic building blocks for all living thingsprovide structuretake in nutrientsconvert nutrients to energyspecialized functionscontain hereditary material
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appendix
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narrow projection from the cecum. has no digestive function. used for the bacteria-fighting white blood cells packed inside.
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Independent Variable
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A factor that can be manipulated/change
graphed on x-axis
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ADP
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a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, teh base adenine, and two phosphate groups, a composite of ATP.
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genetics
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the field of biology devoted to understanding how traits are passed from parents to offspring
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element
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a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
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periosteum
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a tough membrane covering the outside of bones, except joints
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fungi attack
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enter through stomata (L1), then grows into the L2 cells (ground cells are nutrient rich)
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metastatic
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individual cells break off and start tumors elsewhere
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Has a hydrophili head, and a hydrophobic head.
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Polypeptides
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nuclear membrane
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the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell
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allele frequency
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the frequency of occurrence or proportions of different alleles of a particular gene in a given population.
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frontal lobes
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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
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protein structure #3
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held together by unique interactions between R-groups. often used for transport. Fibrous proteins consist mostly of alpha helices. Globular proteins consist of mix between alpha-helices and beta plates sheets.
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obligate anaerobes
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An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.
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Dominant
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This term means that an allele is stronger than another allele and will mask that weaker characteristic:
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amniocentesis
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screen where uterus fluid is taken to determine genes
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Three parts of an electrocardiogram (ECG)
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P wave
QRS
T wave
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Epithelial tissue
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occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells; covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body. Functions as a barrier agains injury, microbes, and fluid loss.
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Control Group
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In an experiment, group of individuals who are not exposed to the independent variable that is being tested.
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ion
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an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
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In plant cells, what structure is used for the storage of water and dissolved materials?
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Vacuole
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_______ is selection that is brought on by nature.
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Natural selection
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chemical enegry is sotred in what form that a cell can use to perform work
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ATP
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What system moves proteins synthesized in the rough ER to the Golgi for processing, and from there to the cell surface or other destinations?
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The Endomembrane System
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fossil
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any remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age, as a skeleton, footprint, etc.
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specific heat
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the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change temp 1 degree C; how well a substance can resist change
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Axon
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long fiber (may be over 1 m long) ending with swelling called synaptic knobs that transmit impulses.
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Describe the miller experiment
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Miller placed inorganic chemcials methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and H20 in a closed system-applied heat, circulated it by an electric spark-yielded amino acids and organic acids
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dark repair
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cut the damaged section of DNA from the molecule. the gap is sealed by DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase
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Key Concept 4
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A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
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Phylogenetic species concept
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defines species as smallest group of individuals to share a common ancestor.
degree of difference (con.)
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solution
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a mixutre of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
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Asexual reproduction of Zygomycetes include what kind of spores?
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Sporanglophores
What kind of sexual reproduction structures does Basidiomycota have?
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transfer rna
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a small RNA molecule, consisting of a strand of nucleotides folded into a clover-leaf shape, that picks up an unattached amino acid within the cell cytoplasm and conveys it to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
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why is water polar
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the oxygen atom wants the electrons more than the hydrogen; uneven charges
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which of the following types of algae are most like plants
a. colonial algae
b. filamentous algae
c. unicellular algae
d. multicellular algae
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d. multicellular algae
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Restriction Point (R)
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between G1 and Sa commitment is made for DNA replication and cell division
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In general, RNA is a helper to DNA, allowing __ ___ to occur according to the genetic information that DNA provides.
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protein synthesis
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semicircular ducts are also part of the what? and contain what?
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membranous labyrinth; cristae, receptors for dynamic equilibrium
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Gamete formation is...a the result of the process of mitosisb. the pairing of homologous chromosomesc. the formation of sex cellsd. the fusion of gametese. a process that occurs only in asexually reproducing forms
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the formation of sex cells
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Why is the term homeostasis important relative to multicellular organisms?
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Because feedback mechanisms help control what goes on in cells therefore having major homeostatic controls over how the multi-celled body functions.
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What is a population?
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Consist of all the individuals as a species that line together in one place at one time.
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how does the heart develop?
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2 endothelial tubes which fuse into a single, midline, heart tube.
& from blood vessels from blood islands( small masses of mesoderm) on the surface of the yolk sac and inside the embryo blood islands expand to fuse the circulatory system.
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How have flowers changed/evolved over time?
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1. Reduction of floral parts2. Some floral parts have been fused3. Flowers no longer always radially symmetrical4. Ovary has dropped in position relative to the sepals and petals
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Antiparallel strands in DNA:
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One is oriented 5' to 3' the other 3' to 5'.
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List the steps of the Scientific Method in order:
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a. observe and state a problem
b. form a hypothesis
c. test the hypothesisd
d. record and analyze data
e. form a conclusion f. repeat
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Describe the stem structure of a monocot. Discuss the arrangement of the three tissues, and the positions of the three cell types.
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There is a layer of collenchyma cells below the dermis. The ground tissue is made of parenchyma cells. The vascular bundles are scattered in a complex way. The xylem is oriented towards the inside and the phloem is oriented towards the outside of the stem. The vascular bundles are surrounded by sclerenchyma cells.
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Tropical Grassland / Savanna
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Cool Dry Season / Hot Wet Season / Frequent Fires / Zebras, low burrowing animals
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Ageism
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deviance
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deviant behavior.
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profane
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unholy; heathen; pagan:
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Modernization Theory
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(theory of global inequality) global inequality results from dysfunctional characteristics of poor societies
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the law
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Governmental social control
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middle-income
or
developing countries
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nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.
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Owns the means of production
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Capitalist
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cultural lag
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slowness in accepting change
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discovery
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recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence
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emile durkheim
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French sociologist and philosopher.
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Max Weber
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German, Religion
Religion and the origins of capitalism
protestant ethic
Verstenhen - empathy
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Groupthink is a danger for
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government leaders,
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Filibusters
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people who engage in unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country to stir up a revolution. William Walker
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dumping
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illegal transferring of patients to municipal hospitals or city hospitals
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Varies across cultures and different times; category of people labeled and treated as similar based on biological traits
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Race
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postindustrialism
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the production of information using computer technology
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Capitalism emphasizes freedom ____ pursue one's self-interest whereas socialism emphasizes freedom ______ basic want
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to
from
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Sandy Welsh
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work, organizations, & gender; women's experience w/ filing sexual harassment complaints
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About ______ percent of foster children eventually go onto welfare rolls or into prison.
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40
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communism
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means of production publicly owned, but there are no social classes
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Auguste Comte
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coined "sociology", wanted scientific studies, refers to soc as "the queen" and "social-priests"
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stereotype
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a simplified conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group
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secondary analysis
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using recollected information for data collected and research purposes
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Social Structure
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Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.
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Quebec nationalism
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a movement advocating for the protection and development of Québécois culture and language
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mores
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strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.
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glass cieling
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invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment b.c of the individuals race, gender, ethnicity.
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wealth
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Wealth in U.S. much more unevenly distributed
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varnas
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"colors of being" in the Hindu religion; refers to the arrangement of Hindu people into castes
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Video games
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Socialize users, male escape?living a fake lifegender socialization
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the emphasis is place on social interaction, what people do when they come together
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microsociology
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Inductive (grounded) Model
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Begins with specific observations, upon which a theoretical account is then fashioned that accounts for and explains the observations and their meanings.
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caste system
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a stratification system in which people's social status is determined at virth based upon their parent's ascribed status.
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Correlation
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statistical measure in which a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable
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income
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wages and salaries measured over some period, such as per hour or year
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Natural Science
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Studies the physical features of nature and how they interact with one another. (bio, chem, physics)
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stages of self
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1. preparation (observing, learning symbols), 2. play (relationship, role playing, skills developled), 3. game (begin to understand the self, make personal connections, take roles)
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extended family
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extended family members living w/in the household. -tend to have more money and more of a support system
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Anomie
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the influence society has on an individual, society changes = people's loss of direction
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conformity
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Going along with individuals of your same status- not forced upon you, ex: cutting school, wearing clothes your friends wear
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sex ratio
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the proportional distribution of the sexes in a population aggregate, expressed as the number of males per 100 females
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Ethnocentrism
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• Occurs when someone holds up one culture- usually their own- as being the standard by which all cultures are to be judged.
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social-conflict approach
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a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
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when people actively try to control how others perceive them by changing their behavior to correspond to an ideal of what the others will find mostappealing
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impression management
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The Kayans of Borneo were discussed as examples of
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animism
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Natural Experiment
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a study that takes advantage of natural events to study their effects on people
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SOCIAL INTERACTION
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a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who modify their actions and reactions according to those of their interaction partner(s). In other words, they are events in which people attach meaning to a situation, interpret what others are meaning, and respond accordingly
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In the United States whites got land by taking it away from _______and_______?a.Native Americansb.Mexican Americansc.Both a and bd.All of the above
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D.
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Absolute poverty
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A lack of resources that is life-threatening
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An aspect of the sexual revolution whereby single people sought partners in sex rather than marriage—specifically, at a time when publications such as Playboy and Cosmopolitan promoted a new sexual ethic and the postindustrial economy provided men and w
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Singles Culture
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Role strain
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The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
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in group
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a group that commands loyalty and respect typically from its members
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Social institution
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A set of roles/rules/norms that define a social unit of importance to society
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class consciousness
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in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change
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groupthink
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members feel pressured to conform to a prevailing view point and withhold questions, concerns, and criticisms
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coalition
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when a group is united toward a certain goal
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organizational restructuring in the work place
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collective decision making- democratic, minimal hierarchy, work teams
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functionalists on racial hostility
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Racist beliefs provide justification for inequality, inequalities discourage minorities from questioning their status, racial myths discourage change
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exploitation theory
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Uses race to exploit another racial group (minority) ex- keep people of color in low paying jobs
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differential association
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a theory that criminal and deviant behavior is learned through close and frequent association with criminal or deviant behavior patterns, norms, and values.
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mechanical solidarity
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a type of social unity achieved by people doing the same type of work and holding similar values
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where do stereotypes come from
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varierty of sources
media
kernal of truth
but power plays a role in their effect
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What does language do?
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Sapir and whorf proposed that languages influence perception
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impact of race
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-class system is more rigid for african americans than for other racial groups.-The cumulative disadvantage of discrimination plays a significant role in this disparity-African American middle class grew over the last few decades.
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social construction
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our way of thinking about a phenomenon that arises form social intraction and can vary over time and place
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the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into deviance or conformity
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labeling theory
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This term refers to the division of home and work that occurred during Industrialization in the US.
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Separate Spheres
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preventive war
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a war in response to a presumed threat
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Lenski on technology
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cultural info about how to use material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires
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What is Sociology?
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the scientific study of human behavior and human groups. - interactions, institutions, operation
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Charles Horton Cooley
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study of small groups, the "looking glass self"-how you learn your social role
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deviance and technology
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Less social control in the technology which encourages ppl to participate in deviant behavior (illegal downloading of music)
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assembling perspective
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What motivates people to move to a common space? (Tailgating) Now, we are looking at this through virtual space too (internet)
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social process
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the means by which culture and social organization change or are preserved
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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
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-1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2)
2. Preoperational Stage (2-7)
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
4. Formal Operational Stage (12-adolescence)
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What does unstructed interviw mean?
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Interviewees have the oppurtunity to talk at length using their own words and ideas
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Define Temporocentrism
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The belief that one's own time is more important than the past or future.
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The Centrality of El
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1. The supreme God
2. The ancient God
3. The father of all Gods
-Veneration of El,then, wouldn't preclude worship of other deities or considerable variety in the understanding of the worshippers.
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monogamy vs serial mon.
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monogamy- a person is married and loyal to only one person, serial- one has several spouses over a lifetime
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inter vs. intra -gernational mobility
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Inter- relative to your parents, intra- you experience w/in your lifetime (working class to upper middle class)
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5 properties of a minority group
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1- Physical or cultural differences/characteristics, 2- Must be treated unequally, 3- membership is not voluntary, 4- sense of solidarity among the group (is there collective consciousness?), 5- minority groups members tend to marry each other
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Karl Marx identified the chief sourse of conflict that paved the way to a capitalist economy as...
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unequal ownership of economic resources (means of production) during Feudal Europe
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PAGES: rate of black suicide and world population: social factors
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Death: 135
World population: 137-8
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patrilineal vs matrilineal descent
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pat- trace through father- last name , mat- trace through mother- religion
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conflict theory and law as an instrument of oppression...
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the belief that law operates impartially and administers a code that is shared by all is a cultural myth promoted by the capitalist class.
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how does economic inequality impact life chances
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life chances are correlated with a person's position in the social class hierarchy. as one moves down the class hierarchy, life expectancy and access to quality health care and prenatal care both decrease; infant mortality increases. educational opportunities are also correlated with class position. children born to more privileged parents are more likely to attend well funded schools with academically enriched curriculums. likewise children born to poorer parents are less likely to attend college than comparably talented children of privileged parents. the reduced life chances experienced by the less well to do diminish the quality of life experienced.
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primary group vs secondary group
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p- group you interact with and have intimate contact with, s-formal contact, impersonal group
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the book, "Managed Heart" about Marx is that
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the emotional labor can alienate us from the physical labor
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Role of law in creating race and whiteness
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-slavery. TJ's Notes of VA- 1st person to articulate racial differences. All men created equal, but not all count as men.
-Agassiz/Knot/Morton- created American racism w/ Science
-"Types of Mankind"=bestseller
-Citizenship, racial laws create racism and segregation (plessy, ozawa, Thind)
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