| Terms |
Definitions |
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Pentane
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five
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Eicosane
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C20H42
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Zinc
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Zn
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chromate
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(CrO4)2-
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carbonate
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CO--3
-2
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permanganate
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MnO4 (-)
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on: (1)
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1
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excellent leaving groups
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...
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COPPER
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Cu
(cuprous/cupric)
+1 AND +2
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Who discovered the neutron?
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Chadwick
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dipole moment
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electric dipole moment.
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Atomic Number (Z)
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Number of PROTONS
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lead
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a heavy, comparatively soft, malleable, bluish-gray metal, sometimes found in its natural state but usually combined as a sulfide
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n =
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principal quantum number, determines energy of the state E= -(constant)1/n^2
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properties of metals
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solid (except mercury)
shiny
conduct electricity
malleable
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Scientific Method
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observation- phenomenon detected by the senses, experiment- observation of a natural phenomenon under controlled conditions, hypothesis- tentative explanation of a law or general behavior
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sublimation
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to sublime (a solid substance); extract by this process.
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Ionic Bond
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electrostatic force of attraction by opposite charged ions
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product
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new substance formed in a chemical reaction
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single bond
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sharing a pari of electrons (represented by a single line ex: H-H
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The concept of working with or considering the family as a group evolved from the numerous _______-______ gruops in society.
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small-study
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derive
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to produce or obtain one substance from another
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which lipid type is most soluble in water: triglycerols, steroids, oils, glycerophospholipids, waxes
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glycerophospholipids
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Spontaneous process
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a process that occurs without outside intervention
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Reversable reaction
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a chemical reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultainously.
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Describe nuclear reassembly
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Occurs during late anaphase; nuclear laminins dephosphorolated, reform; vesicles reform nuclear membrane; Fusion complete by teleophase
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Heat of Hydration
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Enthalpy (heat) changes for separating water molecules and mixing.
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Tetrahedral Stereogenic Center
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a carbon atom with four different groups.
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dipole moment
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is the vector sum of its bonds dipoles
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Hydrogen bonds
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Form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule.
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Orbital
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electrons in a state of rapid motion within region of space around the nucleus//orbital is the representation of the probability of finding an electron withing a give region
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Multiple Stereocenters
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Up to 2^n stereisomers, where n is the number of stereocenters.
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How does intermolecular forces effect the boiling point of a substance?
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It increases the boiling point
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Describe the biogenesis of peroxisomes
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Poliferation is an adaptive response to environmental stimuli; may be caused by hypolipemic drugs; PPARS cause increase in perixisome enzyme synthesis -> increased enzyme content -> budding of peroxisomes
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molar volume
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the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4 L
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How do signals cross membranes?
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1) Cell surface receptors [either by transduction: Glucagon -> cAMP or signal internalization: insulin internalized] or movement to intracellular receptors [hormones]
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rye disease causes an ?
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inflamation of the brain, which has no place to expand to , as it is in the skull.
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Principle Quantum Number (n)
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this is the letter (n) that was used in the Bohr's model/ it can thus take on any positive integer/ the larger the value of (n) the higher the electrons in the energy level and radius of the electron in orbit/
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What drives the overall reaciton in the electron transport/oxidative phosphorolation reaction?
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The exergonic OH- + H+ -> H2O
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How do you balance a neutralization equation?
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Focus on balancing the H and O atoms to come out with just water and no spare ions.
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Na+
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Sodium
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Tridecane
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C13H28
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Selenium
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Se
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Hypobromite
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BrO
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Bicarbonate
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HCO--3
-1
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Chlorite
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ClO2 (-)
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Soluble? Mn(OH)2
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Insoluble
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ROH with Hbr
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Sn
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milligram
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mg .001g
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Dalton
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Proposed theory of matter
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electronegativity
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containing negative electricity; tending to migrate to the positive pole in electrolysis.
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ATM
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1 atm= 760mmHg= 760 torr
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ignite
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to heat intensely or roast
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homogeneous matter
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Matter that is uniform throughout.
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Compelte the formulas for the compounds formed and name each compound:
Fe2+ and O2-
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FeO
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Base
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Produces OH- (hydroxide ions) in aqueous solutions
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Electrical current (SI base unit)
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ampere (A)
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Half Life
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The time required for the concentration of a reactant to reach half of its initial concentration.
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extensive property
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values that do depend on amount
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Chemical properties
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the chemical reaction a substance overgoes
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dependent variable
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what is looked for as data
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inorganic
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pertaining to compounds that are not hydrocarbons or their derivatives
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boiling point
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temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
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will NOT
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In an alcohol functional group, the hydroxl (NOT hydroxide) ________ come off easily
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endothermic
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The breaking of bonds on the reactants side; energy is needed or absorbed. (bonds will have to be broken). POSITIVE +
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induction
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a polar molecule can induce a dipole in a non-polar molecule.
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silicone
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any of a number of polymers containing alternate silicon and oxygen atoms and that are fluid, resinous, rubbery, extremely stable in high temperatures, and water-repellent
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leaving group
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the group that is repaled in a substitution rxn.
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basic scientific research
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Research whose major focus is the discovery of new fundamental information about humans and other living organisms and the universe in which they live.
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Best Lewis acid=
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Boron b/c of it's empty P orbital
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in the case of acid rain, this scientist would measure changes in mineral content, sharing their data with forestry scientists to save woodlands.
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soil chemists
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endergonic reaction
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a rxn for which ΔG° is positive; the products are higher in energy than the reactants and the rxn favors the reactants at equlibrium
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
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when the rates of condensation and evaporation are equal
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nonpolar covalent bond
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a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared EQUALLY by bonded atoms with a resulting balanced distribution of charge.
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in some cases, chemical reactions are not...
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noticeable to the naked eye
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What is Density-dependent inhibition?
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Cells stop dividing when they reach a certain density (if they don't they form tumors)
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anacins cathch phrase is?
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contains what 2 out of 3 doctors call the greatest pain reliever ever discovered " does this to protext itself from lawsuits
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how did Democritus shape chemistry?
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Said all things are made up of atom/particles
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Distinguish between a compound and a mixture
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A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a definite proportion by mass. A mixture is material containing two or more substances either heterogeneous or homogeneous
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What kind of bonds does O form?
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4 SP3 orbitals, w/ 2 filled w/ 2 electrons. Bond angle =105. H2O is polar.
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Ca
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2+
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Carboxylate
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Carboxylate
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Mo
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Molybdenum
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K
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lysine
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CO3
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carbonate
2-
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hydrogen carbonate
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HCO3-
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sulfate
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SO4 ^2-
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resonance stabilization energy
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...
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Oxidation
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loss of electrons
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Ionic Bond
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Metal + Nonmetal
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roasting
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thermal treatment that causes reactions between ore and furnace atmosphere (includes oxidation
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What is C2H4?
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Ethene, AKA Ethylene
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Mass (SI base unit)
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kilogram (kg)
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Is lattice NRg endo or exo?
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endo
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neutron
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subatomic particle with mass of approximately 1 amu and charge of 0; found in neucleus
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Molecular Equations:
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Shows all reactions and products
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.693/K
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equation for the calculation of a substance's half-life
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Chiral(optically active)
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A chiral molecule has a non-superimposable mirror image (its image is not the same as an image of the object itself-->hand on top of hand). Rotates the plane of polarization
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Atoms
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The building blocks of matter. Each element has a specific type of atom
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How many electrons can be accommodated in the 3rd shell?
a - 8
b - 10
c - 18
d - 32
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18
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During the ________ recovery stage , family members may also have to relearn normal roles.
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early
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americium
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Symbol: Am; atomic weight: 243; atomic number: 95
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steric strain
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the strain that arises when nonbonded atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced closer to each other than their atomic radii would allow; also called nonbonded interaction strain, or van der Waals strain
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Amorphous Solids
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solids that do not possess long-range order
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Buffer
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A solution that can absorb a small amount of acid or base and not change pH
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what are chemical compounds
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substances that can be decomposed
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Polyprotic
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A bronsted acid or base that can donate or accept more than one proton
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1st Order
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rate = k[A], the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant
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what properties does salicylic acid have?
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analgesic- relieves painanyipyretic- lowers feveranti inflammatory- relieves inflamation
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What is the mass of an electron
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1/8000 AMU (insignificant)
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Proton and Neutron changes in nuclear Process
(Table 21.3)
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See table 21.3
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If you go after a proton you get what?
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elimination product
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Single-replacement reaction
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is a chemical in which an atom or molecule replaces an atom or group of atoms from a compound.
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what are physical changes
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changes in the physical properties of a substance
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in 1982 what happened to acitomenpahen
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a huge recall because someone unscrewed the cap of tylenol and put potassium cynaide inside and put it back on the shelf 7 ppl died, now there are safety sealsi
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What two forces affect net solute movement accross the membrane?
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1) Concentration [chemical] gradient 2) electical gradient
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Solubility Rules: things that are soluble
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1. Common compounds of (1) and ammonium ions 2. Common nitrates, acetates, perchlorates 3. Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, EXCEPT those of Ag+, (Pb)2+, Cu+, and (Hg2)2+ 4. Sulfates, EXCEPT those of (Ca)2+, (Sr)2+, (Ba)2+, Ag+, and (Pb)2+
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=
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when Q is [ < / > / =] K, the process is at equilibrium
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1. Protection of Society - What do we mean by protection? Why can't community members protect themselves? How are boundaries for this identified? This varies from state to state.
2. We expect criminal justice to facilitate crime prevention. How do w
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Aims of the Criminal Justice System
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What class is the Na/K pump of eukaryotes?
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P-class (keeps Na on outside, K on inside)
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OH-
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Hydroxide
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Phosphorous
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P
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cinnabar
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Hg2S
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He
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Helium
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Milli
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x .001
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K^+
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Potassium Ion
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CuI2
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copper (ii) iodide
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Noble Gas
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Group 8A
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bent
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2 bonding, 2 non-bonding
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what do electrolytes conduct?
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electricity
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metals
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largest categoryleft Side of tablealmost all solid at room tempSilvery Shinemalleablegood conductor of heat & electricity
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ON group 1A(1)
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+1 all compounds
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boat confirmation
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the ______-shaped conformation of cyclohexane has no angle strain but does have some steric strain and some torsional strain
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What is the structure of ethane?
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C2H6
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liquids
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conforms to any container, definite volume
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cesium
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Symbol: Cs; atomic weight: 132.905; atomic number: 55
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isomers
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compouns of the sme molecular formula but with different arrangements of the atoms
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characterized by the reactions of a subtance with O2 to form one or more oxygen containing compounds
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combustion
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A smaller Ka number indicates a...
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weaker acid
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atoms
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the basic building block of matter. elements are made from atoms. they are small particles that has the properties of an element.
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mean
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something that is midway between two extremes; something intermediate:
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volume and amount in moles/
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directly related (avogadro's law)
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E=
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Energy - energy of the electron in state psi
|
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What is likely to require the most energy input to melt it?
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KCl
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What is the carb-layer covering the plasma membrane's sufrace called?
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The glycocalyx
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ionic compounds
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made of charged ions, contain metals and nonmetals, ions arragned in an orderly array, polyatomic ions, contain cation and anions, cation always written first, total charge anion = total charge cations
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Halogen exchange reactions
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A substitution where one halogen atom replaces another; commonly used to form fluorides and iodides.
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require nergy in the form of heat, electrical current or light to make them happen
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decomposition reactions
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The carbonyl group is commonly found in what?
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Aldehydes and ketones
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alkaline earth metals
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group 2 on the periodic table. reactive metallic elements that are harder, denser, stronger, and have higher melting points that the alkali metals
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To determine this, examiners look at long bones, and the sections where the cartilage has been replaced by bone. At either end of the bone, the epiphyseal plates hold the cartilage which conjoins bones, so if an individual is buried before these have comp
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What is the age?
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Define boiling point.
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Temp at which liquid and gas states are in equilibrium.
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Describe the apical surface of epithelial cells
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1) reflect specialized functions [including microvilli, cillia]
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pauli exclusion principle
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no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
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How does Keq relate to delta-G?
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The lower the equilibrium constant, the higher delta-G (if Keq=1 then ln Keq=0, and delta-G=0 -> equilibrium; Keq<1> ln Keq=-, so delta-G is +)
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When is a double arrow used for a chemical reaction?
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ionization of weak electrolytes
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What is a codon?
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A sequence of three bases in the DNA and corresponding RNA which code for a specific AA
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What is the chemical equilibrium point?
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A rxn will proceed until it has concentrations such that a <-> b, and delta G is zero in both directions; At that point no further net rxn occurs
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If you have something reacting with Na Oet and EtOH what do you get?
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you get E2, trans, form a double bond
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