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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Child Development 2

Terms Definitions
Intelligence tests weschler stanford-binet
names pictures 18 months
Discourse A social conversation
Low birth weight 5.5 lbs
listens to music 12 wks
Heritability Statistic expressing individual differences which can be accounted for by genetic differences
Information processing QuantitativeBiology and environment interact
Gardner's multiple intelligences Logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
sits on stiff chair 18 months
Behaviourism Theoretical perspective concerned with the study of directly observable behaviour. Associated to EMPIRIST approach to development to which Skinner is a proponent
Jean Piget A developmental pyschologist who worked to test children's intelligence.
Strange situation Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation
• Initiative vs. guilt Eriksonexuberant activity vs. overcontrol
Triarchic model of intelligence Componential, experiential, contextual; Robert Sternberg
Neurons Basic cells of the nervous system
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS *conclusions drawn about the underlying causes of one's own or another person's behavior*Weiner says that people are likely to attribute their successes or failures to 4 causes: (1) their ability (or lack thereof) (2) the amount of effort expended (3) difficulty (or ease) of a task or (4) the influence of luck
Language Development early exposure to language development develops early language skills , American-English, Spanish, Multicultural language skills. Multicultural language skills are developmental
dresses & undresses 60 months (5 y/o)
Chomsky American liguist who believed in innate knowledge of potential language structures referred to as UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
Empiricism belief development is primarily driven by environmental factors Contrasts to NATIVISM
Two types of Emotions Primary and secondary
Imaginary audience common belief among adolescents that they are the center of other people's attention
Animistic thinking child's belief that inanimate objects have living qualities
Polygenic inheritance • Many genes interact together to produce a paricular trait or behavior
practical adapt to, shape, and or select environments to meet both  personal goals and the demands of ones everyday world
Long-term memory information that is transformed or organized, large capacity and stores information indefinitely, not always able to access it.
IMITATION LEARNING THAT OCCURS BY WATCHING AND COPYING THE ACTIONS OF OTHERS.(13-1)
Montessori children learn naturally if placed in a prepared learning environment containing appropriate materials
Scripts A sequence of schemes; a PREDICTABLE sequence of eventsEx. A child pretend play.
Displaying Emotions (Izard): Most researches agree that babies communicate feelings through facial and vocal expressions, and that each expression becomes a more recognizable sign of a particular emotion with age* Positive emotions easier to identify than negative ones
gardener's multiple intelligences: 1) Linguistic 2) Logical-mathematical 3) Spatial 4) Musical 5) Bodily- kinesthetic 6) Interpersonal7) Intrapersonal
Turns head side to side 1st 4 wks
Cognition Concept involved with forms of knowing eg attention, perception, memory and thinking
Developmental niche physical, social and cultural context within which development takes place
Perspective taking The ability to cognitively shift vantage points and see situations from a variety of opposing points of view
earn receive as return for effort and especially for work done or services rendered
Palmar grasp reflex reflexive curling of the infant's fingers around an object that touches its palm
• Oral Stage Freud0-2 years-Focus of pleasure is on the mouth, taking in
divorce and single parenting stressors often=changes in parenting that are unhealthy (too permissive or strict)   loss of income= less academic achievement for the child
Gametes Human sperm and ova which contain half as many chromosomes as a regular body cell
Cephalocaudal (head to toe) growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
NEONATE *a newborn infant from birth to about 1 month of age
Learning a change in knowledge or skill that results from experience or instruction
baby loses wt after birth, regains after day -- and then gains --/day 10th 1 oz
Egocentric speech typical behaviour of young children of talking to themselves
Cross modal transfer confusion of different modes of sensory imput (visual, auditory etc)
Concrete operational stage This stage, which follows the preoperational stage, occurs between the ages of 7 and 11 years and is characterized by the appropriate use of logic.These include-the ability to sort objects in an order according to size, shape, or any other characteristic
____ is necessary for recognizing how far an object is.A. Far sightednessB. Near sightednessC. Binocular visionD. Double Vision C. Binocular vision
Procedural knowledge how the procedures of learning can be applied
guided participation the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations.
Learning to regulate emotions: infants - toddlers *infants: caregivers control babies' emotional arousal at first by controlling their exposure to events and by pacifying them when they are upset*6mo: Infants will turn away from unpleasant stimuli or suck thumb or pacifier; girls are better at this than boy infants* toddlers: more likely to try and control the actions of people or objects that upset them (throw a toy or food they don't want
Origional Sin View It was advocated in the middle-ages. Children were percieved as being basically bad; they were born into a world of evil beings.
LATENCY PERIOD Freud's term:- for middle childhood- the period in which - sexual urges lie relatively dormant
Myelination the process in which a fatty sheath is formed around neurons
Emotional Intelligence Our ability to sense what others are feeling
Why have obesity rates risen lack of knowledge tendency to buy high fat low cost foods family stress (overeating)
Home and Family Influences on Achievement *securely attached toddlers and infants are likely to become curios preschoolers who seek challenges and do well later in school*stimulating home environments that provide young kids with a variety of age appropriate challenges and the encouragement and support to master them will foster academic achievement in the years ahead*Early INDEPENDENCE TRAINING and ACHIEVEMENT TRAINING promote achievement motivation, especially if parents warmly reinforce successes and are not overly critical of failures.*Parents who combine all these practices into one parenting style (AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING) tend to raise kids who achieve considerable academic achievement
what is the correlation for IQ for siblings reared together: - . 47
The Nativists View (biological) Humans are prewired to learn language (chomsky's Language Acquisition Device: not structural, but theoretical)
TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION SYNDROME (TPS) a genetic anomaly in which a male fetus is insensitive to the effects of male sex hormones and will develop felale like external genitalia
is there stability across individuals in intelligence? yes there is stability across individuals
Which objects or people would likely have identity first in a baby's life? - mother- father- primary caregiver- siblings- pets- Binky- blankey- music/songs (bedtime, blankey's being washed, mommy will return)- books- shows
What was Binet asked to do? -create a test that determined which children should be in which grade -
Identify and Describe the three topical areas of child Development 1. Social Development of how a child interacts with others as they grow. 2. Cognitive development of the the way a child thinks and examines. 3. Physical development as they grow, such as height and eye color.
How can caregivers an teachers use Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences if a caregiver recongines that a child is particular hihg in one type they can provide the child with learning opportunites that build on that intellgence
Explain changes in sleep patterns and nutrition Between the age of 2 and 3 need 12-13 hours of sleepAge 4-6 need 10 to 11 hours of sleepNutrition- Decline in appetite is normal, children imitate the eating habits of people they admire.
pivots 28 wks
Turns head 4 wks
Phenotype • The genetically based characteristics that are actually shown in one’s body
crawls up stairs 15 months
uncovers hidden toy 28 wks
accommodation adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information
• Germinal Stage 0-2 weeks-Fertilization, cell division, creation of the blastula, implantation in the uterine wall-Blastocyst becomes embryo-Trophoblast becomes placenta
Schemes Mental structures organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with metal development.
smiles on social contact 8 wks
construct something built by the mind
Appropriation Vygotsky's theory similar to assimilation. Takes into account the importance of socially constructed systems of knowledge - CULTURAL TOOLS - emphasized in SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
Continuity model model proposing that development involves quantitative changes that occur in small steps over time
• Latency Stage Freud6-12 years-Sexual drive goes underground and gives energy to learning to be an adult, schooling
Chronosystem the dimension of time, including one’s age and the time in history in which one lives
Dizygotic Derived from two seperately fertilized eggs
EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE *abilities to display predominantly positive (rather than negative) emotions, to correctly identify others' emotions and respond appropriately to them, and to adjust to one's own emotions to appropriate levels of intesnsity in order to achieve one's goals*each of those components is related to a child's social competence*children who are not good at this are generally disliked by peers and more likely to have adjustment problems throughout their development
COMPENSATORY INTERVENTIONS special education programs designed to further the cognitive growth and scholastic achievements of disadvantaged children
supple and relaxed when supine 4 wks
Ethnocentrism refers to the interpretation and judgement of the characteristics of other cultures in relation to own culture whereby differences are viewed as deficits of other culture
righting reaction involuntary movement response that serve to maintain normal alignment of head and body in space
imprinting the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Embryo developing organism at an early stage of prenatal development
Piaget’s cognitive theory Qualitative: Piaget 4 stagesBiology drives development, and environment shapes it
Evolutionary theories Biology underlies adaptation to the environment
Deep processing the use of organizational and elaboration strategies that involve transforming the learning material in meaningful ways
One-to-one correspondence The understanding that when counting objects in a group each item is counted once and only once
Child maltreatment   Intentional harm to, or avoidable endangerment of, anyone under 18 years of age.
Social Referencing The intentional search for the information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances or events.
Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory *claims that children are self-socializers who must pass through BASIC GENDER IDENTITY and GENDER STABILITY before reaching GENER CONSISTENCY, the point at which they begin to selectively attend to same sex models and become gener typed*however, research shows that gender typing begins much earlier than Kohlberg thought and that measures of gender consistency do not predict the strength of gender typing
Learning Theory *also emphasized feeding saying that it should elicit positive responses from the contented child and it is often an occassion when mothers can provide infants with many comforts including warmth, food, etc. all in one sitting - once the mother has attained this status as a SECONDARY REINFORCER, the infant will be attached
Origins of self-esteem *Bowlby's "working models" theory predicts that securely attached children, who construct + working model of self, should soon begin to evaluate themselves more positively than insecurely attached children with - working models of self.
Physical Achievement the dvelopmental skills for walking are pushing-up, pulling-up, rolling-over, sitting-up, sitting, standing, standing-up, crawling, and balancing. developmental skills are developed along the way(multicultural)developmentally
release object to other on request 52 wks
Homozygous Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
Guided construction of knowledge Vygotsky Application of classroom practice whereby teachers guide students and construct a joint version of educational knowledge
The First Expressions of Pleasure smiling and laughter
preoperational stage in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Centration tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time
Validity The ability of a measure to accurately measure what it purports to
Achievement test measure what children have gained from instruction at home or at school
tertiary prevention actions that are taken after an adverse event occurs, aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disabiltiy. Immediate and effective medical treatment of illnes or injury is an example
3 Periods of Development 1) Germinal Period2) Embryonic Period3) Fetal Period
MATERNAL DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS *the notion that socially deprived infants develop abnormally because they have failed to establish attachments to a primary caregiver *may not be true since infants cared for by several people do not show deficits
GENDER ROLE STANDARDS motive, value, or behavior considered more appropriate for members of one sex than the other*many societies are characterized by a gender based division of labor in which females are encouraged to adopt an expressive role and males an instrumental role
School-Age (6-12) Development Physical- lost baby fat, start pubertyCognitive- logical, how, experience drivenLanguage- metaphorsPsychosocial- self esteem, competence, competitionMoral- Rules, approval, worldviewDiscipline- grounding
rituals of teasing - and ostracism with which elementary school children - maintain the boundary between gender segregated peer groups SOCIOMETRICS
Biopsychosocial model A model of health psychology focussing on the interplay of the environment and (social) factors, psychological and biological processes in explanations to healthcare. Places less emphasis on environment than the ECOLOGICAL MODEL
Infant Weight almost doubles in first 3 months, tripling at end of year one
• Free association one thinks of anything that comes to mind in relation to a dream or another thought in order to discover the contents of the unconscious mind
According to Bobbie Keeton and the handout on Head Start, what is your primary duty while doing your lab at the center? Assistant to teacher
RD: Cross Sectional Cheap; compares answers to surveys by age
PHASE OF MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS *period when infants are forming attachments to companions other than their primary attachment object; within weeks of forming initial attachment*2 or more attachments by 18 months
Caroline Pratt An educator who stated, \"I learn from children,\" and who created \"unit\" blocks and large hollow blocks
GENDER ROLE CONCEPT Knowledge of - cultural stereotypes - regarding males and females
Critical period term used in ETHOLOGY to describe a time of development when specific environmental conditions must occur for successful development
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) syndrome caused by maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy in which the child shows developmental delays and facial deformities
Breech Position A postion of the baby in the uterus that would cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first
Self Esteem and Identity Formation *identity achievers have higher self esteem than age mates in other 3 stages*Erickson viewed identity achievement as a prereq for having truly intimate relationships during the intimacy vs. isolation phase that he talks about (which is true)*long term failure to establish identity become depressed and lack self-confidence, or they may embrace a NEGATIVE IDENTITY - a direct opposition to that which parents and most adults would advocate
Psychosocial- Erik Erickson Trust v Mistrust- Birth to 1. Basic needs, attachmentAutonomy v Shame- 1-3. Will power, determinationInitiative v guilt- 3-6. Try new thingsIndustry v inferiority- 6-12. Mastery and failureIdentity v Role Confusion- 12-18. Self and others together.
Name 3 things that enhance childhood motor skills the most? Physical environment, Daily routines, social climate
Martin and Halverson's Gender Schema Theory *children who have established a basic gender identity construct "IN-GROUP/ OUT-GROUP" and OWN-SEX GENDER SCHEMAS, which serve as scripts for processing gender related information and socializing oneself into a gender rold.*schema consistent info is gathered and retained, whereas schema-inconsistent info. is ignored or distorted, thus perpetuation gender stereotypes that have no basis in fact.
SELF CONSTANCY sense that - self endures - despite temporary disruptions- in relationships
Cognitive and Affective Contributors to Altruism * the growth of altruistic concern is linked to the development of SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE TAKING SKILLS, PROSOCIAL MORAL REASONING, SYMPATHETIC EMPATHETIC AROUSAL, and establishment of an altruistic self-concept*although young children often interpret empathetic arousal as personal or SELF-ORIENTED DISTRESS, they eventually acquire the role taking skills to interpret their reactions as sympathy for others, which promotes altruism bu inducing them to feel responsible for others' welfacre (the FELT RESPONSIBILITY HYPOTHESIS)
What is constructive play? Give an early childhood example. Constructive Play: Children use toys or objects to create something new, such as making a puppet from a sock, a design on a computer screen, or a castle out of legos.
what has been observed about the "headstart" program? -We have seen improvements in IQ scroes through this program-but the progress can be negated if the children are taken out of the program
Name and explain the most important principle from the NAEYC Code of Ethics. Principle 1.1 Which is that we will not cause ANY harm to the children, whether it be emotional, physical, disrespectful, or degrading.
Ways children develop:BehaviorallyEmotionallyMentally/IntellectuallyPhysicallySociallyCognitivelyWhy study child development?Gain insight into the human spiritCan use the information to get the results we wantUnderstand the effects of certain conditions on childrenChild = infancy to pubertyPrenatal = conception to birthInfant = Birth to 2 yearsEarly Childhood = 2 to 8 yearsNational Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC)Middle Childhood = 6 to 12 yearsGrowth and Development are NOT the sameGrowth- size or quantity (quantitative)Development- quality (qualitative)Middle AgesChildren were thought of as being born evil, and were severely punishedAt age 7, they were considered adults and were forced to workJohn Locke, in 1647, disagreed with thisIndustrial RevolutionFamily units were defined20th CenturyChild rights came aboutChild Development TheoriesThere is no one universally accepted theoryExist to guide you as you teach and take care of childrenLet research guide you, but not enslave youErik EriksonDevelopment of the emotional life and psychological traitsBirth-1 year: Trust vs. Mistrust1-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt3-6 years: Initiative vs. GuiltJean PiagetCognitive-Developmental TheoryBirth-2 years: Sensorimotor 2-7 years: Preoperational7-12 years: Concrete Operational12+ years: Formal OperationalSchemes- a mental construction that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledgeDevelop in an orderly fashionLev VygotskyFocus is on social interaction with adults and other childrenZone of Proximal Development- the range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someoneScaffolding- methods of solving problems that help the child as they learn to function independently (temporarily)We study child development by observing children in their natural environment- no interaction in this class
immediate experiences 24 months
Multicultural education content integration, knowledge-construction process, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction, empowering school culture and social structure
Counts 4 pennies 48 months
Connectionism Theories using COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING
Bereavement psychological state of deprivation involving feelings of grief and loss resulting from death of a loved one or close friend
Physical Development four main areas Gross Motor Flexibility Balance Agility Force
PRESENT-SELF *early self-representation in which 2-3 yr. olds recognize current representations of self but are largely unaware that past self-representations or self-relevant events have applications for the futire*not yet aware that the self is stable over time
Babinski reflex until 1 y/o (baby dorsiflexes)
Focal lesion localised damage to brain
Emotions Are subjective reactions; usually experienced cognitively; and communicated to others through behavior
Teratogen environmental influence or agent that may harm the developing embryo or fetus
• Maturational theory biological maturation with little emphasis on culture or individual differences
Automaticity the gradual elimination of attention in the processing information
musical skill in performing and appreciating musical patterns
Factors of Self-Control *Associated with: cognitive competency, social skills, self-confidence, and self-reliance*these factors predict: self-esteem in adolescents, occupational success in adulthood, gereral life satisfaction as an adult
entity vs. incremental theory- Carol Dweck = ?
grasps objects w/thumb and forefinger 28 wks
Cognative relating to or involving intellectual activity
Continuity regularity of characteristic over a period of time
Naming Explosion Begins about 18months, labeling everything, descriptions
Ovulation release of an ovum from an ovary
Positive correlation increases in one variable are associated with increases in another variable -Negative correlation: increases
Encode place into memory information that is abstract, unfamiliar, or not meaningful
Autosomes The 22 matching chromosome pairs in each human cell
naturalist ability to recongise and draw upon features of the environment
4 main reflexes 1) Sucking2) Rooting3) Moro4) Grasp
EMOTIONAL SELF-REGULATION *The process of adjusting one's emotions to appropriate levels of intensity in order to accomplish one's goals*appropriate regulation involves the abilities to manage our feelings, physiological responses associated with these feelings, emotion-related cognitions, and emotion-related behavior
SOCIAL COGNITION *the thinking that people display about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors of of themselves and other people
Binet believed intelligence was: adaptation to the environment
Family Development- Duvall MarriageFamily with InfantsFamily with Preschool childrenFamily with school childrenFamily with adolescentFamily with launching young adult
Ethology study of animal behaviour in natural environment
Formal operation stage Piagetian theory Final stage when childrens thinking is that of an intelligent adult. Able to reason in an abstarct way without reference. Systematic and can think hypothetically
equilibrium reaction automatic response that occur to maintain or regain balance during posture and movement; restores COG over BOS
Primary Emotions (Startle) these are more reactions that do not need as much cognitive development as secondary emotions
Ego identity attainment of a psychological sense of knowing oneself and one's direction in life
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Eriksonindependence and self-control vs. lack of confidence
emotional self regualtion children gain strategies for coping with strong emotions 1. problem solving 2. emotion focused
Self-regulated learning children begin to regulate and control their own learning activities, can plan, set goals, organize, self-monitor and self-evaluate
bodily-kinesthetic ability to use the body to solve problems and to preform physical skilss
DIRECT TUITION teaching young children how to behave by reinforcing "appropriate" behaviors and by punishing or otherwise discouraging inappropriate conduct
PERFORMANCE GOAL state of affairs in which one;s primary objective in an achievement contect is to display one's competencies (or to avoid looking incompetent)
Tabula Rasa View *Proposed by John Locke*He argued that children were not innately bad but, instead, they were like a "blank tablet". He believed that childhood experiences are important in determining adult characteristics. He advised parents to spend time with their children and help them become contributing members of society.
seeks help when in trouble or soiled 18 months
HOSTILE AGGRESSION Aggression aimed- solely at hurting someone else(getting even is primary concern)
Discrepancy definition/Model defining a problem in terms of discrepancy between problems with a particualar skill or skills (eg dyslexia) and what might be expected from other indicators (eg IQ)
rooting reflex a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
• Piaget's 4 Stages: Concrete operations 7-12 years-Children now think logically, but their thinking is concrete and not abstract. Understand conversation
Hypothalamus    a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.
Need Achievement Theory (ith Atkinson's revisions) *reserach testing McClelland's need acievement theory pointed to two competing motives - 1: THE MOTIVE TO ACHIEVE SUCCESS(Ms) and 2:THE MOTIVE TO AVOID FAILURE(Maf) --that influence achievement behavior.*Atkinson also broke new ground by stressing that 2 achievement related cognitions, 1:ACHIEVEMENT EXPECTANCIES and 2: ACHIEVEMENT VALUE, are important determinants of achievement behaviors
The 3 components of Sternberg's view of intelligence 1) componential/combonential/ analytic part 2) Contextual 3) Experiental Sub theory
Galant's reflex until 1-2 months (newborn in a face-down position, when his back is stroked about two inches from the spine on either side the baby will tuck his pelvis, curve his body and turn in that direction)
Categorical self Term used by Lewis for what James called 'me' or self-as-object. Characteristics which define a person eg gender, age social group
Self Reports A method of investigation in which the subjects supply their own accounts of phenomena of interest in face to face interviews or on written questionnaires.
Stages of Labor: Second Stage Urge to push-Delivery of the baby
New born infant states 1) Quiet Alert (Great for bonding time)2) Active Alert3) Crying4) Drowsy5) Sleeping
another factor of attachment is SYNCHRONIZED ROUTINES * generally harmonious interactions between 2 people in which participants adjust their behavior in response to the partner's actions and emotions*face to face play; mothers who display still face will cause distress in infant due to lack of responsiveness
Dual route theory a theory in which the development of plural and past tense inflection is achieved through two cognitive systems acting in parrallel, a rule and memory system
Kinship care a form of a foster care in which a relative of the maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver.
the contextual aspect of Sternberg's theory of intelligence = -how we apply intelligence to everyday
Locomotion occurs in 3-phases 1. stepping reflex lost about 2 months 2. Reapperance of stepping movements 3. walking alone without support
Cultural Influences on Theory of Mind *The appearance of of a belief-desire theory of mind by age 4 is not universal and is likely to be delayed in cultures that lack the social supports for its emergence
Why are toys important to an infant's intellectual dev.? - mental stimulation- they practice and remember everything- they're like little sponges and absorb everything- helps with physical dev. too
tendency to take initiative- rise to challenges- try to influence events end of definitions for this chapter
examples of questions Stanford and Binet may use to determine if a person has Information: 1) how many legs do you have 2) What must you do to make water freeze3)Who discovered the North Pole 4)what is the capital of france?
crawls 9 months
Infant memory abilities imitation
stands alone 11 months
Reflexes Simple, unlearned stimulus-response sequences that are common to all members of a species
understands action words age 2
overgeneralization syntax becomes too regular
Piaget constructivist: children have an active role in constructing their cognitionchildren try to make sense of the world based on previous knowledge and experience; use to process new information50/50 nature/nurture
teratogens environmental agent, diet, pollutant, disease, infection, that may cause developmental deviations, most threatening in embryonic stage, critical periods of development, each has specific effects, one can intensify another, dose response principle
Recessive gene A trait not expressed
capacity for abstract thought early adolescence
Maturation A genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth.
prosody the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns, and so forth with which a language is spoken
Metamemory a subset of metacognitive skills; refers to a child's knowledge of how their memory works; gets better over time
insecure-disorganized disoriented on return, rare, most problematic
Longitudinal same group at different time throughout life, practice effects, long time, assess stability and change over time
Course of development Continuous: gradual development, steady over time     - ex. human memory Discontinuous: development happens in stages     - ex. motor development     - assumptions:         - development is governed by different     procedures at different stages         - Stages build on each other         - Invariant order, there is debate on whether you can regress stages
Piaget's types of knowledge Physical knowledgeLogico-mathematical knowledgeSocial knowledge
Operant Conditioning Skinner- behavioral theory, (language) more active, based on reinforcement and punishment, reward for doing something, keep doing it for reward
Germinal period 0-13 days, fertilization and implantation, zygote implants itself in wall of uterus, mitosis
becomes aware of separate identity age 2
can draw a recognizable item age 4
adaptational theory Bowbly's developmental theory, which integrates ideas from evolutionary, psychoanlytic and cognitive theories to explain the development and impact of early attachment relationships
Psychoanalytic perspective Freud's view of personality development, in which children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines psychological adjustments.
Behaviorism An approach that regards directly observable events - stimuli and responses - as the appropriate focus of study and that views the development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning.
telegraphic speech leaving out indicators, characteristic of first efforts to combine words
conservation certain properties remain the same despite a change in appearance
intersubjectivity the mutual understanding that people share during communication
structure basic organization of the cognitive system, including the main components of the system and their characteristics
Cohort effects different aged children can have experienced traumatic events that change their disposition (i.e. 9/11); generational influences can also contribute to this
Babbling happens when children are content and alone; hypothesized that this is reinforcing, that they like to hear themselves
Formal operations fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory; age 11 or 12ability to think in the abstract, flexibility, mental hypothesis testing, ability to consider alternatives in problem solving
insecure-avoidant not bothered by absence, avoids mom on
Sequential - Mix of cross sectional and longitudinal studies - Testing different ages of children at the same time and then retesting them again forward in time - Advantages     - A check on cohort effects     - Data comes from a longitudinal and cross sectional study, if the data matches then this is stronger evidence 
Embryonic 2-(8-12) weeks, all of major organs formed, pregnancy could be detected by doctor
Human brain not fully developed until early adulthood, largest in proportion to size
can vocalize or babble spontaneously by age 1
begins to pull self to standing 9 months
Longitudinal design A research design in which participants are studied repeatedly at different ages.
Placenta The organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother's and embryo's blood from mixing directly.
Amnion The inner membrane that encloses the prenatal organism
Blastocyst The zygote 4 days after fertilization, when the tiny mass of cells forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball.
infants are fascinated by faces (contour and curvature)
conservation concept merely changing the appearance or arrangement of objects does not necessarily change their key properties, such as quantity of material
dead reckoning the ability to keep track continuoursly of one's location relative to the starting point and thus to go diretly back to it
false-belief problems tasks that tesst a child's understanding that other people will act in accord with their own beliefs even when the child knows that those beliefs are incorrect
qualitative change childen of different ages think qualitativey in different ways. example: children in the early stages of cognitive development conceive of morality interms off the consequences of a person's behavior, whereas children in later stages conveieve of it in terms of the person's intent
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) female embryos exposed to higher-than-normal levels of testosterone during development develop ambiguous genitalia; these children prefer male-oriented toys, are much more active, and hit puberty late; occasionally sterile; higher rates in the female member of a male and female set of twins
Vygotsky children can learn tasks that do not have anything to do with problem solvingdevelopment comes from language80/20 nurture/nature
Referential communication modifying language in order to be understood
Izard wanted to isolate the features of the face that would be associated with each emotion— children universally respond with same expressions, suggesting it is biological
Internal working model mental representation of self as child, nature of interaction with parents as reconstructs- interprets interaction
Fragile-X syndrome one of leading causes of mental retardation and developmental disabilities, caused by a single gene, more common in males
Piaget's important contributions the purposes and goals of education;the idea that knowledge is constructed from the child’s own physical and mental activities; the important role of play in children’s development.
Psychoanalytic Theories developmental changes in the self and personality
Proximal-distal Development Development begins in the center and proceeds outward. Organs develop before the arms or hands
begins to be sensitive of what others think 7-9
identity a sense of an integrated coherent, and goal-directed self
Genetic imprinting A pattern of inheritance in which alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, in such a way that one pair memeber is activated, regardless of its makeup.
Genetic-environmental correlation The idea that heredity influences the environments to which individuals are exposed.
moro reflex in response to loud noises, child throws arms out and and arches back
adaptation tendency to respond to the demands of the environment in ways that meet one's goals
utilization deficiency the phenomenon that initial uses of strategies do not improve memory as much as later uses
universal grammar a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages
substage 5(12-18months) infants begin to atively and avidly explore the potential uses to which objects can be put
working memory a kind of workspace in which information from sensory memory and long-term memory is brought together, attended to, and processed
essentialism the view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are
Contextual and Systems theories attempt to understand development of children all over the worldrecognizes several things about development-it is not only the parents' influence on the child that shapes them-the child has an equal influence on the parents-recognizes culture in the development of childrenoriginally called ecological validity
DeCasper study mom reading to baby in womb, knowing and wanting mom’s voice, prosody
Structured Interview - Each participant is asked the same question in the same way - Strengths     - Can be administered to a lot of people at once     - Specific, to the point, less likely to get off topic  - Weaknesses     -  Yields less information than a clinical interview
Infant Vision - Vision is the least well developed at birth (20/600) - Retinal cells are less developed and less densely packed - Adult-like color vision comes in at 4 months - Less developed optic nerve and optic centers of brain - Eye muscles less developed, hard for infants to control eye movement - 20/20 vision at 7 months 
Passive vs. Active child's role in development. shaped by environment or biology?
authoritative parenting a parenting style in which the parents are nurturant, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children
Modifier genes Genes that can enhance or dilute the effects of other genes.
reversibility undo a problem and go back to the beginning
hostile attributional bis in dodge's theory, the tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
substage 1 (0-1month) infants begin to modify reflexes to make them more adaptive.
numerical equality the realization that all sets of N objects have something in common
Oppositional-limb crawling right leg and left arm, left leg and right arm; most advanced stage of crawling; shows good communication between right and left hemispheres
Mother's Stages of Pregnancy - 1st Trimester: 0-3 months (don't show, morning sickness, miscarriages) - 2nd Trimester: 4-6 months (showing, fat and happy) - 3rd Trimester: 7-9 months (tired, looking forward to delivery)
Baby's Stages of Pregnancy - Zygote (Germinal) Period: 0-2 weeks, from fertilization to attachment on uterine wall - Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks - Fetal Period: 8 weeks to birth 
Endpoint vs. no endpoint do children stop developing? do they all follow a universal sequence of development?
Fraternal, or dizygotic, twins Twins resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova. They are gentically no more alike than ordinary siblings.
in order to maintain warmth newborns consume a lot of calories
symbolic representation the use of one objet to stand for another
A not B search error child will look for hidden object under the first place it was hidden
Percentile A point on a ranking scale of 1 to 99. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people rand higher and half lower
false belief task the child is expected to know how a person would respond despite having false or incorrect information
3 Main Themes of Class 1) Role of the child: passive vs. active 2) Pattern of development: continuous vs. discontinuous 3) Nature vs. nurture
Types of Attachment - Securely Attached - 60% - Sharing between child and mother  - Freely explore while parent is present - Friendly to stranger when parent is present - Don't like separation, cannot be soothed by stranger - Seek comfort when parent returns, crying is immediately reduced 
The Stages of Attachment - Asocial - 0-6 weeks - Not much preference for people - Don't act like they care that you're around 
what is the infant sleep cycle infants sleep 16 hours a day and wake every 1-3 hours