| Terms |
Definitions |
|
P-Waves
|
body wave
primary
compressional
particle motion parallel to direction of propagation
same direction energy is moving
alternately expand and contract
body waves go through earth
travel the fastest
transmitted by both solids and fluids because the resist a change in volume when compressed and will elastically spring back once the force is removed
push pull waves- they push (compress) and pull (expand)
|
|
Amphibolite
|
Amphibole (hornblende), plagioclase schist.
|
|
Glacier National park has
|
|
|
Sandstone
|
A medium-grained sedimentary rock (grains between 1/16 and 2 millimeters) formed by the cementation of sand grains.
|
|
Disconformity
|
sedimentary rock overlying sedimentary rock
period of non-deposition and/ or erosion
more common but far less conspicuous
|
|
Fault
|
large fractures in Earth's crust
|
|
Sediment
|
Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitations from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, glaciers, or wind
|
|
What are ooids?
a. Microscopic, planktonic sea critters living in tropical seas
b. Small spheres of calcium carbonate, formed in shallow, tropical seas
c. Chert nodules found within limestone layers
d. Varieties of limestone
|
|
|
Identify and explain two negative impacts of the overuse of the local aquifer in the Everglades.
|
|
|
Mineral
|
A crystalline substance that is naturally occurring and is chemically and physically distinctive.
|
|
Geothermal gradient
|
Rate of temperature increase associated with increasing depth beneath the surface of Earth (normally about 25C per kilometer).
|
|
Number of National Parks
|
58 National Parks
|
|
What rock type is currently forming in Florida Bay?
a. Granite
b. Travertine
c. Shale
d. Limestone
e. Basalt
|
|
|
Identify the three features that keep Florida Bay isolated from the open ocean.
|
|
|
Feldspar
|
Group of most common minerals of Earth's crust. All feldspars contain silicon, aluminum, and oxygen and may contain potassium, calcium, and sodium.
|
|
Limestone
|
A sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite.
|
|
Mica group
|
Group of minerals with a sheet-silicate structure.
|
|
Original horizontality
|
The deposition of most water-laid sediment in horizontal or near-horizontal layers that are essentially parallel to the Earth's surface.
|
|
Pressure release
|
A significant type of mechanical weathering that causes rocks to crack when overburden is removed.
|
|
Exfoliation
|
The stripping of concentric rock slabs from the outer surface of a rock mass.
|
|
Sorting
|
Process of selection and separation of sediment grains according to their grain size (or grain shape or specific gravity).
|
|
Bryce Canyon
|
Brightly colored hoodoos carved from Tertiary lake sediment of the Carmel Fromation characterize this park.
|
|
Mammoth Caves
|
This 700+ mile-long carbonate cave system is found in Kentucky's Pennyroyal Plateau.
|
|
National Preserve
|
almost identical to National parks, all the attributes of NP but with hunting seasons
|
|
Types of Folds
|
Anticline (antiform) - closes upwards
Syncline (synform)- closes downwards
|
|
Stress
|
equal the force per unit area (pressure) exerted against an object
ex. two hands pushing against one another
|
|
Units of Geologic Time
|
year= annum (a)
thousands= Ka
millions of years = Ma
billions of years= Ga
|
|
What was the source of the hydrogen sulfide that formed the sulfuric acid responsible for the formation of Carlsbad Caverns?
a. Pollutants from illegal chemical dumping in the Delaware Basin
b. Decomposing organic matter from nearby oil fields
|
|
|
Why are karst features absent at the surface in the Carlsbad area?
|
|
|
Shield volcanoes are made from what type of lava/rock?
|
Basalt
|
|
Igneous rock
|
A rock formed or apparently formed from solidification of magma.
|
|
Decompression melting
|
Partial melting of hot mantle rock when it moves upward and the pressure is reduced to the extent that the melting point drops to the temperature of the body.
|
|
Plate tectonics
|
A theory that Earth's surface is divided into a few large thick plates that are slowly moving and changing in size. Intense geologic activity occurs at the plate boundaries.
|
|
Isotopes
|
Atoms (of the same element) that have defferent numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
|
|
Paleozoic Era
|
The era that followed the Precambrian and began with the appearance of complex life, as indicated by fossils.
|
|
Precambrian
|
The vast amount of time that preceded the Paleozoic Era.
|
|
Erosion
|
The physical removal of rock by an agent such as running water, glacial ice, or wind.
|
|
Rounding
|
The grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation.
|
|
Arches National Park
|
Utah park containing hundreds of sandstone arches eroded from the Jurassic Entrada Formation.
|
|
Grand Canyon
|
The Colorado River carved this canyon in Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks in Northern Arizona.
|
|
Capitol Reef
|
Utah park underlain by the Waterpocket monocline where the Navajo sandstone eroded into dome-shaped monoliths.
|
|
Fault plane
|
displacement of rocks along a large planar fracture
|
|
Topography
|
is the study of Earth's surface. It specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain (the three dimensional quality of the surface) and the identification and characterization of specific landforms
|
|
Mammoth cave National Park has the longest -----cave system known in the world
|
cave system
|
|
what percentage of the worlds geysers are at Yellowstone national park?Is yellowstone the oldest National park and was it formed in 1872?
|
80% yes
|
|
Framework silicate structure
|
Crystal structure in which all four oxygen ions of a silica tetrahedron are shared by adjacent ions.
|
|
Mantle plume
|
Narrow column of hot mantle rock that rises and spreads radially outward.
|
|
Half-life
|
The time it takes for a given amount of a radioactive isotope to be reduced by one-half. 1:1, 3:1, 7:1, 15:1, 31:1
|
|
Zion National Park
|
Utah park where tributaries of the Virgin River have carved canyons in the Navajo Sandstone.
|
|
Death Valley National Park
|
A broad, youthful interior basin formed by normal faulting, and containing deposits of evaporite minerals, lake sediments, and alluvial fans.
|
|
Painted Desert National Park
|
The northern extension of Petrified Forest underlain by the colorful Chinlee Formation.
|
|
Brittle Failure (fracture)
|
results when the elastic limit is exceeded- permanent failure
ex. snapping wood in two
|
|
The guadalupe mountains national park is associated with what highest point?
|
Highest point in texas
|
|
What park is in the Northern rockies?
|
Glacier National Park
|
|
The petrified wood of Petrified Forest National park has been replaced by what two things?
|
sandstone and congolomerate
|
|
Cades Cave is associated with what national park?
|
Great Smoky Mountains
|
|
What area can you find erosional remnants such as mesa, bute, and chimney?
|
The Colorado Plateau
|
|
The Guadalupe Mountains are known as what type of Mountain?
|
Fault block mountain
|
|
Convergent plate boundary
|
A boundary between two plates that are moving toward each other.
|
|
Petrified Forest National Park
|
Arizona park underlain by the Triassic Chinlee Formation containing the petrified remains of a tropical forest.
|
|
Mesa Verde National Park
|
In the Colorado Park ancient Puebloan Indian built kivas and houses in natural alcoves in Cretaceous Sandstone.
|
|
North Cascade National Park
|
The Washington park is composed of rocky terranes recently accreted to North America (geologicallly speaking).
|
|
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
|
This park contains the world's most active basaltic shield volcano.
|
|
V shaped valley
|
carved by water like the Great Smoky Mountains
|
|
What type of rock is found at Wind Cave national park?(it is also found out Mammoth cave)
|
Mississippian limestone
|
|
Where is (was) Mt. Mayoma?
|
Crater Lake National park, was probably 11,000 ft. high
|
|
Lassen Peak National Park
|
Felsic lava dome in California that is the southernmost Cascade volcano. Last erupted in 1917.
|
|
Difference Between a National Park and a National Monument
|
National Monument: created by Presidential Decree (Antiquities Act of 1906)
National Park: established by an Act of Congress (Organic Act of 1916)
|
|
Cadillac Mountain is the highest point in what park? There is a hiking path at the top if it.
|
Acadia National park in Maine
|
|
What type of rock is associated with the Appalachian Mountains during the first mountain building episode (orogeny)?
|
Intermediate volcanic rocks: andesite
|
|
The Grand Canyon has a very distinct V shape valley with what river flowing thru it?
|
The Colorado River
|
|
What happened in 1912 at Katmai National Park?
|
Massive volcanic eruption which produced 30 sq miles of pyroplastics in 24 hours, this was the largest eruption of the 20th century and is known as a novarupta10 years later the pyroplastics are still hot and the valleys were filled up with 300 ft of pyroplastic debris.From then on it was known as the valley of 10,000 smokes
|
|
What two types of rocks are associated with ISland Royale National Park
|
Basalt lava and conglomerates
|
|
Carlesbad Caverns National Park
|
Caves in New Mexico carved in part by sulfuric acid.
|
|
Goals of the National Park Service
|
To preserve natural areas for future generations
To provide for enjoyment of natural areas by the public
|
|
How did the hydrosphere first form?
|
water vapor from volcanoes turned into tiny droples which later became rain because gravity wouldn't let it escape into space. These eventually filled up the holes which became the ocean
|
|
Describe the way in which arches (arches National Park) are formed?
|
Rocks have fractures in them called joints, usually there are joint sets; whole series of fractures running parallel to each otherOver time the joints get wider as erosion occurs along them.The weaker sections of the sandstone erode more quickly creating thinner areasBefore they open up all the way they are called a blink arch (potential arch)
|
|
What evidence do we have that supports the Nebula theory?
|
rocks on the moon, observed meteorites which are all approx the same age a 4.6 billion years old
|
|
Very large ---- and big ----- helped to make the Appalachian mountains what they are
|
very large thrust faults and big folds
|
|
How did the levels of mammoth cave form?
|
Below a certain leel all openings are filled with water( this is called the watertable) it is not flat. Water flows from the higher ares to the lowers areas
|
