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Definitions |
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geosphere
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inorganic
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Geothermal Features
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-geysers
-mudpots
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laccolith
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mushroom shape
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Divergent
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-Plates move apart
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Glacial sliding
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bulldozer effect
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wave speed
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wavelength (L)/period (T)
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weathering
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breaking down of sediment
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earthquakes are responsible for?
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tsunamis
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Eratosthenes
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earth's radius and diameter
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diorite
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A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock with composition intermediate between granite and gabbro. The intrusive equivalent of andesite.
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Alluvial fan
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deposition into dry valley
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Fluorite
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CaF2
4 cleavage planes
Hardness of 4
Many different colors
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Obliquity
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Tilt of the Earth's axis
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Are most sedimentary rocks layered?
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Yes
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Outwash
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rock material deposited by the meltwater of a glacier laid down in stratified deposits
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what atmosphere condition do thunderstorms for in?
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unstable conditions
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divide
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imaginary line separating one basin from another
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aggregate of mass of mineral matter
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Rock
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Eras of Phanerozoic eon
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Paleozoic- Mesozoic- Cenozoic
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Convergent evolution
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process whereby organisms not monophyletic (not closely related), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to ecological niches or similar environments
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What process is involved with re-mineralizing existing rocks from the effects of temperature, pressure and interactions with fluids ?
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metamorphism
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Abyssal plain (5)
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lowest sedimentation rates
manganese nodules and oozes
flattest surfaces
no coarse rock
Sediment that will become red chert if it turns into sedimentary rock
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sonar
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a device that bounces soundwavesoff underwater objects
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Drumlin
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a streamlined, elongated hill composed of glacial drift. Drumlins are often found in swarms; their tapered end pointing in the direction of glacier advance
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Robert Bakker
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paleontologist who argues dinosaurs were warm blooded
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facies
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a set of metamorphic minerals assemblages formed formed under a given range of pressures and temps
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Geopetal structures
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ripple marks, crossbedding, mudcracks, tracks, fossils, sole marks--tells where beds are supposed to be
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Lacollith
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-occur when magma's intruded between layers near the surface-magma generating lacollith more viscous (less fluid) & collects, pushing overhead rocks upward-lens/mushroom shaped mass-"arches overhead strata upward"-similar to sill
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Volcanism-Cons?
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Not enough Co2 to cause hypercapnia
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lava
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the molten rock (magma) that has erupted from a volcano
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benioff aone
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the pattern where earthquake foci begin at trenches and dip landward under continents or island arcs
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Mafic
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high melt temp (cools slowly, crystal form)
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Alluvium:
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sediment deposited by water in channel or on floodplain
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Permian Period
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Geologic period that extends from about 299 to 251 ma. Last period of the Palaeozoic.
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Arroyos are:
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narrow, steep-sided stream valleys in desert regions.
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polymorph
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One of two or more alternative possible crystal structures for a single chemical compound; for example, the minerals quartz and cristobalite are polymorphs of silica (SiO2).
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Rock
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Any solid mass of minerals or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally.
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Gas Generation
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Methane gas generation has potential for explosions if not remedied.
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The Himalaya mountains and the Tibetan plateau formed in Cenozoic time.
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true
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catastrophism
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earth created in 4004 BC, sudden, "short lived, and violent events"
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folding
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bending of rock layers that are squeezed together.
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Chemical Sedimentary rock
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sedimentary rock consisting of material that was precipitated from water by either inorganic or organic means
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Cirque
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a bowl-shaped hollow eroded by a glacier
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Cirque Glacier
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An amphitheater-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley produced by frost wedging and plucking.
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A concentration of minerals that could now be legally mined at a profit is called a __________.
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Reserve
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Which Early Paleozoic continent was formed during the breakup of Rodinia, which includes what is now North America? A. Baltica B. Siberia C. Laurentia
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C. Laurentia
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1. Frost wedging
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water expansion in rocks by freezing.
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What was Glossopteris?
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a plant with big seeds
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plastic slip
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Occurs within the ice
Under pressure, ice behaves as a plastic material
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Densities of outer planets are less than
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1.5 gm/cm3
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marine delta
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shape like alluvial fan subaqueous end on terminal deposits of a stream fluvial system modification of waves tides currents
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Drainage Basin
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land area that contributes water to the stream
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Climate change consequences
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rise in sea level
greater intensity tropical cyclones
change in extent of artic ice sheet
climate changes sudden
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What is the crust made of?
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lithosphere and athenosphere
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flying reptiles
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(all extinct) had hollow bones, naked bodies or bodies covered with something like fur, and many were carnivores
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compressonal stress
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- cause shortening
- compacts a block of rock and squeezes it into less space
*this can cause reverse faulting, in which the hanging wall block is forced up the footwall block in opposition to the pull of gravity
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small volcano cmposed of hick felsic lava flow
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lava dome
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cleavage
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The tendency of a mineral to break along preferred planes.
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Karst Landscape
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Areas where the main type of weathering is dissolution causing many caves and sinkholes
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seismic wave
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a ground vibration produced by an earthquake
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jet stream
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Bands of high-speed winds about 10 kilometers above Earth's surface.
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el nino
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An anomalous warming of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean that occurs every 3 to 7 years and lasts for a year or so
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a sedimentary sequence of sandstone over shale over limestone indicates?
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regression (look up)
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Sources of Extraterrestrial Debris
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Asteroids
Solar System: four small, rocky inner planets + four large, gaseous outer planets (+ Pluto)
Between Mars and Jupiter: asteroid belt of small (under 1,000 km diameter) rocky, metallic and icy masses
Most meteorites come from inner Solar System, from asteroid belt
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zones of accumulation
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move to places where ice melts
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environment
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sum of all factors surrounding you ie rock, soil, air, water
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residual soil
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Soil formed in place by decomposition of the rocks upon which it lies.
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mudcracks
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dried out mud- top layer fills it in
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Which one of the following best describes the very rough surface texture that often develops on basaltic lava that has travelled a great distance and colled somewhat?
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aa texture
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in a traverse across the upper surface of an alpine gllacier, thhhe fastest iice is closer to the
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middle
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Passive Continental Margin
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remaining coastline, no collision or subduction
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Arrangement of Periodic Table
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arranged by order of atomic number
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Map scale
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the comparison of distance on a map with actual distance on what the map represents, such as Earth's surface
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craters
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bowl shaped pit found at the summit of most volcanoes, centered on the vent.
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Diamond is an example of what type of bonding?
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Covalent.
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Rifting
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Breaking apart of pates - can form new ocean basin. Example: Rio Grande Rift
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asking questions
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What step is the beginning of the process that scientists use to learn more about the natural world?
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flooding (surface water)
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discharge exceeds that of a bankfull stage
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The strength of a sedimentary rock with a crystalline texture is dependent upon
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thickness of stratification
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Cutoff Meander
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When a stream cuts through the narrow end forming a much shorter bypass, and the main water flow is no longer through the loop.
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stream capacity
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the total amount of sediment a stream is able to transport
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Medial Moraine
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A ridge of till formed when lateral moraines from two coalescing alpine glaciers join.
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Fissure eruption
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eruption from a vertical crack in the earth's surface rather than the central volcano
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shear stress
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due to forces parallel to one another moving in opposite directions. transform fault boundaries.
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4 km
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in an advancing glacier, the terminus moves
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How does Geology influence river patterns?
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Jointing Faulting Soluble material Softer rocks
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Flood frequency: probability
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in any given year, what is the liklihood of a certain amount
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Geologists know when today is but are unsure about when the Earth started, so they measure time
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backwards from today
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cinder cones and stratovolcanoes. Explosive rhyolitics
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Volcanoes that form at continental rifts (Basaltic)
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Tambora erupted in 1815
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Effects were large NE snowstorms in June. Lake/river ice in PA in August. Frankenstein!
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San Andreas strike-slip fault
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boundary between the North America and Pacific plates
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Describe the troposphere.
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where we live. lowest layer. 80% of mass is the atmosphere. where weather occurs. temp decreases with height & pressure decreases
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Types of Basaltic Lava Flows
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1) Pahoehoe Flows-smooth skin that wrinkles as still molten subsurface continues moving-twisted ropey texture-(can make lava tubes)-hotter, richer in gasses, faster than aa flows2)Aa Flows-rough jagged blocky texture-pahoehoe can turn into Aa
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What Physical Processes Loosen Rocks?
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Rocks heated and cooled, burrowing organisms(animals) taking material to the surface, water that freezes, mineral wedging, root wedging
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what are the most common bonds in minerals?
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ionic and convalent bonds
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internal flow or deformation
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shear stress on ice created by ice load and surface slope of glacier
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wind gap
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gap in a ridge created by a river that is no longer present
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Flowing artesian well
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a water well in which the water from the confined source aquifer flows naturally to the ground surface without benefit of mechanical lift equipment.
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What is covalent bonding?
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a bond where atoms share electrons to achieve electrical neutrality
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What is shear stress?
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one part of a rock body past another, "slippage"
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How do you locate an earthquake?
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By observing seismic waves from three different seismograph stations you can determine the arrival times of the first incoming P waves and S waves, the time difference (time delay) between the P and S wave arrival times and the distance to the earthquake epicenter from the seismograph station. (you need three stations to lacate an earthquake!)
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in the igneous rock lab we observed two volcanic rocks at the front of the lab. they were collected from
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Hawaii and Mt. St. Helens
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3 main parts of a river system
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Zone of Sediment Production, Zone of Sediment Transport, Zone of Sediment Deposition
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Via what methods can the likelihood that a volcanic eruption will take place in the future be assessed?
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-determine how often they erupt and predict when the next one will be-delineate hazard zones-predict imminent volcano eruptions and evacuate (precursor phenomena: earthquakes, inflation of volcano (monitored by tiltmeter), gas release)
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be a solid, naturally occurring, have a crystalline structure, and have a definite chemical composition.
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In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral, it must _______________.
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The modern development of the island of Hawaii is a good example of the effects of
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A rising plume tail. The tail is thought to be responsible for the development of hot spots
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what is true about a flood with a 10 year recurrence interval?
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the flood frequency is based on observed floods and their magnitudes, a flood with a 10 year recurrence interval has a 1 in 10chance of happening in any given year, the occurence of a 10 year flood does not mean there will be no flooding for 9 more years.
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