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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for GMAT sentence

Terms Definitions
concision: avoid redundancy:
different ___ different from
doubt ____ doubt that
discourage _____ discourage from
encourage ____ encourage to
a sequence ____ of
modeled ____ modeled after
mandate ____ mandate that
interaction ____ interaction of
allows ___ allows for
Irregular comparative and superalative Good Bad Much,Many Little Far Adjective/Adverb:Comparative:Superlative Good Better Best Bad Worse Worst Much,Many More Most Little Less,lesser,little Least Far, Farther Further Farthest Furthest
likely ____ likely to be
5, plural or singuilar plural
a debate ____ a debate over
Descendent of Descendent for is incorrect
fascinated ____ fascinated by (fascinated with is sometimes used with persons or real objects, but for the gmat use fascinated by)
know ___ x know to do x
Is "A Number.." plural or singular? plural
COUNTABLE MODIFIERS: MANY hats AS MANY hats as SHIRTS FEW/FEWER hats NUMBER OF hats
subjunctive mood expresses wishes or commands, and events that are not necessarily true or contrary to fact
The houses of that rich man contain/contains very expensive furniture CONTAIN
In contrast ___? Similar _____? In contrast to Similar to
more x ____ y more x than y
persuade X ___ Y persuade X to Y
Allergy to (Allergy of, allergy for are incorrect)
If I were/was rich, I would donate money to charity. If he were/was rich... WERE
Active Voice The subject of the sentence performs the action
range from x ___ range from x to y
believe x ____ y believe x to be y
a responsibility ____ a responsibility to perform x don't confuse with: he is responsible for performing x
Credit X with discovering Y Credit with doing something
To ratify (At ratifying is incorrect) An attempt to ratify is the correct use
Like vs As Like should be used to compare nouns As should be used in a comparison involving clauses. A clause is a phrase that includes a verb. as may also be used in as...as constructions
being: avoid being on the GMAT as it rarely adds to the meaning of the sentence
Seems ____ Seems that X or Seems as if X NOT Seems like X
When using conjunctions, what is subordination vs. coordination and how do you implement both? Subordinate and Coordination: a. Coordination: When you want to draw equal emphasis to two parts of a sentence, use coordinating conjunctions such as “and”, “or”, or “but”. b. Subordination: When you want to emphasize one part over the other, use subordinate one to the other with words such as “although”, “while”, or “since”.
Difference between “fewer” and “less than”? “fewer” refers to countable objects (“fewer hotels”) but “less than” refers to unquantifiable objects (“less real estate”)
“credited” goes with what word? “credited” goes with “with” not “for” "credit to.." and "credit for.." deal with money
To exchange X for Y To exchange X for Y
Pronoun Reference When you see a pronoun you must ask yourself "to which noun or pronoun does this refer to or replace?"
Of is just another middle man: The building of tall skyscrapers has/have increased in the past few years HAS (singular) subject: building
I need you to run to the store I need you to quickly run to the store correct incorrect
Comparative vs. Superlative forms when comparing 2 things use the comparative form. when comparing more than 2 things use the superlative form. Regular Comparative is formed by: Regular Superlative is formed by: Regular comparative: add -er or the word MORE shortER fastER MORE interesting Regular superlative: ad -est or add most shortEST fastEST MOST interestinv
“Each” is singular or plural? Each is usually singular. But when each follows a plural subject, the verb and subsequent pronouns remain in the plural. - “Three cats each eat.” (Correct) - “Three cats, each of which eats…” (Correct)
what is an infinitive? An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb; it may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
How do you handle dangling modifiers? 9. Dangling modifiers: sometimes you will need to add a modifier that will change the meaning of the sentence to make it correct Watch out for “-ing” words at the beginning of a sentence--these often signal a dangling modifier. Take a look at this sentence: "When writing, modifiers can help you clarify your points." The first part of the sentence--“When writing”--is a dangling modifier. Why? Because the word that follows it--“modifiers”--doesn’t make any sense. Modifiers write? Really? Think about what the writer really wants to say: “When you are writing, modifiers can help you clarify your points.” Fix dangling modifiers in two ways: by adding a subject into the modifier itself, or by adding the logical subject immediately after the modifier. Try both ways to see what works for your sentence; sometimes, both methods will work. “When writing, you can use modifiers to help you clarify your points.” Beware passive verbs--they can lead to dangling modifiers. Passive verbs occur when you use a form of “to be” plus the past participle form of a verb, such as “was killed” or “were purchased.” Passive voice eliminates the actor in a sentence. Check out what happens when you use a modifier with passive verb: “Screaming wildly, the pumpkins were thrown by the boys.” Maybe in a Halloween movie, but in real life, perhaps not. The passive verb “were thrown” gives the modifier “Screaming wildly” nothing to modify. Fix it by changing the passive verb to active, clarifying who’s doing the action: “Screaming wildly, the boys threw the pumpkins.”
what three things (all starting with C) should you be looking out for in sentence correction? correctness, concision and clarity
Compound adjectives are usually hyphenated when they add clarity and modify a noun (e.g., “the little-understanding patients” (meaning the patients who do not understand much) versus “the little understanding patients,” which is more ambiguous (me Compound adverbs ending in “ly” are rarely hyphenated (e.g., the highly respected physician, the poorly thought of treatment plan); however, compound adverbs that do not end in “ly” are often hyphenated (e.g., the most-effective treatment, a much-loved chief). When a compound word is used as an adjective, hyphens are generally used; when used as a noun, they are not.
Friendship was something James truly valued, so he disliked it when they talked about him behind his back. what are the pronouns and antecedents? pronouns: he, him, his refer to james they - no clear antecedent
the more x the _____ y the more x the greater y
fix and explain: we test-drove a car having engine trouble it is an awkward construction. correct: we test-drove a car that had engine trouble
What does a semicolon delineate? A semicolon joins two pieces that could stand on as independent and complete sentences on their own.
Can sentences contain more than one error? sentences often contain multiple errors
Just as X ___ Y? (also) Just as X so too Y
What infinitives should you avoid? To include is wrong. - Including is correct. To implement is wrong. - Implementing is correct.
Which indefinite pronouns are always plural? Always plural: both, few, many, several
In contrast” vs. “by contrast” The difference lies in the way the words are used. “In contrast” is usually followed by “to” or “with” and requires a noun to follow it. “By contrast” is usually followed or preceded by the subject of By contrast, the Picasso is more vibrant and full of life. In contrast to the diligent bee, the butterfly flies hither and yon with no apparent purpose.
Modifiers on the GMAT can be simple adverbs or adjectives to complex phrases. Often modifying phrases are separated from the noun being modified by commas on the GMAT. an adverb modifies a verb,adjective,adverb,phrase etc.; many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. adjectives describe nouns or pronoun. DO NOT use an adjective where an adverb is required.
Like vs Such As do not use like when you mean for example... use SUCH AS.
Past participle of regular verbs: Take the inifnitive, drop the 'to' and add -ed walked danced
How do you handle elliptical verb phrases? Elliptical verb phrases must be constructed properly: the omission of a word or words from a sentence. The verb may properly be omitted only if it is in the same form as another appearance of the same verb.
“along with” can also be written as? Along with = “in addition to”
“Majority” should only be used with? Example: “the majority of ___? Majority should be used with countable nouns only. - “The majority of the talk…” (Incorrect) - “The greater part of the talk…” (Correct) - “The majority of the people…” (Correct)
when you see the phrase "the numbers of" what should it signal? the phrase "the numbers of" is almost always wrong and it signals the wrong answer use "the number of"
contrast x ___ y 'contrast' is used as a noun in 'in contrast to' and as a verb in 'contrast with'. in contrast to - *the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared contrast with - *put in opposition to show or emphasize differences
How do you use “Having _____”? Having + past participle - Used to express actions that are finished and to show that one thing comes after another.
what is a gerund phrase? A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).
does an if-then clause require the "then"? does the if in an if-then clause have to come first? then is frequently omitted. if clause does not have to appear first.
When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 50's , some 4000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many B. there are fewer than one quarter as many c. there are fewer than one quarter of that am Fewer is correct, as highways are countable (4000/4) = 1000. So, C is the answer.
Estimated to be Believe X to be Y Acclaimed as Distinguish between X and Y In an attempt to Worried about Acclaimed to be Distinguish between X and Y (2 very different items, distinguished, say red and green colors) Some color blind people cannot distinguish between red and green 55) Distinguish X from Y (Two pretty similar items, say original paintings from fake ones)
PRACTICE v/s. PRACTISE PRACTICE --> Noun PRACTISE --> Verb I practise piano is correct. Also, I had my piano practice for the day is correct The doctor practised for 20 years; his brother a lawyer had a 2 year practice
When the subjunctive expresses uncertainty the verb to be always appears as the word WERE regardless of the subject. it never appears as WAS.
The passive voice is also required when the non underlined portion of the sentence contains the person or agent performing the action preceded by the word by The shuttle launce *seen around the world* by people of all ages, all races, and all religions. correct: The shuttle launce was seen around the world by people of all ages, all races, and all religions.
The Number of dogs IS/ARE greater than the number of cats A number of dogs IS/ARE chasing away cats IS ARE the number is singular, a number is plual
Kendra, like all her friends, is happy to be on vacaation WRONG Kendra, like all her friends, is happy to be on vacation. a modifying phrase should not be separated from the noun it modifies.
“That” is the short form of what? “that” is short form of “the fact that”
what is a collective noun? a collective noun refers to a group of people and is singular. example: army, class, crowd, faculty, etc..
'do it' , the 'it' can only modify what ? a noun. example: Here is your assignment; I suggest that you do it. NOT Although her shyness was keeping Sofia from asking Walter to dance, after consuming an energy‐drink cocktail, she was able to do it. (be wary of when pronouns are at the end of sentences)
When you use “..not ___ but ___..” what are you comparing? Use not/but to join linguistically equivalent things. - “Pucci is not a dog but a cat.”
no less was x ____ was y no less was x than was y
What 3 things should you avoid in style? redundancy, alteration of meaning and wordiness. redundancy: being excited about her finals, she couldn't focus on her exams. the word being is redundant altered intent: original sentence: red wine, the finding of recent studies, may prevent serious heart problems in many adults. alters meaning: recent studies have found red wine to prevent serious heart problems in many adults. this says that red wine does prevent heart disease instead of may prevent heart disease. wordiness: past experience reveals that cancer patients rarely ever exhibit the exact same symptoms. correct: experience reveals that cancer patients rarely exhibit the same symptoms
whats wrong with the following sentence: I don't know if i will go to the dance. the if (in this sentence) does not imply a then clause... it implies a conditional sentence. Use whether when you have a conditional sentence. correct: I don't know whether I will go to the dance.
To be + Complement: Points to present tense The depletion of ozone layer is believed to be the cause of all problems
BECAUSE v/s. ON ACCOUNT OF Because’ is preferred over ‘on account of’. This is because ‘because’ can introduce an entire subordinate clause in the sentence Golden crab is not fished, on account of living… - is not correct). Golden crab is not fished, because it lives… - is correct
Jose's room is so messy that his mother calls him a pig. what are the pronouns and antecedents His and Him HIS is a possesive pronoun and it correctly refers to Jose's (a possesive noun) Him would only be accurate if it reffered back to Jose. Rewrite the sentence: Jose's room is so messy that his mother calls Jose a pig.
what should you watch out for when you see percentages or the words 'increase' / 'decrease' watch out for redundancy: The prices rose by a more than a 35% increase.
when can you use the passive voice? (rare) when the subject of the sentence contains the person or agent performing the action preceded by the word by. example: the shuttle launch was seen around the world by people of all ages, all races, and all religions.
when do you use good vs well? good is an adjective that modifies a noun: Amy is a good person Well can be used either as an adjective that means healthy or as an adverb that means competently Amy is feeling well. - used as adjective Amy writes well - used as adverb
what is usually used to set off non essential clauses from the main clause? a comma essential clauses are usually not set off with a comma.
How do you handle it when you have imperfect options in the answers? Imperfect Options: Sometimes you will need to locate the least offensive of your options. Some answers contain questionable or cluttered phrasing. a. Always identify the grammatically correct choices before considering the effectiveness of expression i.e. eliminate the choices that have grammatical errors. b. When stumped, use the differences among answer choices to eliminate the most offensive ones.
How do you fix a misplaced modifier into a legal sentence? You can change a misplaced modifier into a legal sentence by changing a phrase into a clause. - “While leaving the bank, Evelyn’s purse was stolen.” (Incorrect, ) - “As she was leaving the bank, Evelyn’s purse was stolen.” (Correct)
List of verbs normally followed by Infinitives afford | agree | appear | arrange | ask | attempt | care | choose | claim | come | consent dare | decide | demand | deserve | determine | elect | endeavour | expect | fail | get | guarentee hate | help | hesi List of verbs that can only have gerunds after them acknowledge | admit | adore | anticipate | appreciate | avoid | celebrate | confess | contemplate delay | deny | describe | detest | discuss | dislike | dread | endure | enjoy fancy | finish | imagine | involve | keep | justify | mention | mind | miss | omit | postpone | practise quit | recall | recommend | regret | report | resent | resume | risk | suggest | tolerate | understand
How can you tell if SANAM pronouns are singular or plural? Look at the 'of' construction (even though you generally ignore it) Some of the money was missing Some of the hats were missing money - singular hats plural
expect ___ expect X __ Y expect that X ___ Y expect to expect X to Y expect that X will be Y
When is a participle phrase set off with commas? A participial phrase is set off with commas when it: a) comes at the beginning of a sentence b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it modifies.
What must be true about pronouns with respect to the words they refer to? Pronouns must agree with the words to which they refer
Allude, elude, or refer The name of the author to whom you are alluding, eludes me. Allude means to refer to someone or something indirectly, with no specific identifying information. Elude means to escape or to avoid or to fail to understand. When I alluded to my best friend just now, you know, of course, that I was referring to you. Refer means to make reference to or to make mention of someone or something directly.
And vs. Additive and can unite two or more subjects forming a compound subject which requires Joe and his friends ARE going to the beach
Forbids x _______ vs prohibit x _____ X forbids Y to do Z X prohibits Y from doing Z
When do you use ‘like” vs. “as” with respect to nouns? Use like when you want to focus on two nouns. Use as when you want to focus on two nouns doing two actions.
when the subject follows its verb, how do you handle the number of the verb (singular/plural)? Near the office buildings (sit/sits) a lonely house, inhabited by squatters Just flip the subject and verb to find the number: a lonely house, inhabited by squatters, sits near the office building ex2: There is a young man and an older woman at the bus stop --incorrect. flip it--> A young man and an older woman are at the bus stop correct--> There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. thus: Near the office building sits a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Incorrect: If I was you, I would run. Correct: If I were you, I would run. Incorrect: I wish he was able to type faster. Correct: I wish he were able to type faster.
when should you use the idiom X enough to Y vs so X as to Y ? use X enough to Y when X is the criteria by which an ability to achieve Y is measured: example: Bob is tall enough to reach the top shelf use so X as to Y when the X is so extreme in the particular case that results in Y example: Bob is so tall as to reach the top shelf. the focus here is the consequence of bob's extreme height.
lose is a verb and loose is an adjective Be careful not to lose your temper, no matter how annoying the reviewer’s comments are. Subjects lose significant weight when adhering to the study protocol. I don’t want to be watching when you lose the race. What size is that dress? It’s really loose on you. Close the fence before the dogs get loose. She has tight jeans and loose morals.
what does a colon do and how do you use it properly? a colon is used to equate two parts of a sentence. it is often used to equate a list with its components. Only the statement that precedes the colon must be able to stand alone. example: I love many kinds of music: classical, rock, and pop.
x forbids y to do z x prohibits y from doing z. x forbids y to do z x prohibits y from doing z.
concision avoid wordiness:
capable ____ capable of
defined ____ defined as
retroactive ___ retroactive to
identical ___ identical with
attend ____ attend to
appeals ___ appeals to
Intent on Intent on
FUTURE PERFECT: IF CLAUSE THEN CLAUSE
claim ___ claim to be
Countable items (dollars hats buildings people) Uncountable things (water, wreckage,patience, monet) How do you know? 1 dollar, 2 dollars, 3 dollars. COUNTABLE 1 money, 2 money, STOP. money is not countable. x
in danger ____ in danger of
an instance ____ an instance of
declare X ___ declare X Y
Aid in Aid for is incorrect
both x ___ both x and y
x instead ___ x instead of y
UNCOUNTABLE MODIFIERS MUCH patience AS MUCH patience AS kindness LITTLE/LESS Patience AMOUNT OF patience
infinitives to+verb. do not split infinitives by placing a word in between to and the verb
Indefinite Pronouns: An indefinite pronoun is one that is not specific about the thing to which it refers. ANYONE is an example of an indefinte pronoun. Most indefiniate pronouns are SINGULAR. All pronouns that end in -one, -body, or -thing fall into thi Singular Pronouns: ANYTHING, ANYBODY, ANYONE EVERYONE, EVERYTHING, EVERYBODY WHATEVER, WHOEVER EITHER*, NEITHER* SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOMETHING NO ONE, NOBODY,NOTHING EACH, EVERY *either/neither may require a plural verb when paired with or/nor... see previous card)
neither x ___ y neither x nor y
less X ___ Y less X than Y
attribute x __ y attribute x to y
X is unknown, nor it is known C
known vs. unknown this category contains questions where the original sentence is certain about an outcome but the answer choices indicate uncertainty or vice versa. Also deals with a sentence which discusses a hypotheical situation but the answer choices present it as an actual situation (or vice versa)
The crowd is/are cheering as the home team take/takes the field Our army is/are attacking the enemy is...takes is
What are subjunctives? The Subjunctive: used to express wishes, requests, or certain conditional (if/then) phrases a. Mostly affects the verb “to be”, giving it some forms that are otherwise uncommon.
Target X ____? Target at - “The shoe company targeted its advertising at high-school kids.”
“for”, when not used specifically as a preposition, can also be written as? For = “despite”
That parallelism Many agree that there is waste…and that government is rubbish
Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point out. They are this, that, these, and those. That is my hat. I like these not those. Relative pronouns join dependent clauses to independent clauses. They are who, whose, whom, which, and that. For example, He found his money that he had lost. That joins the two clauses together into one sentence.
you form the present perfect tense: HAVE/HAS + Past Participle
Sometimes a phrase is the subject of a verb; in this case the subject is singular even if it contains plural words. Phrases always take singular verbs/ Having good friends is/are a wonderful thing Whatever the want to do is/are fine with me IS IS
hypothetical vs. actual if the original sentence discusses a hypothetical situation the answer choice can not present the situation as fact (and vice versa)
What are indefinite pronouns? An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact. The indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone, These indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives in some cases
he has the potential ____ he has the potential to
many vs much? many is used for countable things much is used for uncountable things
for the gmat, what is the only word that can make two independent clauses into a plural subject? AND
X is different from Y X is different from Y
Who vs Which vs That The pronoun who introduces phrases that modify a person. Which introduces phrases that modify things. That can modify people or things
IF CLAUSE: PRESENT TENSE IF she wins the lottery, If you study, THEN CLAUSE WILL+INFINITIVE w/o 'TO' (aka base verb) will give have the money to charity you will score highly
Who gets HAVE who gest HAS HAVE* is plural HAS is singular *HAVE is paired with I
What can “it” replace? It is used to replace a noun.
What’s wrong with the following sentence? - “…with child-care facilities included.” Avoid any sentence construction with: PREPOSITION + NOUN + PARTICIPLE - “…with child-care facilities included.” (Incorrect)
When 'each' or 'every' precedes the subject, does it take a singular or plural verb? singular. ex: every dog has paws every dog and cat has paws each of these shirts is pretty
Is percent a quantifiable quantity? Percent is NOT a quantifiable quantity
These studies provide strong, empiric evidence that this therapy is well-received and effective. These studies provide strong, empirical evidence that this therapy is well-received and effective So there you have it: other than empiric therapy, empiric refers to a quack, and empirical refers to data-driven findings.
Efficacious: capable of producing the desired result. If something is efficacious, it can, given the right conditions, work. In medicine, a drug or therapy is efficacious if it is proven to work in a clinical trial. However, the conditions required for us Effectual:If something is effectual, it works decisively. The difference between effective and effectual is in the quality of the outcome. The outcome is the same but the quality is more pronounced; it feels more definitive. Effective and efficient can apply to people or things. Efficacious only applies to things (a person cannot be efficacious). Effectual almost always applies to things, which is screwy since ineffectual almost always applies to people, but that’s English for you.
PAST PERFECT: IF CLAUSE: If she had won the lottery, If she had studied, THEN CLAUSE: WOULD/COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE she would have given half the money to charity she would have scored highly
When in doubt think singular! Inverted Subject Verb order is common on the GMAT to confuse us regarding subject/verb agreement. Flipping the order helps correct these mistakes
more common among X __ Y more common among X than Y
such x ___ y __ z such x as y and z
not so much x ___ y not so much x as y
When should you use whether vs. if? Whether is correct when you’re discussing two options. If is correct for more than 2 options. Whether is correct when a sentence describes alternatives. - “Whether to participate or not.” If is correct when a sentence describes a hypothetical situation. - “If he participated, he would…”
what is the perfect tense? perfect tense = have/has + past participle past participle = the verb with -ed ending (walked, danced). irregular verbs have unique past participles (gone, thrown, been, etc..) The three perfect tenses in English are the three verb tenses which show action already completed. (The word perfect literally means "made complete" or "completely done.") They are formed by the appropriate tense of the verb to have plus the past participle of the verb. Present Perfect: I have seen it. (Present tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the present.) Past Perfect: I had seen it. (Past tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the past.) Future Perfect: I will have seen it. (Future tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the future.)
use "majority" as a singular subject as well as a plural subject singular: the student majority is opposed to the death penalty. plural: The majority of students in this class are hard workers.
when do you use “Concerned with” vs. “concerned for” vs "concerned about"? Concerned for = “worried, anxious” concerned about or Concerned with = “related to”
What are the steps for answering sentence correction questions?’ steps for answering sentence correction questions a. Read the sentence carefully, trying to identify an answer b. If no error is apparent, ask yourself: i. Is the sentence grammatically correct? ii. Is the sentence properly structured iii. Does the sentence use correct diction? iv. If you find one or more errors, look for an answer that makes the corrections c. If you cannot find an error, read the answer choices. Focus on the differences between each choice and the original. Often this will turn up an error that you overlooked d. Eliminate choices that contain errors and choose from among those that remain.
what 3 types of errors with pronouns can you expect on the gmat? reference, agreeement, and case. reference: pronouns must reference one and only one noun agreement: pronouns must agree with the antecedent in number case: pronouns must be in the proper case given its use in the sentence i.e. if the pronoun is used as the subject, it must use the subject form example: Janice and me went on a picnic --incorrect correct: Janice and I went on a picnic.
Use "a native of" when you're talking about where a person was born, for example: I am a native of Detroit. Use "native to" when you're talking about a category, characteristic, or species, for example: Tigers are native to India Use "a native of" when you're talking about where a person was born, for example: I am a native of Detroit. Use "native to" when you're talking about a category, characteristic, or species, for example: Tigers are native to India
Just as… So too Just as His Children Are Alive, So Too, He is Alive. Just as the French like their wine, so the English like their beer.
When disjunctive phrases like OR, EITHER...OR,NEITHER...NOR, what verb form do you use? In these sentences there are two subjects. If both are singular, use a singular verb. If both are plural, use a plural verb. If one is single and one is plural, find the subject that is closest to the verb and make sure it agrees in number.
always wrong on the GMAT: the numbers of > use THE NUMBER OF do it > use DO SO whether or not > use WHETHER
when you see the phrase "whether or not" what should it signal? the phrase "whether or not" is almost always wrong and it signals the wrong answer use "whether to"
what is a run-on sentence one in which there is no connection between two independent clauses: example: I need to relax, I have so many things to do. correct: I need to relax, but I have so many things to do.
which indefinite pronouns can be singular or plural and how can you remember them? What determines whether they are singular or plural? SANAM pronouns: Some, Any, None, All, Most look at the object of the "of" construction to determine the number of the subject.
as a result ___ resulting ____ to result ___ as a result of resulting in to result in
Anyone or any one Anyone refers to any person. Any one refers to individuals or any one of a group. Everyone who applied for an administrative supplement was awarded one. I want every one of you to know how pleased I am with the outcome of the experiment.
1) For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed. a. they originally seemed b. they originally seem to c. they seemingly would cost originally d. it seemed originally e. it originally seemed the 2) Researchers are finding out that plastics are taking more time to deteriorate than they originally seemed. A) They originally seemed. B) they seemed originally C) it seemed that they would originally D) it originally seemed E) it originally seemed they would SPOILER: - E
The council ONLY votes on Tuesday. -- the placement of only means that the council's sole activity on Tuesday is to vote
Who/Whom are you going to marry who are? YOU are! you is the subject - so we use object pronoun WHOM
ONLY the council votes on Tuesdays. -- the placement of only means that the council alone votes on tuesdays, as opposed to perhaps the board voting on monday etc.
whats the only word that can change a singular subject to a plural one? 'AND' example: Joe and his friends are going to the beach. Joe, along with his friends, is going to the beach. 'along with' is an additive phrase and doesnt affect the number of the subject.
What is true with regards to the meaning of the sentence? Meaning: Remember to understand the meaning of the sentence, different options might significantly impact the meaning of the original sentence. a. Many answer choices will be wrong because they distort the meaning of the original sentence. Sometimes necessary grammatical changes will alter the meaning and that’s fine, but an unnecessary alteration is always wrong
what can 'which', 'that', and 'who' modify? person, thing or both? which, that modifies a thing or things who modifies people but can modify things when it is talking about the possession of something. example: the building whose bricks are crumbling is condemned.
except ___ (idiom) how do you also write it as a conjunction? as a preposition? except for idiom example: She would travel more, except for the lack of money can also be used as a conjunction: example: these are parallel cases except that one is older than the other. can also be used as a preposition: example: they were all there except me.
What should you keep track of throughout the entire sentence? Keep track of the subject throughout the sentence, knowing that they might be separated by intervening phrases or modifiers
so as not to be _____ by so as not to be hindered by
if an answer choice differs from the original sentence in that it sets a clause apart with commas, how should you pick an answer? ask yourself whether the sentence requires an essential or non-essential clause to preserve its logical meaning. an essential phrase will NOT be set off by a comma.
what does a participle phrase consist of? A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s)
What does “less “ and “fewer” translate to? Less = “not as much” Fewer = “not as many” less (like much) refers to uncountable entities: not as much time.. less time fewer (like many) refers to countable entities.. not as many seats... fewer seats at the concert..
“Prepositions cannot come at the end of a sentence or clause. Do not write: The idea I am thinking of is particularly good. Instead write: The idea of which I am thinking is particularly good. Do not write: That is behavior I simply cannot deal with. Instead write: That is behavior with which I simply cannot deal.”
To have been:Points to past tense The impact of meteorite is believed to have caused the extinction of dinosaurs
Compared to v/s. Compared with: To show comparison between unlike things,‘compare to’ is used. To show comparison between like things, ‘compare with’ is used. He compared her to a summer day. Scientists compare the human brain to a computer. (Unlike thing) The police compared the forged signature with the original.
helpful in demonstrating is the right idiom (D) that shoots dead chickens at airplanes proves itself helpful to demonstrate (E) that shoots dead chickens at airplanes has proved helpful in demonstrating E-> right
Their a posessive form of the plural pronoun THEY , so their can onlyl refer to a plural subject. When the person calls take down THEIR information. change to: when the people call take down their information, or when the person calls take down his inf the antecedent PERSON, is singular so it requires the sinfular pronoun his or her. ditto for everyone.
Passive voice often makes a sentence wordy and akward. Passive voice is formed a form of to be followed by a participle. The Pizza was eaten by the hungry students. better: the hungry students ate the pizza
animals such as lions live on the serengeti animals like lions live on the serengeti senetence 1 - lions are specific examples of animals in the serengeti sentence 2- indicates that animals similar to lions live on the serngeti, but it is not clear that lions do.
what phrases are always wrong (for the gmat) Do it - the 'it''s antecedent is almost always vague. Replace with "do so" example: she asked him several times to take out the garbage, but she wasn't sure whether he would do it. correct: she asked him several times to take out the garbage, but she wasn't sure he would do so. The numbers of - this is always incorrect. replace with 'the number of' example: the politicians were amazed at the numbers of protestors correct: the politicians were amazed at the number of protestors Whether or not - this is always incorrect. replace with "whether to" example: He couldn't decided whether or not to take out the garbage correct: He couldn't decide whether to take out the garbage.
what is preferable: a modifier ending in -ing or a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whose, whom) + simple verb? use a relative pronoun + simple verb over a modifier ending in -ing
Subject should agree with what two things? Subjects not only need to agree with their verbs, but they need to agree with their objects as well.
When you have a subject in a possessive form (Jack's mom), can you use a pronoun to reference the possessor (Jack)? NO! The subject is jack's mom. A pronoun further in the sentence could only reference jack's mom. Jack would need to be specified further down in the sentence. example: Jack's mom noticed that a button was falling off his coat and that his clothes were in a general state of disrepair, so she advised Jack to fix his coat. (his coat & his clothes is ok here because they are in the possessive and refer to the coat and clothes, not jack)
which is correct: requires X do Y or requires that X do Y requires that X do Y or requires X to do Y NOT requires X do Y
collective nouns can be singular or plural , mostly singular though. But if they are working collectively should be used as sigular or as a individual it usage is plural. The jury is at an impasse. The jury were debating the merits of the case.
This is my uncle john, who lives in ny. this is my uncle john who lives in ny. 1-non essential, probably only has one uncle john. 2- he has more than one uncle john
What type of errors won’t be on sentence correction questions? You won’t find errors in spelling or capitalization
if you aren't sure if a subject is singular or plural, what should you guess? guess singular because the majority of subjects are singular vs plural.
What is the only key word that can join singular subjects to make them plural? Only “and” can join two singular subjects and make them plural
agree ____ (person/idea) / ( a plan or action) agree with (person/idea) agree to ( a plan or action)
How do you handle a pronoun modifying a gerund? A pronoun modifying a gerund must be in the possessive case.: a gerund is a verb ending in –ing that acts as a noun. Example: His running is obsessive. Her nail biting is gross.
when looking at parallelism errors, do all of the verbs in a sentence need to be parallel? no. one set of verbs might modify the main verb. the members of that set need to be parallel however.
lay” requires a direct object, and “lie” cannot take a direct object. Fairly straightforward. “I will lay the coat on the bed.” past tense of lay is laid, lie is lay
When I paid her one-dollar, she answered my question. When clauses are very important, because they happen first when both clauses are in simple past tense When he had run for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, Carl Stokes won the election, proving that an African American candidate can be elected in a city in which African Americans constitute a minority of the population. (A) When he had run for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, (B) He ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, and (C) Running, in 1968, for mayor of Cleveland, (D) When he ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, (E) In 1968 he had run for mayor of Cleveland, and Choice (D) Step 1: Look at the verb tenses. Is "had run" correct? No; "ran" would be better. Therefore eliminate choices (A) and (E). Step 2: Is "ran" better than "running"? Yes, so eliminate choice (C). Finally, choice (B) doesn't fit with the rest of the sentence. Step 3: Choice (D) remains. Step 4: When he ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, Carl Stokes won the election, proving that an African American candidate can be elected in a city in which African Americans constitute a minority of the population. Yes.
Adverb twice cannot be an object of proposition ‘by’. ‘Increase by twice’ is incorrect; ‘doubled’ is correct Adverb twice cannot be an object of proposition ‘by’. ‘Increase by twice’ is incorrect; ‘doubled’ is correct
When forming the past perfect tense it does not matter which verb comes first in the sentence, only which verb comes first in time (the earlier verb gets perfect psat tense) All perfect tenses use a form of the helping verb to have. what if 'to have' itself needs to be in the perfect tense? follow the same rules: Present perfect: I have had many affairs He has had many affairs Past perfec His wife divorced him because he had had many affairs.
What word is required when making “as” comparisons? When one term is stated to be as good as another, the second “as” is essential
When do you use compared to vs compare with? Use compare to for unlike things, but stressing the similarities between the two - “He compared her to a summer day.” Use compare with for like things, but stressing the differences between them - “The police compared the forged signature with the original.”
how do you handle a list that has within the list a list that is subordinate to an item ? example: Maribel proved herself deserving of the MVP award in girls’ basketball, scored a record number of goals, became the first female player at the school to Items in the subordinate need to be parallel only. Correct: Maribel proved herself deserving of the MVP award in girls’ basketball, scoring a record number of goals, becoming the first female player at the school to slam dunk in a championship game, and inspiring her teammates immeasurably. Here we changed all of the verbs to participles to show how or why she was deserving of the mvp
Can not Vs cannot Let me restate that: Almost all of the time, cannot is the correct word choice. The only time that it is legitimate to use can not, is when you are putting special emphasis or stress on the not in can not. I can not believe she betrayed me like that! (I can NOT believe she betrayed me like that!)
How should “so … as to” be written? So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB - “Her debts are so extreme as to threaten her company.” (Correct) - “He exercises everyday so as to build his stamina.” (Incorrect)
regard vs regrads In regards to the sample size, we have determined… We contacted a number of individuals with regards to the concern about creating bias. As regards to the implementation of this project, we will… Get rid of the s in regards. Then you are left with: In regard to the sample size, we have determined… We contacted a number of individuals with regard to the concern about creating bias. and these examples are now correct. While we are at it, a few other phrases to avoid are: in terms of, in relation to, with respect to, and on the basis of. They add nothing to your writing.
What do you do if you an error is not readily apparent? If you cannot find an error, read the answer choices. Focus on the differences between each choice and the original. Often this will turn up an error that you overlooked
A sentence like ‘X is one of the Y that are. Are is the correct use. Such a sentence always should have a subject verb agreement with Y and not with X. A sentence like ‘X is one of the Y that are. Are is the correct use. Such a sentence always should have a subject verb agreement with Y and not with X.
depicted ___ depicted as
associate ___ associate with
conform ___ conform to
dispute ___ dispute whether
indifferent ____ indifferent towards
Adapted for Adapted for
estimated ___ estimated to be
disagree ___ (person/idea) disagree with
worried _____ worried about (not 'over')
rates ___ rates for (not 'of')
has = plural or singuilar? singular.
Are collective nouns singular or plural? class, orchestra, army, administration,etc. singular
Jamieson's proposal was rejected for several reasons, the chief among which was cost. (A) the chief among which was cost (B) among which the chief was its cost © the main one was cost (D) the chief reason of which was its cost (E) the chief of which was E
The number of hardworking students in this class is/are quite large A number of students in this class is/are hard workers The majority of students in this class is/are hard workers The student majority is/are opposed to the death penalty IS ARE ARE IS
Neither Joe nor his friends is/are going to the beach Neither his friends nor Joe is/are going to the beach ARE IS
prefer x ____ y prefer x to y
x regarded ____ y x regarded as y
either x __ y either x or y
as good/great/ ____ as good as as great as
Indicate/indicates X ___ Y Indicate/indicates X as Y
ask x ___ y ask x to y
forbid x __ y forbid x to y
words of uncertainty may might should ought would can
clarity: do not change the meaning of the sentence on the gmat; if an answer choice alters the original meaning it is incorrect.
as x ___ y as x as to y
“refuse” goes with what word? “refuse” goes with “to”
Considers X _____ Considers X Y NOT Considers X as Y
IF clause - present tense => THEN clause "Will + Base Verb" e.g. If I you study, you will score highly. IF clause - past tense => THEN clause "would/could + Base Verb" e.g. If you studied, your would score highly. IF clause - pas Repeat
PAST TENSE: If she won the lottery If she studied THEN CLAUSE: WOULD/COULD+Base verb she would give have the money to chairty she would score highly
collective nouns are singular: a collective noun is a noun that looks singular but refers to a group of people. Some examples: administration, army, audience, class, crowd, faculty,orchestra,team
Which vs. That Which is used to introduce non essential modifiers. These clauses provide information about a noun that is not necessary for identfying the noun. That is used to introduce essential modifiers, clauses that are necessary for identifying that noun. Who can introduce either.
Which pronouns can be plural or singular? What is their acronym? and how do you determine their singularity or plurality? SANAM: some any none all most look at the object of the "of" construction to determine the number of the subject
consider X ___ (without 'to be') Consider X Y (without 'to be')
distinguish x ___ y distinguish between x ____ y distinguish x from y distinguish between x and y
What can modify verbs? Adverbs, not adjectives, modify verbs: shorter adjectives form the comparative by adding –er and the superlative by adding –est. The longer adjectives and most adverbs form the comparative by the use of more (or less) and the superlative by the use of most ( or least).
Economic v/s. Economical: Economic means "having to do with the economy or the study of economics." Economical means "careful or prudent in managing finances, moneysaving."
EACH v/s. EVERY Each refers to ‘2 times’, every refers to ‘More than 2 times’
So while we prepare our application for submittal to NIH, the application itself is the submission. submittal Vs submission
Used as a verb as in the above example, ‘compliment’ means to praise, while ‘complement’ means to make whole or complete. C
between vs amoung between is used to relate two things; among more than 2 things
"The numbers of" vs "The number of" The numbers of is never correct.
Possesive Poison: Dangling modifiers often appear in sentences with possessive pronouns. Unskilled in complex math, Bill's score on the entrance exam was poor. unskilled in complex math is modifying bill's score, when it should be modifying bill. rewrite: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.
not only x ___ y not only x but also y
Difference between “greater than” and “more than”? “greater than” refers to numbers alone but “more than” refers to the numbers of objects
How do you use “consider”? When consider means “regard as,” as should not be present with consider in the sentence. Consider is also not followed by an infinitive like to be. Example: - “Critics consider facilities to be an integral part…” (Incorrect) - “Critics consider facilities an integral part…” (Correct)
When ‘consider’ means ‘regard as’, ‘as’ should not be present with ‘consider’ in the sentence. Consider must directly be followed by the sentence without an infinitive like ‘to be’ etc. Some students of literary criticism consider the theories of Blaine to be a huge advance in modern critical thinking and question the need to study the discounted theories of Rauthe and Wilson a huge advance in critical thinking and question (When consider means regard as, no need of as)
Avoiding redundant words: EX- free gift, surrounded on all sides, the same exact thing, try to attempt, whether or not, the reason why
EACH and EVERY When Each or Every is the subject of the sentence it requires a singular verb; the same is true for any subject preceeded by Each and Every
Jessica and I/ME weht on a picnic together Subject pronoun - I
what can the word 'where' modify? where can only modify places. use 'which' or 'in which' instead of 'where' to modify something that is not a location or place
where should relative pronouns that are separated by a comma be placed? right after the word they modify. relative pronouns are : who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when, why.
fix and explain: the price of silver fell by a more than 35% decrease redundant. correct: the price of silver decreased by more than 35%.
what is an infinitive phrase? An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus modifier(s), object(s), complement(s), and/or actor(s).
What is required for subordinate clauses? Subordinate clauses must have a logical connection: a subordinate clause is one that cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence but which must be joined to an independent or other dependent clause by a subordinate conjunction
Which indefinite pronouns are plural or singular depending on the noun to which they refer? Plural or singular depending upon whether the noun to which they refer is singular or plural: some, more, most, all
Dispose of is the correct idiom Dispose of is the correct idiom
Credit X Rupees to Y’s account Credit X Rupees to Y’s account
If an even started in the past but contains into (or remains true in) the present you must use: the present perfect tense
when deciding between which and that, what is a good method to use? which: a modifier introduced by the word which can be removed from the sentence without the sentence losing any essential meaning. that: a modifier introduced by the word that is essential to the meaning of the sent.
better served by x ___ y better served by x than by y
When an entire phrase is the subject, is it always singular or plural? singular ex: Having good friends is wonderful. Whatever they want to do is fine with me.
Something cannot be “very unique” or “more unique” or “less unique” or “most unique” or “least unique.” The grant proposal, which is being submitted to NIMH, focuses on mindfulness meditation as a means of relaxation.“which is being submitted to NIMH,” is not essential to the meaning The article that I wrote last fall is being published in JAMA. that I wrote last fall,” is essential for understanding the meaning of the sentence [restrictive]­it tells the reader which article the writer is talking about; thus, it calls for the use of “that.”)
From X to Y Grow from 2 million to 3 billion, From X up to Y is wrong
The council votes ONLY on Tuesdays -- the placement of only means that the council votes on no other day but tuesday
relating 2 things vs 3 things: 2 things: between X and Y X is better than Y X is worse than Y X is less than Y X is more than Y 3 or more things: Among X,Y,and Z X is the best among (x,y and z) X has the most among... X has the least among...
What is the difference between the perfect tense and past perfect tense? Perfect tense vs. Past Perfect: The perfect tense (“has played”) describes either a very recent event or one that began in the past and has continued into the present. The past perfect (“had played”) describes an event both started and completed in the past.
How do you handle ellipsis? (3 steps) Ellipsis : The omission from a sentence of words that are clearly understood or implied. a. If the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear, then bring back those missing parts into the sentence, making sure to include them in such a way as to make the sentence clear and grammatically parallel. b. The underlined portion should parallel the non-underlined portions. The pieces that the abbreviated portion keeps imply the pieces that it omits. c. Put the omitted pieces back into the sentences to see if the abbreviated version is correct.
Give an example of the subjunctive for the following : a. Desire/Wish b. If/then c. That d. What form of the verb should be used with subjunctives? The Subjunctive: used to express wishes, requests, or certain conditional (if/then) phrases a. Mostly affects the verb “to be”, giving it some forms that are otherwise uncommon. b. Desire/Wish example: “I wish I were you “ c. If /then example: “ If your mother were here, she would reprimand you” d. After certain uses of that: “He asked that his friend be nominated” or “He asked that his friend accept the nominations”. Use the infinitive forms of the verb ( example: use “encourage” instead of “would encourage”)
describe the past perfect form vs the simple perfect form. does it matter which verb comes first in the sentence? past perfect describes the earlier action in the past. simple perfect describes the later action in the past. past perfect = had + past participle When forming the past perfect tense, it doesnt matter which verb comes first in the sentence, only which verb comes first in time
What can “so” replace? So is used to replace a verb in a sentence.
an adverb can modify what? usually a verb but it also describe an adjective, another adverb, a preposition or a phrase
When should either or neither be always singular? When they are Without or or nor
Use fewer to modify a plural noun Example: I have fewer papers to write than last year.
Due to: If used correctly means ‘Attributable to’ and not ‘because’ Due to: If used correctly means ‘Attributable to’ and not ‘because’
when to use "IF" when to use "When" When = period of time if = Condition
IT HAS BEEN DECIDED by jason that he will not attend college Jason decided not to attend college
Only guests, who are accompanied by tenants, are allowed in the pool. Only guests who are accompanied by tenants are allowed in the pool. If an answer choice differs from the original sentence in that it sets a clause apart with commas, ask yourself whether an essential or non essential clause is needed. In this example, the first sentence illogilcally that only guests that happen to be accompanied by tenants are allowed to use the pool. the second sentence logically states that it is essential for guests to be with tenants to use the pool.
When do you use independent of vs independent from? independent of is used with processes that occur with little bearing on each other. for instance: the decomposition of this particular chemical is independent of temperature. -- independent from is used for the independence of entities such as people or nations. he may seem innocent, but he has been independent from his parents since he was 13. Finland has ben independent from Russia since 1917.
whats wrong with the following sentence and how do you fix it? If I was rich, I would donate money to rebuild my old school. in this use of the subjunctive of the verb to be always appears as the word were, regardless of the subject. It never appears as the word was. correct: If I were rich, I would donate money to rebuild my old school.
When do you use “credit with” vs. “credit to” vs. “credit for”? Credit A with B: give responsibility for - “Edison is credited with inventing the light bulb.” Credit X to Y: give money or credit to - “The bank credited $1 million to his account.” Credit for (noun): money received for or in exchange for something - “The customer received
Expect that X ______ Y (expectation of X to be Y) Expect that X will be Y NOT Expect that X should be Y
what's wrong with the following sentence: "I don't know if I will go to the dance" the 'if' is not used as a condiitional if-then statement (it's not necessary to have the 'then'). In this case use 'whether' instead of 'if'
With a total population of less than two hundred and xfewer breeding females than ever before, the American crocodile seemed a decade ago to be in danger of disappearing. (A) of less than two hundred and fewer --> C (B) lower than two hundred and less (C) lesser than two hundred and fewer (D) fewer than two hundred and less (E) of fewer than two hundred and of fewer
Agree to v/s. Agree with: Agree with is used when a person is agreeing with another person. Agree to is used when a person is agreeing to something inanimate. I agree to your proposal I completely agree with you on this one
There are other phrases that can add to a subject - ALONG WITH, IN ADDITION TO, AS WELL AS, ACCOMPANIED BY, TOGETHER WITH, INCLUDING. these additive phrases DO NOT form compound subjects Joe, along with his friends, IS going to the beach. Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.
fill in the appropriate parallel idioms: More X ___ Y the more X ___ ____ Y No less was X ___ ___ Y As X ____ Y Not only X ____ ____ Y Not X ___ ___ Y X instead ____ Y The same to X ___ ___ Y Range from X ___ Y Both X ____ Y Either X ___ Y Neither X ___ More X than Y the more X the more Y no less was X than was Y As X to Y Not only X but also Y Not X but rather Y X instead of Y The same to X as to Y Range from X to Y Both X and Y Either X or Y Neither X nor Y Mistake X for Y Prefer X to Y X regarded as Y To think of X as Y Beleive X to be Y
–ing is what form of a verb? And how does it relate to the main clause? The –ing (present participle) form introduces an action that is simultaneous with the action of the main clause.
how do you handle the word 'each' when it follows the subject: They each ____ great tennis players singular or plural? when 'each' follows the subject, it has no bearing on the subject. They each are great tennis players use plural since the subject is plural here
how do you write the present perfect and past perfect tense for the verb "to have"? he has had many affairs - present perfect of "to have" his wife divorced him because he had had an affair - past perfect of "to have"
WHO v/s. THAT v/s. WHICH Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or thing(team, army etc. are referred to by that or which). WHO v/s. THAT v/s. WHICH Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or thing(team, army etc. are referred to by that or which).
To find my house walk down the left side of the street until you reach the third house which is red. To find my house walk down the left side of the street until you reach the third house that is red. both sentences might not lead you to the same house. 1 - leads you to the 3rd house on the left side of the street. it just happens to be red. 2- leads you to the third red house on the left side of the street.
If more than one action in a sentence occurred at different times in the past you must: use the past perfect tense for the earlier action and the simple past for the later action
How do you use “One of the ____ (that/who) _____ ? (what types of words go in the blanks) “One of the” + PLURAL NOUN + that/who/ + PLURAL VERB. Example: He is one of the persons who make money; This is one of the cars that run on hydrogen.
What does “due to” mean? What is a common misuse of the “due to”? Due to means “caused by.” Due to does not mean “because of.” - “The game was postponed due to rain.” (Incorrect) - “The game was postponed because of rain.” (Correct) - “The game’s postponement was due to rain.” (Correct)
in the gmat, if which refers to the action of the preceding clause.. what should you do? look for a choice that links which properly with a noun antecedent or that reworks the sentence to avoid the use of which entirely "which" can be used as a relative pronoun. i.e. it refers to the noun immediately preceding it - not to the action of the entire preceding clause. thus "which" should refer to a noun, if it doesn't refer to a noun, then do the above. example: the police found the murder weapon, which made the prosecutor's job easier. Here "which" refers to murder weapon when it should refer to the action of finding the weapon. correct it by eliminating "which": The police found the murder weapon, making the prosecutor's job much easier. here "making" can only refer to a verb. i.e. "found"
What form of to be is passive and should be avoided? Avoid being and to be, if possible. - Both forms are considered passive.
This Acura is a lot better than I thought it would be. is better than • This Acura is a lot better than I thought it was. In the first example, we are saying that something turned out to be true. In the second example, we are saying that we were not aware of a fact that was true at that time.
what is the infinitive form of a verb when a verb takes the form to + the verb
so ___ as to ____ ? what type of words go in the blanks? So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB - “Her debts are so extreme as to threaten her company.” (Correct) - “He exercises everyday so as to build his stamina.” (Incorrect)
Both X and Y (Both X as well as Y is incorrect Both on X or on Y is correct (Both X as well as Y is incorrect
so x ___ y (3 ways to write this) so x as to (be) y so x that y so x as to constitute y