Civil rights review
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Civil rights review

Terms Definitions
retaliate fight back
segregation separation of races
WEB DuBois leader of NAACP
SNCC Student non-violent coordinating committee. It helped support the Civil Rights movement support from Civil Rights Representatives.
CORE congress of racial equality
N.A.A.C.P national association for the advancement of colored people
Women's Rights: Educational Amendments Act 1972 & Title IX Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools 1992 ...
Medgar Evers -Mississippi civil rights activist. -1962 freedom rides in Jacksonville. -Mississippi NAACP 1st field secretary; investigated Emmett Till's death. -Killed by a KKK & White Citizen's Council member. -His murderer was not found guilty (due to an all-White jury)until the early 90s.
Civil Right Something the government must do
*civility not saying or doing mean things
Dolores Huerta co-founded NFWA, Mexican American, formed the AWA, fought for womens' and migrant workers' rights
Integration the action of incorporating a racial/religious group into a community
prejudice the irrational hatred of other groups
black panthers A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Freedom Riders Small groups of civil rights protesters who traveled by bus through the South to show that segregation wasn't legal anymore by using restrooms, eating at restaurants, and going to waiting rooms that were previously for "whites only".
Soul Force MLK's idea of using peaceful non-violent disobedience to work for civil rights
John Lewis Elected president of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
Sit-in Form of protest in which protestors seat themselves and refuse to move.
15th Amendment Ratified 1870. One of the "Reconstruction Amendments". Provided that no government in the United States shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Phalanx a group of soldiers-- the people behind MLK
Roy Wilkins -executive secretary of the NAACP (1955) and executive director (1964). -helped plan and implement ways to eliminate segregation; advance African Americans to first-class citizenship; conferred with presidents, congressmen, and Cabinet officials. -against violence and disapproved Black Power.
unfair discrimination unequal treatment based on race, ethnicity, gender, and other distinctions
Naturalization The proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship.
malcolm X black muslim who argued for separation, not integration. he incorporated the nation of Islam into his views. Later, he changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.
Sabatoge an act of destruction intended to hinder a war effort
Jim Crow Laws Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
Little Rock, Ark. (1957) President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce integration in schools
Suspect classifications classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity
Boycott a tactic of refusing to purchase goods or refusing to cooperate with an organization in order to protest practices that are regarded as unfair.
Greensboro Four four college students who sat at Woolworth's lunch counter and were refused to be served; first 4 Greensboro sit-inners
Freedom Summer African Americans were not allowed to vote because of the poll tax, which made them pay a certain amount of money before they could vote. Many could not afford this or could not vote because of other laws that prevented them from voting. Thousands of civil rights workers went to the south to register African Americans to vote. On August 6, 1965, the Voting Rights Act banned the literacy test and other laws that kept African Americans from registering to vote. The 24th Amendment outlawed the poll tax.
Poor People's Campaign Martin Luther King Jr's proposed movement to protest the believed misuse of the goverment spending antipoverty programs
Little Rock site where 9 African American students were integrated in 1957
Civil Rights rights of all Americans to equal treatment under the law, as provided for in the 14th Amendment
ration a method to control the supply of goods by the government - meats, gas, rubber were this...
Ku Klux Klan An organization, originating in the South after the Civil War, intent on the restoration of White supremacy by means of intimidation and violence. 20th century
Virginia Durr white activist, bailed Rosa Parks from jail, Progressive candidate
March on Washington The Civil Rights demonstration where Dr. King gives his 'I Have a Dream" speech to over 200,000 people.
March on Washington, 1963 August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.
Ross Barnett Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss, was extremely racist
Race A group of persons related by common descent/heredity,
civil rights movement movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ensures that employers do not discriminate against employees because of age, race, color or national origin, religion, gender, or physical challenge.
watts riot Five days after Voting Rights Act is signed by Johnson; Watts = AA neighborhood in Los Angeles, a race riot breaks out started by police brutality; required National Guard and law officers
Montgomery Bus Boycott Thousands of blacks protested for de segregated busses. Boycott lasted 381 days, and in the end victory towards blacks!
What was the Time period when Americans did not have enough money? The Great Depression
immigrant a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there
brown vs board of education Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954
Stokely Carmichael a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. leader of the student non-violent coordinating committee. he did a lot of work with martin luther king jr.but later changed his attitude. carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. he was known for saying,"black power will smash everything western civilization has created."
Mississippi Summer Project In SNCC, organized voting for blacks. Brought college students into Savannah and the students were bombed, beatened, and murdered which added 12,000 to the polls.
Voting Rights Act U.S. legislation (Aug. 6, 1965) that aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote accorded to them under the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the U.S.
clenched fist a hand with the fingers clenched in the palm; Black Power Symbol
Thurgood Marshall NAACP lawyer for Linda Brown in Brown v. Brown, later a Supreme Court Judge
Smith vs. Allwright, 1944 The Texas Democratic state convention adopted a resolution banning African Americans from participating in the Party's primary. In Supreme Court, it was decided that it is unconstitutional to prohibit African Americans from voting in the Democratic primary, including votes for party officials.
Furman v Georgia court said the death penalty was unconstitutional
Clean Water and Clean Air Acts protected endangered species to preserve millions of acres of wilderness
Rosa Parks black lady got on bus and refused to give her seat up to white person
Brown vs. the Board of Education Supreme Court declares segregation unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations - enlarged federal power to protect voting rights and speed up school desegregation - created the Equal Employment Opportunity COmmission to ensure fair treatment in employment
Brown vs. Board Decision Supreme Court that said separate but equal wasn't always the case, etc. Reversed the Plessy Vs. Ferguson Case
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Bans literacy tests and poll taxes. -State can regulate local elections.
The Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972 failed in the ratification process.
Brown v. Board of Education court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place
strict scrutiny A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal.
laws enacted by southern states following reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans laws enacted by southern states following reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans
Who shot Medgar Evers and got off trial? Byron de la Beckwith
battle of ole miss A gun fight that broke out over James Meredith
Nationalization of the Bill of Rights provisions that made the bill or rights blinding for state governments as well as the federal government.
What is the progressive Era? An era in which change was sought in regard to workers' rights and protection of the ordinary citizen in general.
Boynton v. Virginia ...
SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference
executive order 8802 desegregating defense industries
heterogeneous Composed of different kinds, diverse
Faubus Arkansas Governor that resisted desegregation at his Capitol's Central High School.
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
Thomas Friedman Wrote the "World is Flat"
1861 southern states form Confederacy and the Civil War begins
1865 Civil war ends, 13th amendment abolishes slavery
CORE- Congress of Racial Equality Freedom Rides
Tinker v Des Moines protects symbolic speech
Plessy vs. Ferguson legalized segregation by saying "separate but equal"
Huey Newton militant founder/leader of the Black Panthers
Albany Plan the Public Safety Commissioner in Birmingham; used violence against blacks
radical plan republican version of rosewater plan that was designed to be more harsh to South
13th Amendment This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.
From Birmingham Jail marches violated regulation of prohibiting parades without a permit; king disobeyed campaign as an illtimed threat to law and order by "outsider" released on bail
Separate-but-Equal In 1956, the supreme court declared that the ______-_____-_______ doctrine could not be used to keep public schools segregated.
Hardwick v. Georgia decision that upheld the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law that criminalized oral and anal sex in private between consenting adult when applied to homosexuals. Seventeen years later the Supreme Court directly overruled Bowers in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), and held that such laws are unconstitutional.
1909 (NAACP) NAACP organized to use the courts
de jure segregation racial separation mandated by law
Plessy v Ferguson sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal SEPERATE BUT EQUAL!!!!!!
Mississippi Riot race riots protesting integration of U of M, encouraged by Gov. Ross Barnette
Assimilate to take in and incorporate as one's own or to bring into conformity in terms of customs, attitudes, etc. of a group
Four Freedoms freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear
Jessie Jackson First black to be serious contender for democratic party presidential election
de facto equality equality of results, which measures real-world obstacles to equal treatment. for example, do people actually live where they want? do they work under similar conditions? developed out of social, economic, and other nongovernmental factors
Civil disobedience Refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to press for charges
Civil Rights Act This secured the rights of freedmen., it gave citizenship to African- Americans
equality of opportunity giving people an equal chance to succeed.
freedmen's bureau Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War
James Meredith He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
great society the term for the domestic programs of the Johnson administration
Theopolis "Bull" Connor responded to the childrens march in birningham alabama with dogs and fire hoses
national association for the advancement of colored people what the naacp stands for?
Diane Nash leader of the SNCC who wanted white supporters to help in voter registration drives, led sit-ins.
Suffrage movement The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the U.S. from 1890-1920.
sit- in a nonviolent protest of people who sit and refuse to leave- used at lunch counters
Robert E. Lee person on the confederates side who fought on the battle of antietam
Elijah Muhammad became the leader of the Nation of Islam and preached the message of black nationalism; said that Allah would bring about a black nation that would be a union around all whites
how long did the mongomery bus boycott last? 13 months
Selma to Montgomery March on March 7th, 1965, 600 African Americans marched to end racist voting practices. While marching, they were intercepted. They tried again, and reached Montgomery with the help of the National Guard. Johnson saw the brutal pictures, and passed the Voting Rights Act
Unsafe at Any Speed book developed from the report Nader wrote on auto safety regulations
Desegregation of the Armed Forces Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)* Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools
little rock nine In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.
.Give a short description of the Educational Amendments of 1972 bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
1857 (Scott v. Sandford) Declares Compromise of 1820 was wrong to outlaw the spread of slavery
Jim Crow Jim Crow was the set of laws that said blacks have to sit in the back of the bus and must let whites sit first.
Black Panthers (black power) Help black people when they get beat up by the cops
poll tax a fee that people had to pay to vote for federal elections
civil rights movement (1956) involved a number of diverse groups and individuals including: Dr. King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Congress of Racial Equality, the NAACP, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Martin Luther King Jr.'s role in Montgomery Bus Boycott and its outcome In the Montgomery Bus boycott MLK was the leader of the black community and an important speaker during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The outcome of the Boycott was succesful (congress desegregated the buses) and ended after 381 days of boycotting.