| Terms |
Definitions |
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Eisenhower
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...
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VISTA
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domestic peace core
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Desegregation
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Abolishment of racial segregation.
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24th amendment
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abolished poll tax
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COFO
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Council of Federated Organizations
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Glenn
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1st american to orbit space
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CORE
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Established to protest segregation used sit-ins and demonstrations which was when they would sit down on the job and not leave till they got what they wanted.
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NAACP
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(National Assosiation for the Advancement of Colored People) Founded in 1909 By W.E.B. Dubois. Focused on legal side of racial discrimination.
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twenty-fourth amendment
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banned the poll tax
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SCLC (1957)
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Southern Christian Leader Conference
Dr. King-leader
Goal to eliminate segregation and to get African Americans to vote.
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Civil liberties
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Constitutional and legal protections from government interference with personal rights and freedoms such as freedom of assembly, speech, and religion.
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Activism
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Amendment proposed that would give equality of rights regardless of gender
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Medicaid
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Provided health and medical assistance to low income families
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Charles Houston
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NAACP litigation director, trained Thurgood Marshall, argued before Supreme Court
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Orval Faubus
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Governor of Arkansas in 1957
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when was mlk shot?
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april 3 1968
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reverend fred shuttlesworth
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civil rights leader Birmingham Alabama
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Thurgood Marshall
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American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
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Sit-in
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Nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave
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Sit ins
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Peaceful demonstrations that became a core tactic
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Ross Barnett
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refused to let James Meredith enroll
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Fifteenth Amendment
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Banned states from denying African Americans the right to vote
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Niagara Movement
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W.E.B. DuBois, opposed segregation & disenfranchisement in addition to more conciliatory measures put forth by Booker T. Washington
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Cesar Chavez
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co-founded NFWA, famous for grape strikes
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Jus Sanguenis
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Can become a citizen by blood
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poll tax
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money paid in order to vote
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Jim Crow
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laws enacted by southern states following reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans
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emancipation
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an executive order issued by abraham lincoln on january 1,1863 freeing the slaves in all regins in rebellion against the linion
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Oliver Hill
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lawyer from Virginia worked for Marshall and won many civil rights law suuits that focused on discrimination in education and wages
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C.T. VIVIAN
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Rode on the first Freedom Bus. Chairman of the Southern Organizing Committee Education Fund, the SCLC, and the Black Action and Information Center.
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black power
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the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.
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suspect classifications
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CLassifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity
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James Baldwin
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black writer wrote "The Fire Next Time"; wrote about discrimination and blacks becoming angry
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Bob Dylan
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United States songwriter noted for his protest songs, anti war and government
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Ida B Wells
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a civil rights advocate specifically spoke out against Lynching
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Marshall Thurgood
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leader of NCAAP's legal defencse known as "Mr. Civil Rights" represented Brown against Board of Ed.
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freedom summer
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In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
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de facto segregation
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racial segregation that happens by fact but is not required by law
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E.D. Nixon
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- An African American civil rights leader who helped organizes the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- served as president of his local group of the NAACP
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Affirmative action
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Program to provide more job and education opportunities for people who faced discrimination in the past
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1882-1968
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3,446 blacks are killed and 1,267 for violating Jim Crow laws or supporting blacks
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Rosa Parks
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United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
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"freedom ride"
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spring 1961, staged by CORE, through deep south, riders set off in two separate busses from Washington DC bound for New Orleans. En route they defied segregationists codes, sat in the front of the bus and used white restrooms in bus station
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Mexico Olympics
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2 sprinters Smith & Carlos protested racial discrimination. Both black. When supposed to bow heads raised their fists up in a stance where everyone could see their gloves and socks. Gloves=unity, and socks=poverty.
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Selma March
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in Selma, Alabama, police would arrest blacks just for standing in line to register to vote. leaders of the Civil Rights Movement organized a protest march from Selma to Montgomery (about 50 miles); state troopers were waiting for the volunteer with clubs and teargas and they attack the marchers; President Johnson places Alabama National Guard under federal control and uses the national guard, federal marshals and army helicopters to protect the (25,000) protesters
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who was the first black baseball player?
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jackie robinson
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Civil Rights Act
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This secured the rights of freedmen., it gave citizenship to African- Americans
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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plan for African Americans to refuse to use the buses in Montgomery, Alabama until companies agreed to change segregation policies
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National Organization of Women
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The largest feminist organization in American founded by Betty Freidan and campaigned for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.
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Watts Riot
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Broke out in a neighborhood in Los Angeles after allegations of police brutality
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Project C in Birmingham
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C stands for confrontation. Confront racism in Birmingham. The government didnt do anything about segregation.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Wide-ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the EEOC.
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Dredd Scott vs. Sandford
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slaves had no rights; invalidated Missouri Compromise; the 1857 SC decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories
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Clash in Birmingham
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MLK invited by Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth to plan boycott
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101st Airborne
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the plane that dropped US troops in Little Rock to stop the violence
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Poll Taxes
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Taxes that people had to pay before entering the polls. These were used to stop many African Americans from voting
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restrictive housing covenants
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legal promises by home buyers that they would not resell to an african american; enforcement declared unconstitutional by S.C.
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Equal Access Act
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passed in 1984, allows public high schools receiving federal funds to permit student religious groups to hold meeting in the school
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Althea Gibson
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a black tennis player who was at her peak in 1966-68, was one of the first blacks around her time to play a sport with whites, and later became a pro golfer
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Bowers v. Hardwick
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court upheld a GA law that made homosexual conduct a crime
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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organization foundation in 1909 to compat racial discrimination
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Earl Warren
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He was Chief Justice and he was marked with dealing mostly with civil rights and racial segregation.
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martin luther king jr.
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religious leader who fought for equal rights for african americans
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Voting Rights Act
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U.S legistlation ( Aug, 6, 1965) that aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their rights to vote accorded to them under the FIfteenth Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the U.S
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What was strict scrutiny?
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For example, when treatment of blacks and whites differently is suspected, it'll be applied
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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EEOC were to investigate charges of job discrimination
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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
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Began work in the Civil Rights movement as a young minister, taught peaceful protest.
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Brown v Board of Education (1954)
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Overruled Plessy v Ferguson. Blacks wanted access to regular white schools because "separate" is inherently unequal
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Formation of National American Woman Suffrage Association
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Both national and american suffrage associations merged together to form new organization NAWSA.
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Public places to provide access for people with disabilities.
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Disability rights organizations backed laws requiring what?
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march on washington
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held in 1963 to show support for the civil rights bill in congress. martin luther king gave his famous "i have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
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SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
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founded by MLK; a group that supports integration through nonviolent methods
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Korean War (1950-1953)
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At the end of WW II, Korea had been divided into a northern sector occupied by the U.S.S.R. and a southern sector occupied by the U.S. who instituted a democratic government. On June 25, 1950, the North invaded the South. The United Nations created an international army, lead by the U.S. to fight for the South and China joined the war on the side of North Korea. This was the first time the United Nations had intervened militarily.
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.
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writing of "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"
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King was arrested and thrown in jail in Birmingham, Alabama from his non-violent protests
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Johnson
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1963-1969
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RUP
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Raza unida Party
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suspect classification/category
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presumptively unconstitutuional distinction made between individuals on the basis of race, national origin, alienage, or religious affiliation, in a statute, ordinance, regulation, or policy
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16th street baptist church
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...
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Propaganda
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spreading of information-facts, arguments, rumores, half-truths, or lies-to influence public opinion
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LBJ
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Vise President to JFK,1963-1969, deomcrat, passed civil rights act of 64, included a program called Great Society, presidency based on vietnam war, passed Gulf of Tonkin and said "to take any measures nessesary",decided to escalate American involvement in Vietnam, proved to be extremely unpopular
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Grandfather Clause
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Effectively prevented African Americans from voting.
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Racism
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discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race
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preferential treatment
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giving minorities preference in hiring, promotions, college admissions, and contracts
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Malcolm X
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militant civil rights leader (1925-1965), Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.
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Elijah Muhammad
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leader of Nation of Islam
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Citizens Council
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white supremacist group, actively opposed school desegregation
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Sit-ins
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protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served;
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CORE?
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congress of racial equality more confrontataional than king(SCLC)
ex. sitins freedom rides, marches
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Racial profiling
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if law enforcement authorities are more liklely to stop and question people because of their race or ethnicity
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integration
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the bringing together of racial or ethnic groups into free and equal association
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De Facto
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Actually existing or in effect, although not legally required.
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Plessy vs.Ferguson
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1896 Supreme Court decision that stated "Seperate but equal" (black and white) was legal
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Charlottesville desegregation
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Massive Resistance to Supreme Court decision, protests
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Coretta Scott King
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American author, activicist, Womens' Movement
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President Eisenhower
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Interferred at Little Rock, Arkansas. Sent in 1000 Federal Troops to protect the 9 students for a year in 1957
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Subpoena
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A legal writ requiring a person's appearance in court to give testimony.
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vicksburg
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Mississippi River site of major Union victory(1863) in Civil War
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suspect
classifications
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classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity
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Police Powers
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state power to effect laws promoting health, safety, and morals
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Civil Rights act of 1968
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banned discrimination in housing
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jim crow laws
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Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
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James Meredith
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First African American to attend Ole Miss.
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What type of segregation in the north?
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De facto
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harvey milk
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First openly gay politician elected to major office: San Francisco Board of Supervisors
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Literacy Test
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A literacy requirement some states as a condition of voting, generally used to disqualify black voters in the south; now illegal.
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Bayard Rustin
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- Organized the March on Washington
- Believed non-violence
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boycott
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protest by refusing to shop in certain places or buy a particular product
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Freedom of expression
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right to express one's views. religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. Guaranteed in the First Amendment to the US Constitution.
Connection: Texas v. Johnson( burning flag ok because of freedom of expression) Draft card burning is not allowed. govt can regulate it because it controls the military.
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Freedom Rides
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a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
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Protest in Birmingham
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The Birmingham campaign was a strategic movement organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal treatment black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama
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Earth Day
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annual day of awareness to encourage respect for the environment, first celebration was held on April 22, 1970.
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Sheriff Jim Clark
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sheriff of Selma, terrorized AA's trying to vote
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equal protection clause
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provision banning states from denying a person in its jurisdiction safeguards under the law
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separate but equal
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Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.
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de jure segregation
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separation of the races which occurs because of laws
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James Chaney
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AG - one of three American civil rights activists who were murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi, during Freedom Summer in 1964 by members of the Ku Klux Klan.
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MIA Why
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To make sure Black people were treated fairly on the busses
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Brown v. Board
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a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws which established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This victory paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Civil Rights Act, 1957
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Eisenhower passed this bill to establish a permanent commission on civil rights with investigative powers but it did not guarantee a ballot for blacks. It was the first civil-rights bill to be enacted after Reconstruction which was supported by most non-southern whites.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Story about the conditions in the south which opened up the eyes of the northerners. Sparked a fire in the Civil War.
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Gandhi
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A person whom Dr. King gets some of his heritage from. He stand's up to the British when invading India.
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"White Flight"
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When more blacks move into a city, whites leave and move to the suburbs
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What is the NAACP?
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oldest and most influential civil rights organizations. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination."
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Civil Rights
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the rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences.
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non violent direct action
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Is a form of political activitism which seeld immediate remedy for the violation of laws that are unjust such as strikes, sit ins,
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Facts of the Case:
The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy--who was seven-eighths Caucasian--took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested.
Question:
Is Louisiana's law mandating racial segregation on its trains an unconstitutional infringement on both the privileges and immunities and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Conclusion:
No, the state law is within constitutional boundaries. The majority, in an opinion authored by Justice Henry Billings Brown, upheld state-imposed racial segregation. The justices based their decision on the separate-but-equal doctrine, that separate facilities for blacks and whites satisfied the Fourteenth Amendment so long as they were equal. (The phrase, "separate but equal" was not part of the opinion.) Justice Brown conceded that the 14th amendment intended to establish absolute equality for the races before the law. But Brown noted that "in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races unsatisfactory to either." In short, segregation does not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination.
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Indians Civil Rights Act of 1968
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formally protected the constitutional rights of all Native Americans
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Little Rock Nine
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In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.
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The Great Migration
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Blacks began moving north in 1910 to go to industrial cities in north and open country in west to avoid violent racism in south and seek economic opportunity.
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Who were the people who sat at the lunch counter at the "sit-in"?
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college students
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Slaughter house cases of 1873
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supreme court says equal protection piece in the 14th amendment is up to the state to decide
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Black panthers
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a black society kind of like a black kkk
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writ of habeas corpus
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release the prisoner if no charges are filed
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Nixon & Kennedy on civil rights
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Nixon friends w/ MLK, JFK hesitant
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Brown vs. Board of Education
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ruled that segregation of blacks and whites in schools was unconstitutional - this led to the desegregation of all schools
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
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SNCC, no figure head, just ran by a bunch of college kids
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Give a short description of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
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prohibiting discrimination in "public accommodations"; found unconstitutional in 1883
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Gay Rights: Lawrence v. Texas 2002
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Facts of the Case:
Responding to a reported weapons disturbance in a private residence, Houston police entered John Lawrence's apartment and saw him and another adult man, Tyron Garner, engaging in a private, consensual sexual act. Lawrence and Garner were arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of a Texas statute forbidding two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct. In affirming, the State Court of Appeals held that the statute was not unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, with Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), controlling.
Question:
Do the criminal convictions of John Lawrence and Tyron Garner under the Texas "Homosexual Conduct" law, which criminalizes sexual intimacy by same-sex couples, but not identical behavior by different-sex couples, violate the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of laws? Do their criminal convictions for adult consensual sexual intimacy in the home violate their vital interests in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? Should Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), be overruled?
Conclusion:
No, yes, and yes. In a 6-3 opinion delivered by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, the Court held that the Texas statute making it a crime for two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct violates the Due Process Clause. After explaining what it deemed the doubtful and overstated premises of Bowers, the Court reasoned that the case turned on whether Lawrence and Garner were free as adults to engage in the private conduct in the exercise of their liberty under the Due Process Clause. "Their right to liberty under the Due Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government," wrote Justice Kennedy. "The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual," continued Justice Kennedy. Accordingly, the Court overruled Bowers. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. Justices Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia, with whom Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Justices Thomas joined, filed dissents.
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Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott
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refused to move when asked to give up her seat on the bus to a white person, she was arrested, the arrest made many angry and led to many in the black community to want action takenMontgomery Bus Boycott led by MLK Jr. who organized that the black community would not ride the Montgomery Busses causes the bus companies to lose a lot of money, this boycott gained a lot of attention and helped to spur on more progress in the Civil Rights movement
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desolate
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abondoned
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1944
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GI Bill Enacted
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1948, one
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truman desegregates military
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SNCC
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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in Civil Rights, stage sit-ins and such
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Marcus Garvey
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Jamaican publisher, journalist, founded UNIA
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slums
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densely popular urban areas-- dirty/unorganized
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Freedom
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the condition of being free
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13 amendment
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slavery and involuntary servitude outlaws
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Civil Rights Act 1960
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federal voting refs
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prejudice
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an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
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Missouri Compromise
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Solves the slave-state free-state problem by admitting Maine and Missouri simultaneously
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majority-minority district
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congressional district where the majority of constituents are ethnic minorities
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James Merideth
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could not go to Ole Miss
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15 amendment
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guaranteed blacks the right to vote.
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Ku Klux Klan
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a secret White supremacist organization that came into prominence in the South after the Civil War
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Reed vs. Reed
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Landmark case declaring gender discrimination violates the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and asserting the reasonableness standard for such discrimination
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segregation
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legal seperation of people based on racial,ethnic or other differences
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Malcom X
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spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. minister of the nation of isam. rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name
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southern manifesto
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a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.
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Religious tests
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Congress is prohibited from imposing this. Cannont be required to express certain religious beliefs as a qualification for holding office.
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1960 elected President
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John F. Kennedy-Democrat (beat out Richard Nixon-Rupublican)
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civil disobedience
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An act that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. This can be violent or non-violent in nature.
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Taft-Hartley Act
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1947 Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)
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Who was the first African American baseball player to join the major leagues?
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Jackie Robinson
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Ethnocentrism
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belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
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Morgan v. Virginia
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rid of segregated seating on buses
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Women's Equality Amendment
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Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex."
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Black Power Movement
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called for black separatism and created hostility to the whites
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W.E.B. DuBois
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First African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. Believed African Americans should be politically active in the struggle for racial equality. Helped to found the NAACP.
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Sports.
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Shortly after WW2, one of the first racial barriers to fall was in what?
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Emmett Till
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black boy from Chicago who was murdered when visiting in the South; emotional spark to the movement
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STOKELY CARMICHAEL
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One of 9 freedom riders who traveled from Jackson, MS to New Orleans, LA on June 4th. Became chairman of SNCC in 1967. Made honorary prime minister of the Black Panther Party in 1967. Moved to West Africa in 1969 and changed name to Kwame Ture.
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Lynching
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a form of violence in which a mob, under the alleged reason of administering justice without trial, executes a presumed offender, often after inflicting torture and bodily mutilation
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Freedom of Choice
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A school integration plan mandating no particular racial balance
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Montgomery Improvment Association
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- Started the Montgomery bus boycott
- MLK was part of it
- Formed by black ministers and community leaders
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Birmingham, Alabama
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One of the most segregated cities in the US during the civil rights era
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One of the largest PACs to support female candidates for office is..
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EMILY'S List
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Texas Western
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Went to the NCAA championship game in '66. With 5 new black players. 1st blacks on a team! They won!
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Civil Rights Cases
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1883: These state supreme court cases ruled that Constitutional amendments against discrimination applied only to the federal and state governments, not to individuals or private institutions. Thus the government could not order segregation, but restaurants, hotels, and railroads could. Gave legal sanction (approval) to Jim Crow laws.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.
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Browder v. Gayle
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court case in which the court ruled segregation on buses unconstitutional
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Minnie Jean Brown
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one of the 9 black students, was expelled for retaliating by pouring chili on a white kid
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Goodman Schwerner and Chaney
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Three men part of operation Freedom Summer. Trained in non violent forms of protest and voter registration and freedom schools. Within one week of freedom summer, these three guys went missing and later found dead.
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civil rights act of 1957
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established the united states civil rights commission, which had the power to investigate violations of civil rights
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Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
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patterned on the Declaration of Independence; stated that all men and women are created equal; most prominent demand was for the right to vote; rejected the notion that men and women should be assigned separate spheres in society
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March on Washington DC
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b/c south dems filibustered bill - "I have a dream": A. Philip Randolph is leader
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Brown v. Board of Education
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Court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause "seperate but equal" has no place.
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in the 110th Congress (women)
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16th percent of the members are women
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1936 (Brown v Mississippi)
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Held that the use of a confession extorted from the accused by brutality and violence is a denial of the 14th Amendment's guarantee of Due Process
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Made it easier for blacks to vote. Ended literacy tests and poll tax.
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"I have a dream" speech
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Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. A dream of peace and love
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Equality Victories: Buchanan v. Worley 1917
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Facts of the Case:
Buchanan was a white individual who sold a house to Warley, a black individual in Louisville, Kentucky. Louisville had an ordinance that prohibited blacks from living on a block where the majority of residents were white. Since 8 of 10 houses were occupied by whites, Warley was not allowed to live on the block. Buchanan sued Warley in Jefferson County Circuit Court to complete the sale. Warley cited the city ordinance as the reason for non-completion of the sale. The question went to the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Buchanan alleged that the ordinance violated the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Kentucky Court of Appeals upheld the statute.
Question:
Did Louisville's ordinance violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Conclusion:
Yes. In a unanimous decision, the Court reversed the Kentucky Court of Appeals and ruled that the ordinance was unconstitutional. In an opinion written by Justice William R. Day, the Court recognized Louisville's interest in exercising its police power and the "promotion of the public health, safety, and welfare." However, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment "[assured] to the colored race the enjoyment of all the civil rights...enjoyed by white persons." Louisville's interest did not justify the ordinance, which would "deny rights created or protected by the Federal Constitution." Therefore, the ordinance was unconstitutional.
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What was the focus of the Katz v US trial?
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No wiretapping without a warrant
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Kennedy's Assassination
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?
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13th Amendment
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Bans slavery
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1973
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Roe v. Wade
Watergate hearings
"Saturday Night Massacre"
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SCLC
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(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Set out to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote.
-Black ministers lead by Martin Luther King Jr.
-Challenged segregation.
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1964
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SCHOOLS Authorized the attorney general to bring suit to force the desegregation of public schools on behalf of citizens.
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WW1 and WW2
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(1917-1918) and (1941-1945)
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Peonage
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Person who performs unskilled tasks
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Hayes
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Republican nominee in election of 1876
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nonviolent resistance
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using boycotts, protest marches, sit-ins, speeches and other nonviolent methods to achieve civil rights for African Americans. The leader of nonviolent methods was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
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loopholes in voting
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property qualifications, literacy tests, understanding clause, grandfather clause, poll tax, and whites-only primaries
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1895 (Booker T. Washington)
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Washington stresses moderation/cooperation with dominant white population
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Ernest Green
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first black student to graduate highschool
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Satchel Paige
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United States baseball player, a famous pitcher
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15th Amendment
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this amendment says that citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
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Great Society
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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
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Gay Rights: "Don't Ask Don't Tell" Policy
Able v. United States 1998
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...
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Roe v. Wade
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(1973-due process clause) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy.
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Fellowship of Reconciliation
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alliance of multiple religious nonviolent organizations; George Houser, James Farmer and Bernice Fisher were leaders of FOR who later established CORE (Congress of Racial Equality); they were deeply influenced by the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign of Mahatma Gandhi; set up the Journey of Reconciliation which was the 1947 predecessor to the Freedom Rides of 1961
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WEB Dubois
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Founder of the Niagara Movement; demanded immediate social and political equality for Black Americans
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Civil Rights Act, 1866
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Equal rights to blacks
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discrimination
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prejudice for or against someone based on race, religion, sex or other classification
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miranda rights
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persons under arrest are informed of legal rights, right to remain silent, right to counsel prior to interrogation
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suffrage
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The legal right to vote extende to African Americans in the 15th Amendment, to women 19th Amendment, to people over the age of 18 in the 26th Amendment.
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Ruby Bridges
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The first African-American girl to go to a white school; she had to have a police escort to get to and from school in New Orleans during integration
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Freedom Riders
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civil rights activists who rod buses through the south in the early1960s to challenge segregation
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KKK
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Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.
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Kerner Commission
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created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
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oppression
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to exercise ones power in a cruel manner
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Jackie Robinson
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The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
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John lewis
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civil rights leader, led march across Edmund Pettus Bridge, founding member of SNCC
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Fourteenth Amendment
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one of three Civil War amendments; guaranteed equal protection and due process to all residents of the United States
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Separate-but-Equal Doctrine
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The doctine established in Plessy v. Fergusen (1896), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a state could provide "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans.
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James Farmer
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director of CORE w/o pay and struggles for support after ww2
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brown vs board of education
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school segregation is unconstitutional and violates 14th amendment
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Undocumented alien
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a person who entered the United States without proper papers such as a passport, visa, or entry permit
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John Marshall Harlan
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USSC justice who dissented in Plessy v. Ferguson decision - believed
"Our constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. . . The destinies of the two races, in this country, are indissolubly linked together, and the interests of both require that the common government of all shall not permit the seeds of race hate to be planted under the sanction of law. "
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roe vs. wade
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the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.
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Chicago Freedom Movement
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King moves to Chicago to desegregate the huge city. social and economic change required high levels of federal involvement. Colossal failure. Daly ran the political machines and punish people who disobey.
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migrant workers
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traveled from farm to farm looking for work; large number of Latino Americans included
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Bookerman T. Washington
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created a black self help program, founded a school. (Tuskegee Institute) YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR YOURSELF.
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James Earle Ray
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The official assassin of Martin Luther King
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Mississippi Freedom Summer
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1964 - Movement to increase black voting registration organized by black and white college students against opposition. Movement angered North, gathered media attention and the federal government became involved.
-Significant because a) signalled a breakdown between campaigners and Johnson b)led to Voting Rights Act 1965.
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reverse discrimination
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using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people
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Johnson's Great Society Program
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Provided measures to help the poor, elderly, women, (vote, promote education, end discrimination, and protect environment) Ex: Medicare (health care for elderly), Medicaid (health care for poor)
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James Earl Ray
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escaped from prison and rented a room across from Martin Luther King`s motel. He shot MLK From his bathroom window shooting his spine, killing him. He was caught to months later in a airport in London, sentenced to 99 years in prison. He escaped again and was found two months later.
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Plessy v Ferguson
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(1896) Plessy sat in the white train car because there wasn't space on the black train car.Only 1/8th black. Was arrested and Plessy took it to the supreme court. Court said that state ordered segregation was ok as long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Established "seperate but equal" clause
Connection: After court decision, laws segregating African Americans and whites spread quickly. Laws were "Jim Crow" laws(segregated buses, schools, trains, restaurants, swimming pools, parks, and other public facilities) Brown v Board of Ed overturned this ruling
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who helped the in brwon v boarch on behalf of NAACP?
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thugood marshall
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.
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W.E.B. DuBois and NAACP
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first black person to receive a PHD from Harvard.wanted full equality for blacks. He was a founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
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Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed.
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Courts said busing children to distant schools was ok to get integration
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Casey v Planned Parenthood of PA
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court upheld 48 hour waiting period and upheld parental permission. struck down that a married woman needed her husband's permission
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What ruling did Plessy v. Ferguson have?
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The "separate but equal" clause that was found constitutional because if one race is inferior to the other socially the Constitution of the US cannot put them on the same plane
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