| Terms |
Definitions |
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saccades
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120
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Cerebrum
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conscious thought
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Hippocampus
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forms memories
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location-based attention
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125
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Hypothesis
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Prediction from a theory.
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Filter model of attention
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103
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Donald Broadbent
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did Dichotic Listening tests
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Encoding variability
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produced from distributed practice--the encoding of different aspects of a stimulus as different features are selected for encoding in subsequent encounters
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Excitation
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caused by neurotransmitters; increases the rate of nerve firing
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Surveys
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Finding out self reported attitudes, opinions, and behaviors of a population of people usually by questioning a representative sample of them.
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Ideal
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§ An attribute value that relates to the goal of the goal-derived category
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Rehearsal that keeps information active in short-term memory • Results in learning, the probability of recalling a word at the end of the experiment should be a function of the length of time it was maintained in STM
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Nodes
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§ The format for representing concepts in a semantic network
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Center-surrounding (antagonism)
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subtractive interactions between the center and surrounding areas of the visual field that allow for edge detection.The center of the field excites the ganglion cells, while the surrounding area inhibits them
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Ganzfeld procedure
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people can experience hallucinations when they lack sensory information, such as in a "white out" snow storm
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Binding
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*occurs in medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)
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Geon
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(Biederman, RBC) 36 different geons, which are shapes such as cylinders and such. Characteristics: discriminability, resistance to visual noise, and view invariance.
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Amygdala
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important for emotions and emotional memories.
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Delta
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change in stimulus in webers law
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Confounded variable
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An unintended difference between the conditions of a research design that could have affected the dependent variable. i.e. differences in personal history, differences in public history, maturation, sensitizing subjects, statistical regression, death, interactions of treatments, measuring instruments change.
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Attribute Learning
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§ A concept identification task in which people are told the logical rule (such as conjunctive) but have to discover the relevant attributes
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Exemplar Model
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§ Proposes that patterns are categorized by comparing their similarity to category examples
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Self-generation
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Generation of items by participants in an experiment, rather than the provision of these items by the experimenter • Recall following self-generation was intermediate between that for precise and imprecise elaboration suggests that students’ elaborations contained a mixture of two types. o Results: students were able to recall 91% of the target words in the cases where they had generated precise elaborations and 49% in the cases where they had generated imprecise elaborations.
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Event-Related Potential
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§ A diagnostic technique that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the duration of brain waves during mental tasks
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Sequential Representation
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Representation of knowledge in which only one item at a time can be processed
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Dissociation
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to establish that an activity or variable affects the performance of one task but not of another. Evidence of a specific process.
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Prospagnosia (and cause)
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difficulty recognizing faces. Patients know they are looking at a face, but don't know whose. Caused by damage to the "fusiform face area"
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Executive processes
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responsible for the coordination of mental activity
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recapitulation
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a reinstatement of the pattern of activations that was present during encoding
*reversal of the direction of info processing between lateral cortex and the hippocampus
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Reconstructive memory
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we reconstruct the past during retrieval rather than reproduce it happens when memories for the vent are not clear
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top-down processing
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processing that involves a persons knowledge or expectations
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Frontal lobe
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serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning.
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Camillo Golgi
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developed a chemical technique that stained some neurons but left most unstained revealing the structure of single neurons.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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established the first laboratory of scientific psychology. Structuralism, used analytic introspection method.
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Problems with researchers
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multiple authors, citing yourself, amount of research funding, lots of mediocer or uninteresting reserach gets published
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psychophysics
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the study of the relationship b/w physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
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Problems with Surveys
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1. Wording of questions (Unambiguous, scales need to be worked out, memory lapses, intentional deception, wishful thinking, don't know how one would act. 3. Correlational evidence (correlation does not equal causation)
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Problem-Oriented Acquisition
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§ Encoding material in a manner that is helpful for its later use in solving problems.
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Typicality
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§ A measure of how well a category member represents that category
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Family Resemblance
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§ A measure of how frequently the attributes of a category member are shared by other members of the category
· The family resemblance score is obtained by adding together the numerical scores of all attributes possessed by that member.
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Typicality Effect
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§ The finding that the more typical members of a category are classified more quickly than the less typical category members
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Formats of representation
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1) Mental imagery2) Feature records3) Amodal symbols
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Representation
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A physical state that stands for an object, event or concept. Carries information
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Quadrantanopia
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loss of one quarter of the visual field
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Task demands
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aspects of the task itself that participants believe require them to respond in a particular way
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Three stages of memory processing
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encoding, consolidation, and retrieval
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Perceptual organization
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the organization of elements of the environment into objects- organizing black dots into a dalmatian.
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Convergence
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a number of neurons sending signals to a single neuron.
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Unconscious inference
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states that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment. (Helmholtz perception research)
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Noise curve
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noise + signal curve and criterion resposes to predict hits misses and correct rejections
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null hypothesis
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there is no difference between groups, or no relations among variables
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quasi experiment
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– Studies of participants whove been exposed to conditions of intenterest to the real world.
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meta analysis
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method for combining the result of many research studies and analyzing them statistically as if on set of data
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Advantages of experiment
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Can validly draw cause and effect conclusions.
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Orthographic distinctiveness
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Lowercase words that have an unusual shape A word has an unusual shape, as determined by the sequencing of short and tall letter in the word. • Examples: lymph, khaki, and afghan. o NOTE: a shape is unusual (distinctive) relative to all other words stored in LTM, not just to words in the immediate context of the experiment.
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Conjunction neurons
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active whenever a set of features are simultaneously activated. Associate different features together
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Introspection (and problems)
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patients tell the researcher how they feel. Problems: variability, verification and reliance on conscious processes (ignores the unconscious/ subconscious processes)
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Receptive field
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the region of the visual field in which a stimulus will affect the activity of the cell
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Turing test
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two sides have a conversation and the subject tries to guess if they are talking to a person or a computer. Objective sign of intelligence
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Colin Cherry's experiment
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asked participants to listen to two different messages- one in left/right ear. Showed that people were able to focus their attention on one message among many, but their were limitations to the amount of info.
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prefrontal cortex
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memories that only last a short time. like for dialing phone numbers.
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Change blindness blindness
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Occurs when after being informed on the kinds of changes that occur in an experiment, a person believes that he or she would be able to detect these changes. The person is "blind" to the fact change blindness occurs.
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illusory conjunctions
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occur bc at the beginning of the perceptual process each feature exists independently of the others; seeing objects that are made up of a combination of features from two different stimuli
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Peer review journals
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a periodical that uses researcher to judge whether another researches work is worth publishing
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absolute threshold
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minimum enery a person can detect 50% of the time uses catch trails as controls
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controls in synthete test
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use of memory strategies, retesting, told they would be retested
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Incidental learning task
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A task that requires people to make judgments about stimuli without knowing that they will later be tested on their recall of the stimuli.
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Equipotentiality
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one part of the cortex is just as good as another for memory
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Charles Bonnet syndrome (and cause)
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amusing and magical visions (happy hallucinations). Caused by degeneration of the eye
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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states that our ability to remember a stimulus depends on the similarity between the way the stimulus is processed at encoding and the way it is processed at a test.
ex: if word 'bank' is interpreted as meaning 'the side of a river' rather than 'a financial institution' at encoding, then remembering will be superior if at retrieval bank is interpreted as 'the side of a river'
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Complex cells
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a type of neuron in the visual cortex that responds best to bars of light that were moving across the retina in a specific direction.
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Resistance to visual noise
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we can still perceive geons under "noisy" conditions such as low light or fog.
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TPO, angular gyrus
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parts of brain that are involved in synesthetic colors
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Rubber hand illusion
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subject puts hand out of sight, and a rubber hand is placed in front of him. The researcher strokes both the rubber hand and hidden hand simultaneously. After a while, the subject believes the rubber hand is theirs
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What part of the brain is the implicit memory dependent on?
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different brain regions
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Law of Common Fate
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Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together.
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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takes advantage of the fact that blood flow increases in areas of the brain that are activated by a cognitive task. Low doses of radioactive tracer.
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problems of learned association
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why more females than males with this theory of synthesesia
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Stanfield + Zwaan (2001) study
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people take longer to respond to an image that doesn't align with its description
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What are some things that influence encoding?
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- amount of elaboration (interpreting info, connecting it with other info, and mulling it over)
-conscious retrieval
-practice that is 'distributed' in time
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Problems of estimates (synethesia)
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how to define it, Often a small sample size, often poor sampling technique
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What were the findings of the study involving amnesic patients and word completion tasks? (ex heard 'absent' then saw ABS____ and had to complete it)
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this showed that amnesic patients demonstrate normal priming when the test instructions are to complete each word stem with the first word that comes to mind, but impaired when instructions were to complete each stem by recalling previously presented item.
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basic method for finding absolute threshold
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calculating the number of hairs on the back of ones hand that need to be stimulated in order to feel a sensation
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What is the name for a test that assess declarative memory?
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Explicit Memory Tests: becuase they require the retrieval of an explicit description or report of knowledge of the memory.
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Why is it important to retrieval cues that episodic memory consists of linked features?
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because any of those features is a possible route to memory and it means we have access to our memories even when we have limited info
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