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Definitions |
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100
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Average IQ
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Sandra Witelson
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Studied Einstein's brain
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Cattell
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Crystallised intelligence (acquired knowledge & skills from culture & lifetime) – WAISFluid intelligence (primary ability, present at birth, free from cultural influences) – Ravens Progressive Matrices
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0.86
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IQ correlation between monozygotic twins raised together
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Spearman’s
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2-factor theory of intelligenceS (specific abilities) i.e. spatial, vocabulary, mathematical intelligence)G (general abilities) Intelligence required to performance well on all tests of intelligence. Mental energy that underlies specific factors of intelligence (interaction between specific abilities)
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Franz Gall
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Phrenologist that realized human intelligence surpasses animal intelligence because the human cortex is more developed. correlation to head size and intelligence score.
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Intelligence
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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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Factor Analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.
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Robert Sternberg
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agrees with Gardner's multiple intelligences idea. distinguished among analytical (problem solving), creative (reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas) and practical intelligence (required for every day tasks)
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Exceptionally inhibited and fearful infants tend to become introverted adolescents. This best illustrates the long-term stability of
A. temperament.
B. the critical period.
C. gender schemas.
D. the X chromosome.
E. self-concept.
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A. temperament.
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(mental age/physical age)*100
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Formula for ratio IQ
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Henry Goddard
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who test immigrants'intelligence at Ellis Island
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intelligence-definition
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a hypothetical mental ability that allows people to DIRECT their thinking, ADAPT to their surroundings, and LEARN from their experiences
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Layperson implicit theories
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Sternberg et al. (1981)
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L.L. Thurstone
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beleived in primary mental abilities; went against Spearman. intelligence come sin different packages. non-general
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Stanford-Binet
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the widely used american revision (by Terman at Stanford University)of Binet's original intelligence test.
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Down Syndrome
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a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup.
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Fred has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several times. Erikson would have suggested that Fred lacks
A. identity.
B. initiative.
C. trust.
D. autonomy.
E. competence.
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A. identity.
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Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is
A. 4.
B. 4.5.
C. 5.
D. 80.
E. 125.
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A. 4.
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Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as
A. empiricism.
B. structuralism.
C. introspection.
D. functionalism.
E. psychom
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C. introspection.
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prodigy
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a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
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shared environment
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those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
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heritability coefficient
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a statistics that describes the difference in intelligence as the difference between people's genetic make up
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crystalized intelligence
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accuracy and amount of stored information.vocabulary,historical facts,
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McDaniel (2005)
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Meta-analysis of 37 samples found positive correlation in all subsamples ‘clear positive correlation’ between brain size and IQ
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James Flynn
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calculated magnitude of the effect of college entrance exams dropping but intelligence test scores improving
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criterion
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the behavior that a test is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
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Seynour Epstein and Petra Meier
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called it emotional intelligence
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Mental Retardation
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A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life;varies from mild to profound.
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J. McVicker Hunt
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Psychologist who observed the dramatic effects of early experiences and demonstrated the impact of early intervention. testified to the importance of environment.
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Normal Curve
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the symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
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Savant Syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of
A. habituation.
B. assimilation.
C. accommodation.
D. attachment.
E. imprinting.
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C. accommodation.
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The process by which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called
A. imprinting.
B. assimilation.
C. habituation.
D. bonding.
E. the rooting reflex.
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A. imprinting.
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Like Piaget, Kohlberg emphasized that children's moral judgments build on their
A. cognitive development.
B. social development.
C. physical development.
D. economic development.
E. attachment development.
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C. physical development.
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practical intelligence
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the ability to apply and implement these solutions in everyday settings.
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analytical intelligence
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the ability to identify and define problems and to find strategies to solve them.
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Charles Spearman
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who conclude that a two-factor theory was appropriate for describing the nature of intellectual performance
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creative intelligence
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the ability to generate solutions that other people do not
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responses
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the answers and direct results you get from the intelligence tests-- you CAN measure it
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Ratio IQ
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your mental age divided by your biological age multiplied by 100
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Flynn Effect - Explanation
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Generations are getting more intelligence? – would expect more geniuses in the worldLength of schooling – mainly relevant for verbal testsTest-taking sophistication/people are more familiar with IQ tests – doesn’t explain the verbal non-verbal differenceCognitive-stimulation – watching TV, more visual stimuli, no evidenceNutrition? – linked to brain size!
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Mayer, Salovey, and david Caruso
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recently developed a multifactor emotional intelligence scale.. 3 factors:percieve emotions, understand emotions and regulate emotions.
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Validity
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
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Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of _________ development.
A. motor
B. social
C. cognitive
D. emotional
E. physical
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C. cognitive
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During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects
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D. Alzheimer's disease.
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When Andy becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight best illustrates an inadequate level of
A. the g factor.
B. analyticl intelligence.
C. factor analysis.
D. emotional in
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D. emotional intelligence.
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Sets of expected behaviors for males and for females are called
A. gender identities.
B. gender roles.
C. norms.
D. gender types.
E. social learning theory.
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B. gender roles.
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memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, processing speed, crystallized intelligence, and fluid intelligence
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bottom-up approach -> eight characteristics suggested by Carroll
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Louis Thurstone
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who argued that there were a few stable and independent mental abilities such as perceptual ability, verbal ability, and numerical ability, which he called the primary mental abilities.
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top down approach
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you develop the test with questions that will determine what you think are middle level abilities
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Flynn effect- Trend
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Scores on intelligence tests tend to fluctuate, there is a year-on-year rise of intelligence test scores. In a period of 24 years participants had gained 8 IQ points!Looked at 73 US studies (aged 2-48) Highest rise in IQ – non-verbal tests (5.9 IQ points per decade) (fluid intelligence)Lowest gains – verbal tests (3.7 IQ points per decade) (crystallised intelligence)
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David Geary and Irwin Silverman
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speculate that skills in navigating route from our ancestors; an evolutionary perspective.
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Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by
A. seeking a lifelong romantic relationship.
B. severing the emotional ties between themselves and their childhood friends.
C. investigating the personal
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C. investigating the personal suitability of varous occupational and social roles.
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Terman observed that children with IQ scores over 135 are likely to
A. be athletically uncoordinated.
B. be academically successful.
C. have a high degree of practical intelligence.
D. be socially isolated.
E. have low emotional intelligence.
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B. be academically successful.
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fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
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twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm
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shared and nonshared environment
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1. environmental factors that are the same for all household members-- same diet,books2. env. factors that are not epxerienced by all family members, peers,aspects of parenting
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identical twinsfraternal twins
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1. from one egg fertilizied by one sperm-- 1002. from different eggs and sperms- 50
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The Army (Robert Yerkes)
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Alpha Test (literates) & Beta Test (Illerates)Beta test – 6 years or less speaking English. Instructions given by hand signals. Very confusingVery biased to western cultures
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Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
A. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
B. component elements of sensory experience.
C. disruptive effects of unconscious motives.
D. treatment of psychological disor
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A. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
A. female ovaries
B. male facial hair
C. the male grip
D. female height
E. male testes
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B. male facial hair
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general intelligence (g)at the top, specific abilities (s) at the bottom, and a small number of middle-level abilities (m), sometimes called group factors, in the middle
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three level of hierarchy of intelligence
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8 middle level abilities by BOTTOM UP appriach
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memory and learningvisual perceptionauditory perceptionretrieval abilitycognitive speedinessprocessing speedfluid intelligencecrystalized intelligence
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Raven’s progressive matrices (1938)
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Age 6+ free from culture influences & free of language60 items, 5 sets of items, arranged in increasing order of difficultyParticipants shown a matrix of pattern, have to find the missing pattern. Use perceptual relations & reasoning
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Gender differences in IQ -Age
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Lynn & Irwing (2004) meta-analysis of 43 studies foundNo difference under 1515-19, men scored around 2 IQ points moreUndergraduates, men scored on average 3-5 IQ points moreAdults, men scored 5 IQ points moreBut effect size is relatively small when compared to other variables (aggression, sexuality, personality)
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If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to
A. be reliable.
B. have a normal distribution.
C. have content validity.
D. be standardized.
E. have predictive validity.
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C. have content validity.
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Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon
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those who came up with aptitude test for learning independent of the child's prior education achievement-Suggest that teachers could use the test to estimate a child's mental level, using the average score method.
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Gender differences in IQ - Specific
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Hull & Slater (1975) women performed better on verbal, men on spatialMen favoured tasks – Visualisation, spatial orientation, throwing accuracy, Visual interference, Mathematical reasoning Women favoured tasks – Perceptual speed, Object location memory, Word fluency, Fine motor co-ordination, numerical calculation
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Gender identity refers to
A. one's biological sex.
B. the sense of being male or female.
C. the set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
D. how masculine a boy is for how feminine a girl is.
E. a person's identification with the parent of
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B. the sense of being male or female.
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Gender differences in IQ - Causes - Nature - Testosterone
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Testosterone (high levels are related to spatial intelligence), has organising effects on brain during prenatal development, (Hooven et al., 2004) High levels = faster responses & lower error rates on mental rotation tasks).
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Dmitri is a typical 6-month-old. When he looks into a mirror he is likely to
A. recognize the image as himself.
B. show no interest and ignore what he sees.
C. reach toward the image as if it were another child.
D. be somewhat frightened and turn aw
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C. reach toward the image as if it were another child.
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Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
A. provide a quantitative estimate of inherited intellectual potential.
B. distinguish between academic and practical intelligence.
C. identify children likely to have difficulty lea
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C. identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
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