Complete List of Terms and Definitions for InteriorDesignReferenceManual

Terms Definitions
LEED certification levels certifiedsilvergoldplatinum
varnish darkens with age, cracks
IBC originally published in 2000, consolidation of the UBC, BOCA, SBCpublished by ICC (International Code Council)
oil finish require re-oiling periodoicallydarken with age
furnishings -use refurbished or used furniture-use furniture made from steel, solid wood and glass - readily recylable-spec that the furniture be made from certified wood-spec that the furniture be fabricated with formaldhyde free MDF-fabric that uses recycled PET fibers-biodegradeable and non-toxic dyes-chemical free organic cottons or natural materials-low voc finishes-powder coatings instead of standard paint-CO2 injected foam or other environmentally friendly foam
NFPA 286 evaluates materials other than textiles mounted to wall or ceiling, tests for their contributions to fire spread, heat, smoke
What does LED stand for? Light-Emitting Diodes
romex cable nonmetallic sheathed cable consisting of two or more plastic insulated conductors and ground wire surrounded by a moisture resistant plastic jacket*can be used in wood stud residential buildings and buildings not exceeding 3 floors if used with wood studs and protected from damage by being concealed behind wallboard
Programming Checklist:User Requirements (8) 1. Individual users, name/title/position2. number and function of groups3. user is full time or public user4. number of people at present, move in, and future5. job descriptions of user6. user characteristics (age, special needs)7. personal preferences (colors, special interests)8. location of user or activity space
cost information realistic cost information is difficult to obtain.two conditions that must be accounted for are geographical location and inflation, and can be done using published cost indexes.
architectural woodwork custom shop-fabricated millwork built of lumber, finished wood and other materials.
terrazo composite material, poured, cured, and polisheddurable, water resistant, easy to clean, fire resistant
corporations an association of individuals, created by statutory requirements, having an existence independent from its members
NFPA 265 room corner testsometimes required as an alternate to the tunnel test to simulate real world conditionstests wall,floor, ceiling spread
What voltage typically are low voltage lamps? 12V
access flooring false floor, typically used for running electrical and network, can be used for some types of hvac to serve individual workstations
define anthropmetrics the measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion in the human body.
FF& E furniture, fixtures, & equipment - desicribes freestanding interior components that are not physically attached to the construction and that are usually purchased under a separate contract.
plaster a finish material made from gypsum, lime, water, and aggregates of sand, vermiculite, or perlite.*vermiculite & perlite are used for lightweight fire resistant finish*most interior construction uses gypsum plaster*Keene's cement - high resistance to abrasion and water penetration, requires a base of portland cement
molding trim used for decorative or functional purposesalso called standing and running trimtypically soft or hard wood, but can also be made of mdf or synthetic
softwood timber from evergreen trees such as pine and fir
wood type: ash light coloredtoughhighly elastic, good for furniture or panelingfinishes well
curtains like draperies, usually hung in the window frame and close to the glass, in most cases, not intended to be open
draperies loosely hung fabric that covers a window, commonly attached to a traverse rodpleating includes pinch pleat, stack pleat, roll pleat, and accordion pleat
louvered shutters rigid panels, usually hinged, that open and close, have individual louvers that can open and close
project manual: bidding requirements invitation to bidprequalification formsinstructions to biddersinformation available to biddersbid forms
lateral loads wind and earthquake loadsin areas where earthquakes are an issue, partitions that are over 6' tall, or are attached to the ceiling, ceilings, ductwork, light fixtures, sprinkler & other piping, bookcases, storage cabinets,lab equipment, access floors need to be detailed to resist earthquake forces
contractor's ins. General conditions of the Contract state that contractors must carry insurance
linoleum best choice when used with low voc adhesives, renewable, durable, biodegradable, antibacterial, and does not produce static electricity
NFPA 252 rates door assemblies for passage of heat, flame, and gases, hose stream testsimiliar to UL10B, UL10C
electric strike replace the standard door strike and consist of a moveable mechanism that is mortised into the frame. a latch bolt is fixed from the secure side of the door, and with activation, the electric strike retracts
fire suppression achieved through fire detection and alarmssprinkler systemsstandpipes
three types of adjacency needs people, products, and information
effective daylighting depth 2.5x the height of the window.
programmatic concept: communications concept states who communicates with who and how they do it with the goal being to promote effective exchange of information and ideas.
Programming Checklist: Activity Requirements (12) 1. primary activity2. secondary activity3. nature of activity (physical movement, workflow)4. time of day or night5. frequency of activity7. part time activities (conference, copy, reception)8. group activities? small or large?9. visitors10. any shared activities?11. special environmental requirements for the activities? lighting, sound control...12. security for activities?
rentable area total amount of usable space including structural columns, thickness of some partitions, portion of exterior wall
allowance based on a best guess estimate to cover a particular material where the price cannot be determined. also used in bidding to reserve funds for something that has not been finalized.
methods of fastening mechanical fasteners, adhesives, or by brazing or soldering
synthetic gypsum manufactured in North America from the byproduct of removing polluting gases from the power plant stacks to reduce emissions
plywood panel product made from an odd number of layers of thin veneer glued together under heat and pressure. ply is laid perpendicular to each other for strength.
cedar (western) lightweight wood that is easy to workhigh resistance to decaymakes it ideal for siding, decks, shingles
rotary slicing veneer is cut with a lathever pronounced grain patternoften undesirable in high quality finishesmost efficient
carpet pad increase the life of the carpet, provide better resiliency, help sound absorption, lessen impact noise
design details: constructability 1. connection (rigid, rigid but adjustable, flexibile)2. structure3. movement4. tolerances5. clearances6. construction trade sequences7. designer liability
load bearing walls support loads from aboveinclude live loads (people/furniture) and dead loads (the structure itself)
title acts regulates who can use the title "interior designer"
scientific certification systems (SCS) private oranganization est. to advance public and private sectors toward environmentally sustainable policies-certifies specific product attributes such as biodegradability, recycled content-certifies environmentally preferred products (carpet, nonwoven flooring, composite panel products, adhesives, furniture, paints, and wallcovering, and well managed forests)
What is Luminance? The luminous flux per unit of projected (apparent) area and unit solid angle leaving a surface, either reflected or transmitted.Also refered to as brightness.
What is a decibel? The relationship of actual sound intensity to the way humans experience sound0dB is the threshold of human hearing and 130dB is the threshold of pain.
What is direct labor? all labor of technical staff, pricipals, and support staff that is directly chareable to projects
vav box varies the quantity of air, one duct leads in and one or several lead out, and are attached to registers in the ceilingtypically placed above the ceiling within or near the space it serves
ultrasonic detector emit a very high frequency sound wave. when the soundwave is interrupted, and alarm is activated.*limited to a space 12' high and 20'x30'
design considerations for practicum 1. maintain adjacencies required and provide efficient circulation2. public vs. private space3. enclosed vs. open space4. daylighting, views, & artificial lighting
programmatic concept: service groupings service spaces, such as distribution rooms, breakrooms. For example, a law firm may have intensive needs for access to the same information throughout the firm. developing an electronic database or placing sattelite libraries throughout the space are different ways to achieve this goal.
criteria for selection: maintainability (5) 1. cleanability - most important2. repairability3. resilience (soft flooring like tile)4. self healing quality5. sustainability
Items included in FF&E budget 1. furniture2. appliances3. free standing equipment4. window coverings5. rugs & mats6. interior plants/planters7. lamps8. artwork9. accessories
What is Pattern? the repetition of a decorative motif on a surface.
galvanic series a chart that lists in order the susceptibility of two metals next to each other, with moisture, causing corrosion
door seals used along the edges of doors to provide tight seals against smoke, light, and sound. fire rated seals have been tested, and are used on the head and jamb sextions
solid stock thick piece of lumber used alone to form some woodwork component
window treatments : shades roller shades and inverted roller shades - piece of cloth wound around a spring rollerroman shade: roman shades pull up with a cord into accordian foldsaustrian shades: operate like roman shades, but fold into scallops when opened
bill of lading lists the contents of the shipment, included with the shipment
LLC and LLPlimited liability companies and limited liability partnerships hybrid business organizationsthat combine the advantages of the corp. and the partnership
owner responsibilities in AIA contract 1. furnish full info regarding requirements of the project, including budget that provides contingencies as well as for the basic cost items2. furnish all legal, accounting, and insurance counseling services necessary for the project3. provide suitable space for receipt inspection and storage of materials4. removal or relocation of existing facilities, furniture and equipment unless otherwise provided for in contract5. owner has to designate who has the ability to represent and act on the owner's behalf for the day to day decision making - when designer submits questions, owner's designee must answer promptly to avoid delays6. if the designer is purchasing furniture, the owner must maintain working funds that can be used for the purchase
10 principles to evaluate organizations for accreditation 1. forest management practices respect country laws and comply with FSC principles & criteria2. long term tenure and use rights of the land must be defined and legally established3. rights of indigenouse peoples to own, use and manage their land must be recognized4. practices must maintain or enhance the long-term social and economic well being of workers and community5. encourage the efficient use of the forest's products to ensure economic viability6. coserve biological diversity (water, soil, ecosystems)7. write, implement, and maintain a management plan8. continuous monitoring must be conducted to assess the condition of the forest9. maintain or enhance the attributes of high-conservation value forests10. plantations should complement the management of, reduce pressures on, and promote restoration of natural forests, and adhere to the first 9 of these principles
responsibility of owner in construction furnish evidence that finances have been set upprovide surveys describing physical characteristics of siteowner can stop work if contractor persistently fails to carry out worknotify the gc in writing of items to correct - gc has 7 days, 2nd notice, 7 days, then owner can correct on his own and deduct from gc contract
How is sound absorption used? To control unwanted sound reflections (noise), improve speech privacy, and decrease or increase reverberation.
what is Quick ratio? this is refinement of the current ratio and includes only cash and equivalents, plus accounts receivable, divided by total current liabilities. it is a more coservative measure than the current ratio because it includes onl those assets that are the most liquid.
space for ducts & pipes residential: typically run within the walls and floor joists, may in some instances be run beneath the joists and require a furred down spacecommercial: horizontal ducts run through the plenum, vertical ducts run within their own chases
punched card access used by hotelskey code is changed each time a new person checks in to the room
4 types of perceptual constancy 1. shape constancy: people perceive objects as having their original shape regardless of change of orientation2. size constancy: people tend to perceive and object as the same size regardless of change in viewing distance3. lightness constancy: people tend to perceive the lightness or darkness of an object as the same regardless of the illumination of the space.4. color constancy: people perceive the color of an object as the same regardless of the lighting conditions
four most common space plan organizational concepts 1. linear organizations2. axial organizations3. grid systems4. central
programmatic concept: cost control explores ways to establish a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet client's available funds.
programmatic concept: home base concept of territoriality - a place where a person can maintain his or her individuality
procedures that should be followed when specify a material finish, especially if it's new or being used in a different way 1. obtain promotional literature, technical data, suggested details, and recommended installation procedures,material safety data sheets (MSDS), and a list of comparable projects where the product has been used.2. inform the client of the products being selected, and any potential risks. obtain approval from client.3. ask the rep about any problems with the product, any situations where it has failed.4. contact references for projects where it has been used.5. notify the manufacturer in writing of the intended use for the product, and ask for a response in writing that the use is appropriate.6. follow manufacturer recommendations, details, and specifications, and obtain written approval of the specs from the manufacturer.7. installation supervision in critical installs.8. if it is particularly difficult, require that the manufacturer provide a field rep to oversee, and that installing sub is approved by manufacturer ahead of time.9. investigate the production capability and financial condition of the manufacturer, distributor, and installing contractor.
where would life cycle cost analysis be useful? evaluating energy conservation measures
How do you create Shade? By adding black to a Hue.
principles of design: proportion the relationship between one part of an object or composition and another part and to the whole.by definition, it is relative
smoke and draft control doors in corridors and smoke barriors require this, and typically use approved gasketing along the frame
wire glass has a mesh of wire embedded in the middle of the sheet - the surface can either be smooth or patterned.cannot be tempered and does not qualify as safety glass
paneling: stile and rail (or raised) traditionalcomposed of vertical stiles and horizontal rails enclosing a paneled area
vinyl wallcovering typically comes in rolls of 53 or 54" wide and 30 yards long
fabric wallcovering:tuck joint a small recess is provided where the fabric can be tucked into to give a neat edge. used where fabric abuts other finishes, where people could brush against the edge, or a precise line is needed
4 major categories of project manual 1. bidding requirements2. contract (agreement between owner and contractor, bond forms,etc)3. general and supplementary conditions of the contract4. technical specifications
loadbearing walls in residential construction exterior walls, first story exterior walls of a two storymoderately sized openings can be cut with the use of additional studs and a double header
general partnership advantages relatively easy to form and provide a business with the skills and talents of several people rather than just one
What are the four most common light sources? 1. Daylight2. incandescent3. fluorescent4. high-intensity discharge
What does CAC stand for?What is CAC? Ceiling Attenuation Classa single number measure of the transmission loss through ceiling tiles between two closed rooms where ther is no wall or other barrier above the suspended ceiling. measured in dB and is similar to STC.
what are the Three critial parts of Planning? 1. Time2. Fees3. Quality
What are the 2 types of partnership? 1. general partnership2. limited partnership
define design theory a way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy.(not a style, but a system of beliefs)
Describe the difference between a programmatic concept and the design concept. a programmatic concept determines the performance requirements of the problem. eg. r&d employees need a quiet environment to work. sales employees spend most of their time on the phone. the programmatic concept would state that the design should provide for functional separation of the two groups. If this programmatic concept is agreed upon, the design concept would address this in various configurations.
horizon line in perspective drawings at some convenient point under the plan, a horizontal line is drawn across the paper, the horizon line, and represents the place where the earth meets the sky.
What are the characteristics of Asetate? (5) 1. regenerated cellulosic fiber2. low cost3. flammable4. doesn't wear well5. poor sunlight resistance
What does flammable mean? Capable of burning with a flame, the subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion.
square footage method of estimating typically the first step in cost estimating. make sure to include profit/overhead, professional fees, contingency, taxes. Best practice to develop three budgets based on low, medium, and hight cost per sqft so that the client can see the probable range.
How do people generalize forms? They use words like cylindrical, flat, square or linear.
disadvantage of tempered glass must be ordered to the exact size requirement for final install - once it has been tempered, it cannot be cut, drilled, or deeply etched. tempering may also produce a slight distortion in the glass
opaque finishes for wood *should only be used on closed grain woods where solid stock is required or on mdf for sheet materials
4 types of terrazzo 1. standard - uses small chips no larger than 3/8"2. venetian - larger than 3/8"3. palladian - thin random fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo between4. rustic - the matrix is depressed to expose the chips (not appropriate for interior flooring)
What is the title for MasterFormat division 07? What dose this division cover? thermal and moisture Protection* dampproofing and waterproofing* insulation* vapor retarders* air barriers* shingles* roof tiles* siding* membrane roofing* flashing* joint sealers* fire and smoke protection* roofing speicalties (hatches, smoke vents, roof pavers, scuppers, gravel stops)
LLC AND LLP advantage the liability is limited to a member's investment; a member has no personal liability
title & risk loss vendor has the risk of loss of the furniture until owner accepts it after final inspection or upon payment in full, whichever happens first
what are the restart warm up times for the 3 types of HID lamps? Mercury-vapor: 3-10 minMetal-halide: 10-20 minhigh-pressure sodium: 1 min
What does SRA stand for?What is SRA? Speech range absorptionA single number rating with frequency ranges of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. this range is more closely represents the requencies of speech and may be a better rating to use in evaluation the selection of ceiling tile.
What are the two types of accounty methods used? 1. cash accounting2. accrual accounting
formula for determining the length of tread 2R+T=25typical, 7" riser and 11" treadIBC limits risers to 7" and minimum tread to 11"
what is the sensation of thermal comfort dependent upon? the relationship of air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiation.
List padding types from most resistant to cigarette ignition and small flame to the least resistant. (8) 1. Neoprene and combustion modified polyurethane2. Polyester batting3. Smolder-resistant and flame resistant polyurethane foam4. Smolder-resistant and flame resistant cellulosic batting5. Mixed fiber batting6. untreated polyurethane foam7. cellulosic batting8. latex foam (rarely used)
What is Monochromatic color scheme? One hue with variations only to the intensity and value.
push plates and pull bars used to operate doors that do not require automatic latching
plastic laminate on large surfaces must be balanced with a backing sheet to inhibit moisture absorption and for structural balance
2 methods of wood floor installation 1. over plywood - use moisture barrier, allow for expansion (3/4") at perimeter2. 2x4 wood sleepers - more resilient, allows for air space where moisture can escape, alternate: resilient pads (gym floors)
What are the advantages of low voltage lamps? They require a transformer which results in a bulkier luminaire and higher initial cost.
What are the 2 methods used to measure speech privacy in open office? 1. Articulation Class (AC)2. Articulaion Index (AI)
What is Revenue per technical staff? the amount of net revenue produced per technical staff member, that is, those staff members most directly involved with charging direct time and producing jobs.
If a tenant is interested in LEED, what are some options for building selection? (13) 1. Building is LEED certified.2. Locate in a brownfield site (not adaptable to a new use or new construction)3. building has stormwater management system4. locate in a building that has shade, &/or uses light colored materials5. in a building with at least 50% underground parking6. high solar reflectance roof or green roof7. exterior lighting does not create light pollution8. recycled or highly efficient irrigation9. at least 5% of energy is on site renewable10. walkable community11. public transportation accessible12. bicycle storage13. parking doesn't exceed the min.code count
What are the 3 performance criteria for cushioning? 1. density (mass per unit volume: lbm/ft3)2. indentation load diflection: ILD (firmness)3. support ratio (also called support facor or compression modulus)
What is color Intensity (Chorma)? The degree of purity of the hue when compared with a neutral gray of the same value.
three most common types of metal doors 1. flush-single smooth surface on both sides2. sash-contain one or more glass lights3. louvered-have an opening with metal slats for ventilation*for residential, panel metal doors are available for energy conservation, durability, and traditional appearance
5 ways of charging for professional services 1. fixed fee - typically paid out monthly*to be profitable, scope must be carefully itemized in the contract along with services that are not included2. hourly rate - billing rate, can set hourly not to exceed3. percentage of project cost - must have good idea of amount of work required and expected cost of the project4. area fee 5. retail method - reseller of goods
What is the lamp lumen depreciation factor? The gradual loss of light output of the lamps over time.
What are the 3 basic items included in submittals? 1. Shop Drawings2. Samples3. Project Data
fire rated partitions in return air plenums require: that supply air ducts and openings for return air be cut into the wall, fire dampers that close off these openings in the event of a fire
what is the goal of the final programming report? to elicit client comments on the conclusions and to get approval so design can proceed. this document should make it clear that design will not proceed until this document is approved, and signature lines should be included.
What is the agency and test number for Martindale abrasion test?What does this test? ASTM D4966This test determines the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics, generally with a pile depth of less the 0.08". Similar to the Wyzenbeek test.
Gypsum Association Levels of Gypsum Board Finish * used as a way to specify particular requirements where natural lights or finish may require it0-requires no taping, finish, or accessories.1-joints and interior angles have tape embedded in joint compound, surface is free of excess joint compound. used for plenums above ceilings and areas not open to view.2-joints have been tape embedded in joint compound, another coat of compound is applied over joints, angles, fasteners, etc. used where water resistant backing board is a substrate for tile and other areas where appearance is not critical.3-like level 2, except two coats of compound are used and the surface is free of tool marks and ridges. Used in areas where heavy grade wallcoverings will be used, or medium textured finishes.4-similiar to level 3, but three coats of compound are used. used where light textures or wallcovering will be applied, or where economy is of concern. do not use gloss/semi-gloss/enamel on this level.5-similiar to 4, except that joint compound is skimmed over entire surface. used where gloss/semi-gloss/enamel, or non textured flat paints are specified, or severe lighting conditions.
What are the two ways to measure color temperature? 1. in Degrees Kelvin2. Color rendering index (CRI)
3 ways of determining space needs when square footages are not defined by client 1. number of people that must be accommodated2. an object or piece of equipment3. a specific activity that has it's own space needs
thin set and thick set installation of stone 1. thin set - uniform thickness of stone is set on subfloor with thin set mortar (1/8")2. thick set - 3/4-1", requires structurally sound. must be used when the stone thicknesses vary (slate/sandstone), structurally separated with steel mesh from subfloor so it can flex
What is the agency and test number for Bacterial resistance test?What does this test? AATCC Test Method 147 (similar test is CFFA-300)This test detects bacteriostatic actifity on textile materials.
What is the agency and test number for Cigarette ignition resistance test for furniture components?What does this test? NFPA 260 (Also know as CAL TB 117)This standard sest the resistance of upholstered furniture components, seperately, to flame and cigarette ignition.
plywood thicknesses 1/4,3/8,1/2,5/8,and 3/4
standards criteria for furniture ANSI
ASTM D2859 carpet flammabilitytests ignition abilitymethanine pill testrequired for all carpet sold in US
wood floor alternatives bamboopalm wood flooring
rubber flooring available from recycled tiresbinders give off indoor pollutants
smoke barrier continuous vertical or horizontal membrane with a minimum fires resistance rating of 1 hourpassive form of smoke control
compartmentation provide places of refuge for occupantsprotect other parts of buildingprovide time for fire suppressionrequired between different occupancies, between use areas and exits, and between parts of a building when a maximum allowable area is exceeded
perceptual constancy regardless of angle, distance, lighting, or other factors, people have the tendency to perceive an object as the same. (4 types)
network workflow no strict organization of workflow
plywood surfaces birch (paint grade)firoak (stain grade)
laminate flooring variation of plastic laminateclear wearing sheet over melamine impregnated decorative sheets and water resistant backing sheettypically laid on a cushioned foam underlayment, vapor barrier is requirednot recommended for wet areas
wood flooring 1. FSC accredited, certified sources for domestic and tropical hardwoods2. veneered and laminated products using a plywood or mdf core3. salvaged solid wood flooring*whenever possible, use prefinished flooring for indoor air quality*site finishing should use water-dispersed urethanes*avoid varnishes and hardening oils on site
ASTM E119 test for fire resistance of construction assemblies*evaluates ability to prevent the passage of fire, heat, and hot gases-2 parts of test, test heat transfer through assembly and hose stream test-given ratings in hours
electronic shielding building a cage of continuously conductive material that catches signals and conduct them to the ground.*rating of protection is measured in decibels of attenuation*government and military facilities are designed for 100dB across a broad bandwith of signals, very expensive*corporate needs, 60 dB stops 99.9% of signals coming from office computers and other sources
growth needs: level one: self actualization - developing to the fullest potential as a human being, feeling an appreciation of life.level two: cognitive need to know and understandlevel three: aesthetic need for order and beautylevel four: self transcendence - the need to help others find self fulfillment and connect to something beyond the ego
PBDE (flame retardent on fabric) Poly-Brominated Diphenyl EthersTypes:1. decaBDE (used in textiles and electronics)2. pentaBDE (used in furniture and carpet)this type of flame retardent can cause neurological, developmental, and reproductive damage in laboratory animals. Some manufacturers have already stopped using these types of retardents.
mdf panel product made from wood particles reduced to fibers in a moderate pressure steam vessel and cominded with a resinsmooth, uniform and dense surface great for painting or veneering
resilient channels used to improve the acoustical properties of a wall by isolating the wallboard from rigid attachment to the framing. insulation is then placed in the stud cavities to improve acoustical quality
hardwood decidious trees such as oak and maple
flitch the log from which individual veneers come from, flitches are numbered
voc hyrdocarbon solvents used in paints & stainsreleased into the air during application and react with nitrous oxides and sunlight to cause ozonemaximum levels are regulated by EPA, some states have lower maximums
limestone travertine a version of limestone used in interiorshas holes that must be filled with epoxy resin to make it smoothusually polished finish
needle punching fiber is pulled through the backinglimited variation in texture
sales agreement contract proposal signed by client obligating them to pay for the items listed in the agreement
financial managment 2 typesbasic accting - day-to-day operationsbanking, taxes,and auditingactive accting - to keep up to date on the financial status of the business
property insurance protects designer's bldg. and contents against disasters ex: fire, theft, floodeven if only renting the space
gyp board 100% recycled content used in paper facesome recycled newspaper mixed with gypsum content in core7% of gyp board core is synthetic, which is identical chemically but is a byproduct of manufacturing processes - most from power plant stack cleaning-cannot be reused, but some companies are recycling, but has to clean of nails, wallcovering, etc. - currently cost is a disincentive
fire partition wall assembly with rating of one hourtenant separation, corridor wallsone hour rated, sometimes stops at rated ceiling
electronic shielding for corporations 60dB*copper foil (difficult to install)*non-woven fabric placed behind wall surface*metallic shielding paint*fine mesh in windows or special shielded glass*filters are required for tel/data and power where the penetrate the membrane**consult a security expert
the importance of lighting functional, emphasize, obsure, create mood, add interest, shape space, and provide variability. lighting can also change the appearance of colors and materials.
define ergonomics the study of the relation between human physiology and the physical environment.
define proximics: deals with the issues of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of people in space - relative to their individual cultures.
primary circulation space includes public circulation space of the leased building (entry lobby, elevator lobbies, main corridors)
height line where the picture plane touches the plan drawing - the only line on the perspective drawing where vertical dimensions can be directly scaled.
cost influences on budget 1.construction costs (inc.overhead & profit)2. furniture, fixtures, & equipment (FF&E)3. Professional fees4. Taxes5. Moving Costs6. Tel/Data7. Contingencies (always include 5-10%8. Optional, financing, may be added to owner's operating budget9. Optional, inflation factor for larger jobs using past cost index
electrochromic glazing uses an inorganic ceramic thin film coating on glass and can be manufactured to range from transparent to tinted - it is never opaque, so cannot be used for privacy glass. intended for control of light, solar heat, can be tinted in degrees with a rheostat switch
hat channels used for installing gyp board on ceilings, or to fur out from chases or masonry walls, or if additional room is needed for outlets or insulation, 7/8" deep
etched finish dry method: blasts the material with abrasive grit or glass beads to wear away areawet method: uses acid, requires special masking
center match even number of veneer leaves of uniform width so that there is a veneer joint in the center of the panel
catalyzed vinyl finish the most chemical resistance of standard lacquersvery resistant to scratching & abrasion
carpet tufting pile yarn is punched through the backing, can be cut or left in looprelative low cost, accounts for the majority of carpet
constraints in design detailing 1. code requirements2. substrates3. costs4. industry standards5. material availability6. climate7. labor and construction practices
slip joints installed at partitions that attach to structural floors above and to the perimeter of the building to allow the building to move slightly without putting pressure on the partitions
worker's comp. ins. mandatory in all states protects employees in event of injuries caused by work-related activities
voc in paint EPA has set forth voc limits-flat paint cannot exceed 250g/L-non flat paint cannot exceed 380g/Lcalifornia has stricter standards (100g/L)green seal standards are stricter (50 for flat paint)
What color temperature is a daylight lamp? FL/D = 6500K
What is Frequency? The number of cycles completed per second measured in Hertz (Hz)1Hz = 1 cycle/sec
WHat is discretionary distribution? voluntary distribution of profits to owners and non-owners, such as performance bonuses, profit sharing, incentive compensation, and the like.
drain sloping minimum of 1/4" for pipes larger than 3", if the pipe has to be concealed within the floor, this will limit the distance of the fixture to the riser
circular stairway the inside smaller arc cannot be lsess than twice the width of the stair or it becomes a winding stair
daylight factor the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point on a horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance
air ventilation system regulated by code, and either give minimum exhaust rates in cubic feet per minute per sf, or how often a complete air exchange must be made. system must exhaust directly to the outside, none can be recirculated.
rentable usable ratio rentable area divided by the usable area. the ratio is calculated by the building owner (core factor)
Types of Fabric (2) 1. Natural (Cellulosic and Protein)2. Synthetic
matrix costing a matrix is drawn with the various alternates along one side and the individual elements that combine to make the total cost of the alternatives along the other side.
What are Additive Colors? Colors created with light.When all colors of light are present in equal amounts, we perceive white light.
rhythm graduation an important type of rhythm where the color or value of design elements are gradually modified as the elements repeat.
metal types for doors steel, stainless steel, aluminum, & bronze, or special order.
laminated glass consists of two or more layers of glass bonded together with polyvinyl butyral. can be clear or tinted float glass, tempered glass, or heat strengthened glass.used for high impact strength - it holds the two layers of glass together even if broken, qualifies as safety glazing, and can be cut in the field
glass block *nominal thickness of 4" and in face sizes of 6x6, 8x8, 12x12, and 4x8.*laid in stack bond (with joints aligned) with mortar and horizontal and vertical reinforcement in the joints.*expansion joints must be provided at all structural points*cannot be loadbearing, so panels are limited to 250 sf in any dimension and supported both horizontally and vertically*typically a frame overlaps the glass block at the head and jamb, can be set flush, but requires vertical reinforcement attached to the bottom and top framing members*plan opening in even size, including expansion joints.*structural engineer is necessary
running trim an item of continuing length, such as cornice
gloss and semi-gloss paint used for washability and shiny appearancetend to show defects
inspections of furniture owner is responsible for signing off on delivery/installation, with the assistance of the designer.
owner's ins. the owner is required to carry their own liability ins. as well as prop. ins. for the full insurable value of the workthis insures against physical loss or damage caused by fire, theft, vandalism, and malicious mischief
indoor air contaminants *VOC - carbon & hydrogen that vaporize at room temperature*Formaldehyde - colorless gas with pungent odor - probably carcinogen found in resins and adhesives*biological contaminants - mold/mildew, mites, pollen, insects, animal dander - prevent and control moisture
code requirements for fire protection, 2 broad categories resistance of materials and assembliessurface burning characteristics of finish materials
What are important considerations for light quality? 1. Glare2. Contrast3. Uniformity4. Color
What does AI stand for?What is AI? Articulation indexmeasures the performance of all the elements of a particular configuration working together. it predicts the intelligibility of speech for a group of talkers and listeners.
What is Accural Accounting? revenue and expenses are recognized at he time they are earned or incurred, whether or not cash has changed hands.
magnetic contacts used on doors and windows to sound an alarm when the contact is broken or send a signal to a central monitoring station*can be surface mounted, recessed into the door and frame, or concealed in special hinges
commercial air hvac systems 1. VAV (variable air volume)2. high velocity dual duct3. constant volume with reheat4. multizone
sizes of mixing boxes range from 6-18" high, 24-60" long, and 14-66" wide.expensive and difficult to move, verify locations in the field prior to lighting layout
what are the common ideas that designers base their design theory on?(4) historic precedentenvironmental design researchfunctional nedstheories of perception
air circulation requirements, general building code regulates the amount of fresh, outdoor air that must be circulated in cubic feet per minute. additional exhausting requirements are given in areas such as toilet rooms & kitchens.
three basic categories of furniture 1. ready made furniture2. custom designed furniture3. built in furniture
contractor's profit most variable part of the budget. in most cases, the rainge is between 5 and 15% of the total cost.
What are the 3 primary colors of pigment? Red, Yellow, Blue.
principles of design: balance the arrangement of elements in a composition to achieve visual equilibrium
vertical grain wood cut so that annual growth rings are perpendicular to the face of the board, tend to warp less, and are more abrasion resistant, stain more uniformly
seismic restraints for suspended ceilings 1. light fixtures normally supported by the grid have to be supported by the structure2. weight of ceiling system including lights & hvac less than or equal to 2.5 lb per sq. ft.3. ceiling system cannot provide lateral support for partitions, they have to be supported by structure with wire4. ceiling angles should provide at least a 7/8" ledge and at least a 3/8" clearance from the wall5. perimeter main runners and cross runners must be prevented from spreading without relying on permanent attachment to ceiling angle6. heavy seismic risk requires lateral bracing at 12' o.c. in both directions that is attached to structure above
plywood surface grades N - natural finishA - smooth and paintable with a few knots, best grade commonly availableBCD - lowest grade, large unfilled knotholes
standing trim an item of fixed length, such as a door or window casing that can be installed with a single length of wood
five types of stone for interiors granite, marble, limestone, slate, sandstone
What are guide specifications? Similar to master specs, except that are usually not as complete.
beam and girder system large members span between columns and smaller beams are framed into themgirders span the shorter distance, beams the longertypical spans are 25-40', with beams spaces about 8-10' on centrsteel framing is usually covered with steel decking, and concrete is poured over the decking to form the slabcommon to mid & high rise buildings*limited space between the bottom of the girders and the suspended ceiling
*don't need to know for test*Architectural Applications Current VOCLimit Indoor Carpet Adhesives 50Carpet Pad Adhesives 50Outdoor Carpet Adhesives 150Wood Flooring Adhesive 100Rubber Floor Adhesives 60Subfloor Adhesives 50Ceramic Tile Adhesives 65VCT and Asphalt Tile Adhesives 50Dry Wall and Panel Adhesives 50Cove Base Adhesives 50Multipurpose Construction Adhesives 70Structural Glazing Adhesives 100Single Ply Roof Membrane Adhesives 250
What are the disadvantages of LEDs? 1. low efficacy (lumens/watt)2. high cost
What is the advantage and disadvantage to Mucury-vapor HID lamps? Advantage: long lamp lifeDisadvantage: poor color rendering
What does AC stand for?What is AC? Articulation Classa single number summation of how effective a ceiling is in absorbing sound reaching it from over low partitions.
What is Accounts Payable? claims fron the suppliers of good or services (such as consultants) but not yet paid for.
air supply options *1' or 2' square, lay in diffuser for lay in ceiling*slot air diffuser, used when space is minimal or for aesthetic, long and narrow, 3-8" in width and any length, and used for supply or return
3 basic patterns of circulation 1. dumbell layout- simplest & most flexible circulation path patterns, spaces are laid out along a straight path that connect two major elements at the ends2. doughnut layout-very efficient because it makes a continues exitway, appropriate to larger groups of spaces3. radial layout-orientated on one major space with paths extending from the central area
Human body heat loss: conduction the transfer of heat through direct contact between two objects of different temperatures.
thermal comfort: mean radiant temperature (MRT) the weighted average of the various surface temperatures in a room, the angle of the exposure of the occupant to those surfaces, and the prescence of sunlight. this is an important factor in a cold room - as the temperature drops, the body loses more heat through radiation than evaporation. a room with adequate temperature will feel cool if the surfaces are cool. warming the surfaces with wall hangings are radiant heating panels will counteract this effect.
programmatic concept: energy conservation concepts that aim to reduce the amount of energy consumed through such things as heat control, recycling, etc.
picture plane in perspective drawing the imaginary vertical plane on which all points of the object are projected to create the two dimensional image.
What are the characteristics of Olefin? (8) 1. inexpensive2. high resistance to chemicals3. resistant to mildew4. resistant to microorganisms5. highly resilient6. nonabsorbent7. low resistance to sunlight, heat, flame8. not really used for upholstery
What are some commonly used cushioning materials? (6) 1. cotton batting2. polyester batting3. polyurethane foam4. latex foam5. rubberized fibers6. shredded fibers
What is a void? it is space itself, defined by planes or other elements.
Which colors have the longest and shortest visable wavelength? Longest: RedShortest: VioletThe eye and brain perceive variations in wavelengths to give the sensation of color.
fire rated glazing (4 types) 1. clear ceramic - higher impact resistance than wire glass, low expansion coefficient, available in 1 hour up to 1296 sq.in., and with 3 hour up to 100 sq. in. *not safety rated unless laminated, and then only up to 2 hours2. tempered fire protective glass - maximum of 30 minutes, does meet impact safety standards3. two or three layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between them - clear until subjected to fire, gel turns to foam and retards the passage of heat. available in 30, 60, and 90 min,and is restricted on maximum size and framing4. glass block - must be specifically tested for use in fire rated assembly
plain sawing (flat sawing) makes the most efficient use of the log and is the least expensiveresults in cathedral pattern
tile abrasion resistance classifications Group I - light residentialGroup II - moderate residentialGroup III - maximum residentialGroup IV - commercial
life cycle assessment (LCA) 4 phases 1. determine purpose and goals of doing the study2. inventory analysis of all inputs and outputs of the product (Energy, processing,etc.) this is the most difficult phase3. impact assessment phase - characterize the effects of the processes found in the inventory on the environment4. improvement analysis
What is Lumen (lm)? The unit of luminous flux equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of one steradian (1sr) from a uniform point source of one candlepower (1cp).
What do the instructions to bidders usually include? 1. Consideration of bids2. Bidders' representation3. bidding documents4. substitutions5. bonds6. interpretation or corrections of bidding docs7. addenda8. modification or withdrawal of bid9. post-bid information
What is indirect labor? all labor not charged to a project or revenue-producing account, such as administration, general office time, and marketing.
4 types of fire detection devices 1. ionization detector - responds to products of combustion ionized particles rather than smoke - considered early warning detectors2. photoelectric detectors - respond to smoke which obscures a light beam in the device3. rise of temperature detectors - trip an alarm when a particular temperature is reached in a room 4. flame detectors - respond to infrared or ultraviolet radiation gien off by flames
Programming Checklist: Goals & Objectives (3) 1. purpose for building a new or remodeled interior2. functional goals3. aesthetic goals
What is a similar test to AATCC Method 16 for chemically coated fabrics? CFFA-2 using ASTM G155
Generally what do curved lines convey? - gental movement- the natual world- the human body
classifications of doors according to their method of operation 1.swinging - most common, attached to its frame with hinges or pivots, only acceptable type of egress door.2. pocket sliding doors - hung on a top track, awkward to operate, can only be used where there is limited traffice3. bypass sliding doors - hung from a top track, typically used only for closets4. bi-fold doors - used for closets, allows full access5. accordion folding doors - used to divide spaces or close very wide openings6. flush wood doors - made of thin, flat veneers laminated to verious type of cores
paneling: veneer matching : slip matching consecutive pieces are placed side by side and the same face sides are exposedcreates a rythymic pattern
4 types of wood flooring 1. strip - most common, thin strips with tounge & groove edges. most are 2 1/4 wide2. plank - 3-1/4" to 8" wide, used to emulate wider historic planking3. block - preassembled to 3 configurations (unit block, laminated block, parquet)4. end grain blocks - solid wood ends 2-4" thick laid on end. very durable, used to be used for industrial areas
loadbearing walls in commercial construction core walls of high building and cannot be pierced except for small openings for pipessmaller commercial buildings, concrete and masonry walls are typically loadbearing
What does CU stand for with regards to lighting?What does it mean? Coefficient of Utilizationa number used in the luminaire dirt depreciation factor and lamp lumne depreciation factor calculations that represents how efficiently the luminaire destribues the light from the lamps under various degrees of finish reflectivity of the floor, walls, and ceiling.
What are the 5 important factors in designing for speech privacy in an open area? 1. Ceiling must be highly absorptive.2. Must include space dividers with absorptive qualities3. other surfaces, floor, furn,windows, light fixtures must be arranged to minimize sound reflection.4. If possible activities should be distanced to take advantage of the normal attinuation of sound with distance.5. Area should have a properly designed background masking system.
What is Revenue per total staff? the amount of net revenue produced per staff member per year, including part-time people and principals.
what are the four basic proxemic distances that Hall observed? 1. intimate distance - 0-18"(if forced into this (eg, elevator), people will employ defense mechanisms to minimize the effects of physical contact, such as avoiding eye contact.2. personal distance - 1-1/2' to 4-1/2'. People will maintain this if given the choice.3. social distance: 4'-12'most impersonal interaction (business, work, strangers)4. public distance: 12' outwardformal situations, allows people to escape if needed
method of scheduling: bar graph or Gantt chart the various activities of the schedule are listed along the vertical axis, and a timeline is extended along the horizontal axis. simple to make and easy to understand, suitable for small to mid size projects.
What is a point?How is it preceived? a position wiht not dimensiona point is preceived when a two-dimensionally perceived object appears relatively small in relation to the plane against which it is seen.
number of hinges: door size up to 60" - 1 pair (or two hinges)60-90" - 1-1/2 pair (three hinges)90-120" - 2 pair (four hinges)
specifying the maximum allowable moisture content in woodwork not as much of a problem in millwork as it is for site built carpentry*most of the US is an average of 8%*southern or humid areas is 11%*dry areas is 6%
three types of low or zero voc adhesives 1. dry adhesive that contain resins contained in capsules that are released by pressure2. water based adhesive3. natural adhesive*to get LEED credit, must be less than level defined by California South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1168
What is noise reduction in regards to sound? dependent not only on the trasmission loss but also on the area of the partition seperating the two spaces and the absorption of the surfaces in the room.
What are the 4 ways a designer can Mark on the shop drawings before returning them to the GC. 1. No Exceptions2. Marked corrections as noted3. Revised and Resubmitted4. Rejected
what is the best table shape to foster cooperation? round, as a rectangular table naturally establishes the person sitting at the end in a superior position.
orthographic drawings are unreal views of objects primarily because the point of view is directly in front of every location on the object (elevation drawings)
What is the agency and test number for Fade-Ometer test?What does this test? AATCC Method 16This test determines the color-fastness, under light exposure, of textile materials using six different test option. the most common test option uses a xenon-arc lamp with continuous light.
rated door above 90 minutes and frames above 30 minutes require aluminum door frames for 45 minute assemblies
What are the three types of outbulbs for metal-halide HID lamps and what are they used for? 1. Clear: used when potical control is required2. Phosphor-coated: used for better color rendition3. Diffuse: specified in recessed downlight fixtures installed in low ceilings.
a perspective is the best drawing type to use when presenting to a client because it shows the most realistic view of the perception of space and objects
5 types of cast in place systems 1. beam and girder system - spans of 15-30 feetslab is poured integrally with beams 2. concrete joist system - concrete members are spaced 24 or 36" apart and frame into larger beams, slab is integral*joists are close together, difficult to drill for pipes/conduit3. flat plate construction - floor slab is designed and reinforced to transfer loads to the columns, which do not exceed 25' spacing*typically used where floor to floor height must be kept to a minimum, difficult to drill because of close reinforcement4. flat slab construction: drop panels are used around the columns (increased slab thickness) to increase strength5. waffle slab system - two way joist system, provides for heavier loads at slightly longer spans than the flat slab system
When points are used in groups what is the difference between a static and dynamic composition? Static points will tend to be in some distinguishable geometric/organized way.Dynamic points will tend to be in a cluster or have no rime or reason to the shame that is obvious.