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BRE
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Building Research EstablishmentBritish organization that provides research-based consultancy, testing, and certification servicesBREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) method of reviewing, given a rating of pass, good, very good, or excellent
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Electrical code
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NEC, published by NFPA
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Programming
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process of collecting information, analyzing, and defining the problem."problem analysis"
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plastics
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identify for recycling, if possible, compostable plastics should be specified2 new types:bio-plastic - made from corn and currently used in carpetmetallocene polyolefin - can be used as alternative to pvc
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contract documents consist of:
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owner-contractor agreementgeneral conditions of the contractsupplementary conditions of the contractdrawings specificationsaddendamodifications (change order)
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NFPA classification of buildings
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lightordinaryextra hazard*determines the spacing of sprinklerseg, office space one sprinkler per 225 sq ft, maximum of 15' apart & maximum of one half the required spacing from the wall
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programmatic concept: flexibility
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includes 3 componentsexpandability: how a space could accommodate growthconvertibility: how a space can allow for change in functionversatility: provides for several different activities within a multifunctional space.
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table considerations
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dimensions, sturdy support system, durable surface, correct light reflectivity on the surface, 24-30" per person in width
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bronze
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an alloy of copper and tin
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polyurethane
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creates a very hard, durable finishsuperior resistance to abrasion and to penetration from water
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dynamic load
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sudden or radidly changing loadexamples: automobiles in a parking garage, elevators, helicopter landing on the building
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ceiling
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act that uses recycled content from old tiles,newsprint, or perlite is available (up to 95%)fiberglass ceiling panels with recycled content are availableold tile can be repaintedone manufacturer allows customers to ship old tiles to their plant if the manufacturer's tile will be used to replace*cost to recycle typically less than the cost to ship to landfill*grid can be recycled as scrap steel
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FF&E contracts
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typically cover only moviable items such as furniture, appliances, rugs, lamps & accessoriesseparate from construction contract because governed by law that regulates the sale of goods rather than services
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intumescent materials
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building material that expands rapidly in response to fire filling gaps to prevent the passage of fire, heat and smokeavailable as strips, caulk, paint, and spreadable putty
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Complex grouping:
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1. closure: tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete2. continuity: tendency to to see a line or shape as continuing rather than making a sharp turn (x)3. simplicity: people prefer the simplest, most stable organization of forms (triangle overlapping rectangle)4. figure-ground: idea of positive and negative space, and that human brain can only perceive one at a time
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effective temperature
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combines the effects of air temperature, humidity, and air movement
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stainless steel finishes
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rolled finishes - least expensivepolished finishes - most common for architectural applications, produced by grinding, polishing, and sometimes buffing the metal, range from 7 to 3, with 7 being mirror like
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hardware finishes
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base metals: steel, stainless steel, bronze, brass, and aluminum* fire rated doors must have steel or stainless steel hinges
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factory finish
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preferred method because quality is easiest to control
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wallpaper
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generally packaged in rolls of about 36sf, 20.5"w x 21'l.double and triple rolls are availableliquid sizing should be applied prior to install
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carpet manufacturing: weaving
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traditional methodinterlacing warp and weft yarnsvery attractive and durablemost expensive
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What is the title for MasterFormat division 26? What dose this division cover?
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Electrical
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pre-cast concrete
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factory made pieceshigh strenght steel cables are stretched in the precasting forms before the concrete is poured. after the concrete attains a certain minimum strength, the cables are released, transferring compressive stresses to the concrete.
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sole proprietorship
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simplest business typecompany is owned by an individual and operates under ither the individual's name or a company name
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project cost/contract
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the interior designer does not warrant that bids or negotiated cost will not vary from the owner's budget or from any estimate prepared by the designer - these are only best judgementspecifically, both parties would have to agree to a fixed limit, and if the lowest bid exceeds that number, then the designer is obligated to provide design to reduce the scope and cost
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classified label
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sample assembly was tested and passed for certain conditions. label must describe what those conditions are
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bonus/penalty clause
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must include both if included in contract, an incentive to complete the project on time and does not have to have a relationship to actual monetary losses
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microwave detectors
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emit field of microwave radiation and sense interruptions in that field*limited use in interior construction because the rays can penetrate most building materials and are reflected by metal.
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smoke control issues
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most important aspect of fire protectionsmoke moves quickly through a building because of air pressure between cold and warm air, and is pulled through vertical stacks
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radiant panels
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mounted in the walls or ceiling, sometimes used where it is necessary to avoid drafts
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gestalt psychology:principles of grouping (4)
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1. proximity:objects closest together are seen as a belonging together2. similiarity: brain groups objects of similiar size, shape or color3. direction: objects perceived to be moving simultaneously in the same direction are seen as a group4. context: groups based on context or past experience (B or 13)
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programmatic concept: tolerance
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provides for extra space to accommodate additional function in a dynamic space (one that is likely to change).
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programmatic concept:activity grouping
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states whether activities should be integrated (bundled together) or separated and compartmentalized. eg. compartmentalizing dining areas within a restaurant might create the goal of intimate atmosphere.
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secondary circulation space
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includes the corridors of private leased space used to connect net assignable areas to primary circulation areas
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When flammability resistance is a high priority what type of batting is a better choice over cotton?
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Polyester batting
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What is Volume?
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Volume is the true three-dimensionsl aspect of interior design because an object with volume is clearly perceived as a spacial form having length width and depth.
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glass doors
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*generally constructed of 1/2" or 3/4" tempered glass*common door size is 3'x7', but full height is often preferred*all holes must be cut in the glass prior to tempering the glass*there is special panic hardware for glass doors that may be required
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GRG - glass reinforced gypsum
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reinforced with continuous-filament glass fibers or chopped glass fibers...also known as FRG (fiber-glass reinforced gypsum) and GFRG (glass-fiber-reinforced gypsum)*used for decorative elements such as column covers, arches, coffered ceilings, ornate moldings, light troughs. *premanufactured from molds, cost effective solutuion to what would otherwise be too expensive to produce on site with lath & plaster
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plastic laminate
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thin sheet of material made from impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin
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oil paints
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durable, but very strong odorcannot be painted on damp surfaces
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stone wall finish
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traditional standard set method, slabs of 3/4" are attached to substrate with stainless steel wires or tiesSpots (lumps of plaster of paris) are placed between the substrate and the back of the stone panel at each anchor to hold the slab in place newer, thin tiles are available, and are mortar placed
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descriptive specification
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type of performance (or open) spec that gives detailed written requirements for the material or product and the workmanship required for its fabrication or installation*no trade names mentioned*difficult to write because all pertinent info for the construction and installation must be included
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joint ventures
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temporary association of two or more persons or firms for the purpose of completing a project;they are treated as partnerships and cannot be sued like corps. can
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major provisions of A175 ID
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1. identification of contract documents (agreement, conditions, drawings, specs, schedules, addenda, etc, and refers to later section with all are listed in detail)2. basic provisions - description of work, time of commencement and completion and the contract sum, describes scope, compensation3. progress payments - net days from approval of pay app, criteria for payment, restocking, final payment, based on percentage complete and materials purchased, retainage of 10%4. 4.
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What color temperature is a warm-white delux lamp?
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WWD = 2800K
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What is Arbitration?
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A formal, legally binding process of resolving disputes without litigation in a court of law.
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photoelectric beams
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beams warn of an intrustion by sending a pulsed beam across the space. when the beam is broken and alarm is signalled.*large and small areas*equipment small and can be concealed
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grounding
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a separate wire in addition to the two that provide power, prevents a dangerous shock if someone touches an appliance with a short circuit and simultaneously touches a ground path such as a water pipe - provides a path for the fault
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BX or flex cable
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flexible metal-clad cable or armored cable (AC) consists of two or more plastic insulated conductors encased in spiral wound steel tape.*often used in remodel work because it is easy to pull through existing spaces*used to connect commercial light fixtures so they can be relocated
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Space relationships
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1. adjacent spaces: each space or room has it's own use and is separated by partition or other construction element2. overlapping spaces: two spaces that have visual limits, but that share a common space.(stage)3. spaces sharing a common space: 2 individual spaces that share a 3rd, equally individual space. (dorm)4. space within another space: eg, conference room in an open plan space
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programmatic concept: relationships
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includes the affinities of people and activities.most common of all programmatic concepts.
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deficiency needs:
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humans have a need for level one: food, water, and minimal bodily comfort.level two: safety, protection, and avoidance of personal harmlevel three: belonging and lovefinal, level four: self esteem, which includes the need to achieve, be competent, and gain approval and recognition.
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station point (SP)
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two lines are extended from the station point to the left and right parallel to the two major sets of parallel lines of the object -
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allowance in bidding
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the contractor mus add to the allowance the costs for unloading, handling, and installing the allowance items, as well as profit & overhead
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What is scale?
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The relative size of something as related to another element of known size. Human scale is the most common.
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automatic door bottoms
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devices that are mortised or surface applied to the bottom of the door to provide a sound or light seal - when the door is open, the seal is up, as the door is closed, a plunger strikes the jamb and pushes the seal down against the floor
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door stops and bumpers
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protect adjacent surfaces from damage of opening doors when closer is not used
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panel assembly: sequence match
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uses panels of uniform width manufactured for a specific job with the veneers arranged in sequence*moderate loss of grain continuity
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stich (stitch rate)
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the number of lengthwise tufts in 1"the higher the pitch or gauge numbers are, the denser the carpet
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granite - 5 finishes
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1.polished - mirror gloss2.honed - dull sheen 3.fine rubbed - smooth surface free from scratches, no sheen4.rubbed - occasional slight trails or scratches5. thermal/flame finish - coarse surface
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project manual: contract forms
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agreement (contract bt owner & contractor)performance bondlabor and materials payment bondcertificates of insurance
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corporations advantages
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is corp. is sued. the personal assets of the stockholders are not at risk.
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what contractor's insurance cover
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claims under worker's comp.claims for damages b/c of bodily injury or deathclaims for personal injury, slander, false arrest, etc.claims for damages other than to the work being doneclaims for damages on motor vehicles
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3 sustainable strategies for wood
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1. reclaimed wood2. sustainable or alternative materials - mdf (formaldehyde free)*with urethane adhesive which have a formaldehyde level below 0.05ppm cut off)*composite wood veneers3. certified wood products - FSC (forest stewardship council) accredits groups
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responsibilites of contractor during construction
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soley responsible for all fabrication, delivery, and installation means, methods, techniques and procedures, and for coordinating all portions of the workvisiting the site and taking any measurements necessary responsible for all act and omissions of subsnotify designer of variances or assumes all responsibility of said issueprovide a schedule and keep it current, and cooperation with owner and designer in coordinating the schedules of other contractorsidemnification - hold the owner and designers harmless in the result of injury or property damage due to performance of work
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What are the considerations that influence the slection of light source?
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1. color rendition characteristics2. initial cost3. operation cost4. efficacy5. size6. operating life7. ability to control output from a luminare8. heat waste
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What is overhead?
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expenses incurred in order to keep a business operation whether or not any revenue is being generated, such as rent, power, and telephone.
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window covering clearances
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*at least 2" between glass and any window covering to prevent build up of heat that may crack the glass, and 1-1/2" from mullion*1-1/2" minimum from soffit above glass*1-1/2" from sill if supply is in sill
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perimeter protection
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secures the entry points to a space - include doors, windows,skylights, ducts, tunnels, other service entrances
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depth perception (6 types)
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1. interposition: overlap of a near object by a more distant object2. linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge to a point in the distance3. atmospheric perspective: due to small particles in the air, distant objects appear to be hazy4. texture perspective: density of a texture seems to increase as the distance on the viewer increases5. size clues: 2 objects of the same size, the one more distant will appear smaller6. relative closeness of object to the horizon line: the closer objects are to the horizon line, the further away they are.
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circulation patterns - hierarchy
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major routes connect major rooms or spaces and have secondary paths branching from them
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programmatic concept: environmental controls
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addresses the kinds of controls needed to meet human comfort, including air temperature, lighting, sound, and humidity.
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What are the characteristics of Cotton? (7)
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1. cellulosic fiber2. inexpensive3. good tensile strength4. poor resilience and recovery properties5. degrads under sun exposure6. burns readily7. subjet to mildew
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What are the characteristics of Wool?(7)
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1. resilience2. elasticity3. wears well4. resistant to soiling5. cleans easy6. self-extinguishing7. not very dimensionally stable
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How do you create Tint?
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by adding white to a Hue.
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principles of design: harmony
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harmony in a composition is the agreement of the parts to each other and to the whole - all pieces work together to reinforce the overall design theme.harmony seeks to achieve unity of appearance, some variety is required to prevent it from becoming dull.
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edge treatments on wallboard
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most common has tapered edges for applying reinforcing tape and joint compoundsquare edge panels are used where appearance is not a factor (such as in base layer of a two layer application, or for veneer plaster work)
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aluminum doors & frames
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*commonly used as stile and rail material for glass doors, or for aluminum or wood doors*lightweight*used in demountable partitions *used for complex frame requirements*available for 20 minute assembly
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nonloadbearing concrete block partitions specified for:
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to provide a strong, durable, fire resistant partition (schools...)must verify that the existing floor can carry the weight of in a renovation
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glass door configurations
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1. minimum - corner fittings for pivot hardware, or clamp on pivots and door pull2. continuous bottom fitting - same as minimum, but bottom fitting is continuous to allow for a locking mechanism3. continuous top and bottom fitting4. hinge fittings and lever handle
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convential glass framing
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glazing beads are used to hold the glass in place
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veneer
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a thin piece of wood sliced from a log and glued to a backing of particleboard
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terrazzo installation
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sand cushion method is the best way to avoid cracking, reinforcing mesh is set above membrane and sand cushion-can be thin set if movement of floor not expected
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setting fees
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the most common method is to charge an hourly rate or billing rate
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What are the seven types of ighting systems?
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1. Direct2. semi-direct3. direct-indirect4. general diffuse5. semi-indirect6. indirect7. task-ambient
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What does NRC stand for?What is NRC?
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Noise reduction coefficientthe average of a material's absorption coefficients at the four frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, rounded tothe nearest multiple of 0.05.
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What are the types of insurance interior designers are required and are optional to have?
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1. Professional liability2. General liability 3. Property 4. Personal injurty protection 5. Automobile 6. Workers' comp 7. Health8. Life9. Flood10. Valubale papers11. Business life
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all air hvac system
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cool or heat spaces by conditioned air alone, transported through the space in ducts with supply's and returns
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define static anthropometrics & dynamic anthropometrics
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static measures the human body at rest, while dynamic measures the body while performing activities
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what are the components of the analysis of the existing space to be included in the formal written program?
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1. architectural space configuration2. structural requirements3. mechanical requirements4. electrical requirements5. life safety requirements(should have gathered input from the various consultants to complete this portion)
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criteria for selection: safety/health (7)
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1. finish safety (surface & edge cond)2. flammability (most important), tested by Steiner tunnel test3. mold & mildew resistance4. outgassing - gases include formaldehyde, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.5. security- glazing,hardware6. slip resistance7. voliatile organic compound (VOC)
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Contractor's overhead and profit
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general overhead is the cost of doing business for the gc. project overhead is the money it takes to complete a job (permits, temp. trash, etc.)total of these two combined can range from 10-20%
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What is color Value?
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the degree of lightness or darkness of color in relation to white and black.
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float glass (anneal glass)
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standard type of glass used in common windows where additional strength or other properties are not needed
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two styles of wood doors
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1. flush door (veneer face)2. panel door (has top rail, stile, cross rail, panels, and bottom rail)...should not be used for rated doors
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plain slicing for veneer
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same as plain sawing but much thinner cathedral pattern
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testing moisture content of concrete for resilient floor installation
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state the testing requirement in spec.1. calcium chloride test - place a standard mass of calcium chloride below a plastic cover sealed to the concrete, 72 hours later weight the substance, placed every 500 sf2. hygrometer test - measures relative humidity, cannot be installed unless RH is 75% or less3. polyethylene test - seal and 18x18" sheet of plastic to the floor to trap moisture, 16 hours later visible check of moisture4. mat test - sample is applied to the floor and 72 hours later checked5. electrical impedence test - probes are placed on the concrete and measures are read
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evaulating life cycle during inventory analysis
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energy/water & raw materials needed to process materialsatmoshperic emissions, solid wastes, waterborne wastes, product transportation and co products
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What are the advantages of LEDs?
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1. brightness2. long life3. low power consumption4. produce no heat5. controled by digital interface
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What is a claim?
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a demand or assertion by the GC or Owner seeking payment of money, and extension of time, and adjustment or interpretation of the contract terms, or other relief from terms on the contract.
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What is Chart of Accounts?
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a list of the various accounts a business uses to keep track of money along with corresponding account numbers used for data processing.
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define territoriality:what is it's importance in design?
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people's need to lay claim to the spaces they occupy and the things they own. strongly related to the needs for self-identity and freedom of choice.*environments should allow people to claim territory and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage in.
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What should be contained in a formal written program? (11)
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1. Title Page2. Introduction3. Executive summary4. Goals & Objectives of the report5. Summary of Space Needs6. space adjacencies7. code requirements8. analysis of existing space9. budget & schedule requirements10. programming concepts11. appendices
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What are some specialty fibers? (3)
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1. Avora FR (modified polyester that is flame resistant)2. Crypton (stain,water,flame, and bacterial resistant)3. Gore (fabric lamination and treatment for seating protection)
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Generally what do horizontal lines convey?
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- restful- stable- related to the plane of the earth
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polymer dispersed liquid crystal film glazing
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polymer film is placed between two pieces of glass, ranges from transparent to cloudy white - cloudy white still lets alot of light through, so cannot be used for light control, but good for privacy.
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engineered wood floors
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consist of 3, 5, or 7 layers of wood veneer laid at 90 degrees from each other . top layer is actual finished species. more stable. can be nailed to substrate or floated
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Where are the two places a sustainability specification can be noted
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1. Division 10: general requirements2. in all individual technical sections that cover specific material and construction elements.
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What are the advantages to fluorescent lamps?
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1. low initial cost2. long life3. available in a variety of color temps.4. Can be dimmed (more expensive than incandescent)5. energy savings
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What is the absorption of a material defined by?
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the coefficient of absorption,a, which is the ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material.
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What is a performance bond?
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it is a statement by a surety company that obligates the surety company to complete construction of the project should the contractor default on his obligations.
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define time (as related to the programming process)
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time describes the time restraints of the problem, eg the required schedule for construction in relation to the need for expansion.
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negligence & the importance of documentation
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the failure to use the care ordinarily exercised in similiar cases by other qualified members of the profession and failure to use reasonalbe diligence and best professional judgement in the exercise of work.documentation can provide evidence that the interior designer acted appropriately and professionally. also acts as back up for billing
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what does life-cycle cost analysis take into account
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the initial costs of the element or system, cost of financing, operation, maintenance, and disposal
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Why are planes a significant component of interior design?
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Because they are typically defined by planar surfaces like walls, ceilings, and floors. Even furniture and other objects are usually constructed of planes.
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3 major components of a door system
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1. the door itself2. the frame3. hardware
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fabric type and core materials for acoustic panels
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fabric should be permeable and not backed, also should be hydrophobic so it won't sag, balanced weaves should be used.core material can be a loose material such as batting, or a tackable material such as mineral fiberboard
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What is ment by light source efficacy?
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the ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total power input of the source and is measured in lumens per watt.
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What is a labor and material payment bond?
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This protects the owner against a contractor that had defaulted and pays for the labor and materials that have been orderd or used durring a project.
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What are some of the common components of human resource management?
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1. Hiring2. Work Organization and job descriptions3. Compensation4. Evaluations5. Termination6. Legal requirements
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what are the three possible methods for electronic presentation of the programming report to a large group?
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1. face to face - presenter and audience are in the same room with, say, powerpoint.2. virtual presentation - teleconferencing3. internet presentations - web based presentation is prepared and made available to the audience at their convenience. viewers can post their feedback.
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What does flame-retardant mean? (as a adjective and a noun)
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Adjective: only use as a modifier with defined compount terms such as "flame-retardant treatment"Noun: should not be used unless they are describing a chemical used for that purpose.
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golden ratio ( or when translated to a rectangle, the golden section)
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a mathematical system of proportion that is believed to be the most pleasing proportion possible, and is commonly occuring in both nature and human formed structures.
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What are the 2 variations of a base bid spec?
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1. list several approved manufacturers of a product, satisifies requirement for public work where at least 3 must be listed, burden of quality of manufacturers placed on designer2. approved equal - contractor has to submit the substitution for review by designer, puts burden on contractor**in both cases, cleary state the lead time the contractor must give the designer to explore alternates
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What type of licence do you need to have if your firm resells goods?
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sales tax licence. also called: resale license or transaction privilege tax license
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How do you crate a Tone?
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By adding gray of the same value to a Hue.A tone can also be created by adding a hues complement.
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What is an Addendum in the bidding process?
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it is a written or graphic doc. issued by the interior designer before the execution of the contract that modifies or interpetes the bidding docs. by additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections.
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What is the agency and test number for full seating test?What does it test?
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NFPA 226 (similar to CAL TB 133)This test evaluates the effect of an open flame on an actual sample of a chair.
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