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Definitions |
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suppletive means
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irregular
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phonological variation
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variation in pronunciations
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antonym
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negative... unfit, unafraid.. etc.
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stress
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making certain syllables longer, louder, higher pitched, clearer, etc.
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fricative
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articulators are brought close together but not closed completely, so stream of air between becomes turbulent and noisy (e.g. f and th)
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Morphology
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branch of linguistics concerning internal word structure
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recursion
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constituency allows recursion, where you can continually add on to sentences
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what is a lexicon
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a word
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arbitrariness
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words are linked to meaning arbitrarily, even with onomatopia words
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behaviorism
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(Skinner) – language is learned through imitation, reinforcement, and punishment, no innate mechanisms involved in language acquisition
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social interactionism
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stresses the importance of child-caregiver interactions, do not deny existence of LAD, but emphasize the daily reinforcement children receive as a way to master complex language forms, specifically disagree with poverty-of-stimulus argument
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protolanguage
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a (reconstructed) parent language from which related languages are derived
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implicature
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speakers meaning which comes about when people make contextual assumptions about one another
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Grimm's law
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systematic description of PIE consonants into Germanic
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framing/frame
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a super ordinate message that communicates how utterances are meant and what speakers think they are doing when they speak in a given context
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Morpheme
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the smallest meaningful unit of language, these make up words
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Slang
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lexical items that carry non-neutral connotations and are typically considered to be short-lived
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language standardization
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deliberate specification of acceptable forms of language; defining the „correct“ forms of a language
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labial
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sound requiring complete or partial closure of lips (e.g. p, b, f)
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metalinguistic awareness
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conscious awareness of the characteristics of language itself and how it works
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stage 3
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fronting, no inversion do-fronting, other-fronting. where the children are? do you have a shoes on your picture? is the picture has two planets on the top?
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do children learn language through reinforcement
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no
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Assimilation
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a phonetical alternation in which two sounds that are different become more alike
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semantics
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the field of linguistics that studies literal meaning; the study of those aspects of meaning whcih are determined within the linguistic system
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comparative method
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method employed in the reconstruction of a protolanguage from a comparison and analysis of cognates
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presupposition
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a proposition which a speaker must take for granted if what he says is to be appropriate in the context of use
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holophrastic stage
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one-word utterances to carry meaning of what an adult would express in a longer sentence (1 year)
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speech act
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action performed using language (e.g. greeting, request, warning)
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variability
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language varies depending on who is speaking it and who you’re speaking to
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acronym
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word formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. radar)
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Modularity
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language is a modular system; people produce and interpret language using a set of component sub systems in a coordinated way
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phoneme
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a contrastive sound in language (does not carry meaning)
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pragmatic variation
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variation in conventions for language use (e.g. expected pauses)
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alveolar
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sound made with constriction of tong tip or blade against the alveolar ridge (bony rise just behind teeth) (e.g. n, t)
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Creole
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a pidgin which over time becomes grammatically more complex and becomes the mother language of a speech
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loan word
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lexical items borrowed from another language
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discourse
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language use above the sentence (text) and beyond the sentence (context)
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acoustic phonetics
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study of the physical characteristics of sound waves
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pragmatics
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the field of linguistics that studies meaning in particular contexts of use
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free morphemes
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may constitute words by themselves. word, child...etc.
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fossilization
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period where you can't gain fluency when learning a language after the critical period.
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types of affixes
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prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix (discountinous morphemes)
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blends
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like compounds, but part of the combined words are deleted.
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coinage
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the construction of new words that become a part of the lexicon. e.g. podcast
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sociollinguistics study def
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examination of the relationships between language and the social structure.
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stage 1
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single words, formulae, or sentence fragments. four children? a dog?
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there is arbitrary relationship between _____ and _____
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form(sounds) and meaning(concept)
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prescriptive linguistics
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attempting to impose rules of correct usage on the users of a language, being a bitch
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nasal
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produced with an open velum, a nasal airflow (e.g. n, m, ng)
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Affix
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a bound morpheme that attaches to a base to alter it in some way
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glottal
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sound made by closing the vocal folds stopping the airflow at the larynx
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telegraphic speech
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speech in which function words are absent, common in early stages of child language development (2.5 years)
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Vernacular
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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
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Cognates
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words in two or more sister languages which are descended from a common word in a parent language
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deletion
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the removal of an element in a grammatical structure
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palatoalveolar
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sound made with a constriction of the tongue blade against the roof of the mouth just behind the alveolar ridge (e.g. sh)
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stage 2
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declarative word order. it's a monster in the corner? the little boys throw the shoes?
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fundamental difference hypothesis
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acquisition of L2 is fundamentally different than that of L1
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content words
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N, V, adj, adv. denote objects, actions, attributes, and ideas. aka: open class words
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bound morphemes
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are never words by themselves. un, -ed, -s
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bilinguals tend to have what?
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better metalinguistic awareness: speakers conscious awareness of language and the use of language.
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morphologically complex words have ___ and ___
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roots and stems
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compound words, head
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workhorse, bittersweet. head is the part that determines the lexical category.
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poverty of stimulus
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the argument that the ability of speakers to demonstrate in conforming to the restrictions of natural grammar exceeds what could be learned from experience, supporting existence of UG
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minimal pair
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two distinct words that differ only in a single sound in the same position (e.g. pat and bat)
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direct object
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recipient of an action (e.g. the dog in Jimmy fed the dog)
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exuberances and deficiencies
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meanings that are necessarily added or lost in translation because the second language has no lexical or grammatical counterpart to the first (def.) or requires grammatical elements that do not exist in the first (exu.)
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are linguistic determinism and relativism true
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most not. they are false.
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what is linguistic relativism
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hypothesis which syas that different languages encode different categories and that speakers of different languages therefore think about the worlod in different ways.
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what are functional categories
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det= articles.. a, the, or demonstratives this, that thoese, those, and coutning words.. each, every.
aux= verbs.. have, had, be, was where. and modals may, might, can could mshall should, will, would.
complementizer (c)=words such as that, if whether that introduce embedded sentences.
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psycholinguistics study def
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study of how language is represented in the mid; also includes the study of how languages are acquired.
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what are constituents
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natural gruopings of words in a sentence. they can be distinguished by any 1 of 4 tests.
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10 areas of study in linguistics
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morphology, syntax, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, applied linguistics, phonetics, phonology, semantics, pragmatics.
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what is prescriptive grammar
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when grammarians tried to prescribe what grammar should be rather than describe what it actually is.
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universal stages of language acquisition
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early babbling-includes many sounds not found in the child's enviornment.
late babbling-has phonological characterstics of the inpur language(s)
holophrastic stage-one word utterances, usually towards the end of the first year.
two word stage (telegraphic stage)-usually function words and grammatical morphemes are missing.
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back-formations
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creating of a new word by removing the affix from an old word.. or a mistaken affix.
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what are the syntactic categories
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np, vp, adjp, pp, advp
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words (knowing a language)
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knowing that certian sequences of sounds signify certain concepts or meanings. ARBITRARY!!
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language acquisition device
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the proposed innate area of the brain that is dedicated to language, making language acquisition possible
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pragmatics study def
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study of how sentences are used to communicate. what are the rules of discourse that mean we can follow each other's conversations.
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what is the critical period hypothesis
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eric lenneberg. language is biologically based. the ability to learn a native language develops within a fixed period from bith to middle childhood. during this critical period language acquisition proceeds easily, swiftly, and without external intervention. after the critical period, the acquisition of grammar is difficult and for most individual never fully achieved.
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what is an utterance
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any speech sequence consisting of one or more words and preceded and followed by silence: it may be coextensive with a sentence.
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what is connectionism
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a model of grammar that consists of networks of neurons. behaviorist view of how language is acquired.
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what is linguistic determinism
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hypothesis that the language we speak determines how we perceive and think about the world.
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what is a syntactic category
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a family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality.
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what is linguistic competence
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permits us to form longer and longer sentences.
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morphology study def
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study of the form of words: how groups of words share related meanings through regular patterning.
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sound system (knowing a language)
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knowing what sounds are in the language and what sounds are not.
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place of articulation
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the area of the vocal tract at which a constriction is made
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what are the ideas of the behvoirist view
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learn language by; imitation, reinforcement, analogy, through structured input, connectoinism.
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head (of a phrase)
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a key word from which a phrase of the same category is projected
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what are the 3 kinds of verbs
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transitive-needs 1 phrase after it (i want)
intransitive-doesn't need a phrase after it (i tried)
distransitive-needs 2 phrases after it (i gave)
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what is the poverty of the stimulus
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argument in support of the innateness hypothesis. the observation that the grammar a person ends up with is vastly underdetermined by linguistic experience or the language that surrounds them.
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what is the creative aspect of the language
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ability to combine sounds to form words, words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences which are infinite. can understand and produce new sentences.
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